Name: 2d and 3d matrices to study linear invadosome formation and activity
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 2D and 3D Matrices to Study Linear Invadosome Formation and Activity at JoVE.com

J.D.M. was supported by a PhD fellowship from INSERM/R&#233;gion Aquitaine and is now supported by a post-doctoral ARC fellowship and the Tisch Cancer Institute at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. E.H. is supported by a PhD from the Minist&#232;re de l'Enseignement Sup&#233;rieur et de la Recherche. Z.E. is supported by a post-doctoral fellowship from Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). C.M. is supported by the Tisch Cancer Institute at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and J.J.B.C. is supported by the NIH/NCI grant K22CA196750, the TCI Young Scientist Cancer Research Award JJR Fund, and the Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. This work was supported by a grant from ANR-13-JJC-JSV1-0005. F.S. is supported by the "Ligue nationale contre le cancer." V.M. and F.S. are supported by funding from "Equipe Labellis&#233;e Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer 2016" and Institut National du Cancer, INCA_8036, and PLBio2012.

NOTE: Prior to fixation, all steps are completed in a sterile laminar flow hood.
1. 2D matrix
NOTE: 2D matrices are used to determine the percentage of cells forming invadosomes and the matrix degradation area per cell.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54911/54911fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Protocol. Summary of the protocol used to prepare gelatin and collagen I matrices. It is possible to make the ge...

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Migr. 8, 280-292 (2014).</li><li>Poincloux, R., Lizarraga, F., Chavrier, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+invasion+by+tumour+cells:+a+focus+on+MT1-MMP+trafficking+to+invadopodia.">Matrix invasion by tumour cells: a focus on MT1-MMP trafficking to invadopodia.</a> J. Cell Sci. 122, 3015-3024 (2009).</li><li>Juin, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+type+I+collagen+organization+induces+the+formation+of+a+novel+class+of+linear+invadosomes.">Physiological type I collagen organization induces the formation of a novel class of linear invadosomes.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 23, 297-309 (2012).</li><li>Juin, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discoidin+domain+receptor+1+controls+linear+invadosome+formation+via+a+Cdc42-Tuba+pathway.">Discoidin domain receptor 1 controls linear invadosome formation via a Cdc42-Tuba pathway.</a> J. Cell Biol. 207, 517-533 (2014).</li><li>Martin, K. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+measurement+of+invadopodia-mediated+extracellular+matrix+proteolysis+in+single+and+multicellular+contexts.">Quantitative measurement of invadopodia-mediated extracellular matrix proteolysis in single and multicellular contexts.</a> J. Vis. 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Cell Biol. 208, 331-350 (2015).</li><li>Schachtner, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Megakaryocytes+assemble+podosomes+that+degrade+matrix+and+protrude+through+basement+membrane.">Megakaryocytes assemble podosomes that degrade matrix and protrude through basement membrane.</a> Blood. 121, 2542-2552 (2013).</li><li>Schoumacher, M., Glentis, A., Gurchenkov, V. V., Vignjevic, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basement+membrane+invasion+assays:+native+basement+membrane+and+chemoinvasion+assay.">Basement membrane invasion assays: native basement membrane and chemoinvasion assay.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 1046, 133-144 (2013).</li><li>Wolf, K., Muller, R., Borgmann, S., Brocker, E. 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Classically, invadosomes are studied in vitro without regard to the microenvironment and the matrix on which the cells are plated. Several types of matrices are currently used, including gelatin, fibronectin, vitronectin, or high-density fibrillar collagen (HDFC)7,11; however, these are often not representative of the microenvironment in which cells reside and are not physiologically relevant. Here, a novel type of matrix, which consists of an associatio...

Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling occurs during physiological and pathological processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion. In physiological conditions, many cell types, mostly from the hematopoietic lineage, are able to degrade ECM elements. For example, macrophages are able to cross anatomical barriers to reach tissues, and osteoclasts degrade bone matrix to ensure calcium homeostasis. More globally, all matrices in the body renew to maintain their physical and chemical properties. In cancer tissues, the tumor microenvironment composition is altered. For example, in breast and lung cancer, type I collagen is overexpressed and accumulates around the tumor. Moreover, this accumulation is associated with an increased risk of developing metastasis1,2. Cancer metastasis is dependent on the ability of cancer cells to degrade the ECM and invade adjacent tissues.
The invasive activity of cells is attributed to specialized actin-rich structures known as invadosomes. This term includes podosomes and invadopodia, which are present, respectively, in normal and cancer cells (e.g., macrophages, endothelial cells, and cancer cells such as the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line). In vitro, invadosomes can organize into different shapes: dots, aggregates, or rosettes3. Classically, invadosomes are composed of an F-actin core containing several proteins, such as the scaffold protein Tks5 and cortactin, surrounded by adhesion plaque molecules, such as integrins and vinculin4. Recently, it was shown that Tks5 and the RhoGTPase Cdc42 can be used as a minimum molecular signature for functional invadosomes5. These structures are able to degrade the ECM via the recruitment and activation of specific metalloprotease proteins, such as MT1-MMP and MMP-26. In a previous study, we reported that the interaction between type I collagen fibrils and the discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a specific receptor of type I collagen fibrils, leads to the formation of a new class of invadosomes, named linear invadosomes. Linear invadosomes are formed along type I collagen fibrils7. These structures are able to degrade type I collagen fibrils via the recruitment and activation of MT1-MMP/MMP2. Moreover, their formation is dependent on Tks5 and Cdc425. In vitro, we demonstrated the existence of linear invadosomes and the involvement of DDR1 in their formation and activity8 using different strategies consisting of a combination of various matrix elements, including: i) fluorescent gelatin-coated coverslips, ii) fluorescent type I collagen fibril-coated coverslips, and iii) 3D type I collagen plugs. Due to the use of different matrices, we were able to study and characterize linear invadosome formation and their degradation activity7,8.
Finally, to better understand the biology of invasive cells, a combination of ECM components in both 2D and 3D culture systems were used, mimicking the complexity of the tumor microenvironment composition. Below are protocols for coating coverslips with gelatin/type I collagen in 2D and 3D culture systems.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G1393</td>
			<td>Stock 20 mg/ml used at 1 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin from pig skin Oregon green 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Molecular probe life technologies</td>
			<td>G13186</td>
			<td>5mg dilute at 1 mg/ml in sterile water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover glasses</td>
			<td>Marlenfeld GmbH &#38; Co</td>
			<td>111520</td>
			<td>&#216;12mm No.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5% Glutaraldehyd in 0.1M sodium cacodylate buffer pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy science</td>
			<td>15960</td>
			<td>Dilute at 0.5 % in sterile water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X PBS pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td>10010-015</td>
			<td>Use this PBS in all steps before fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen I Rat tail</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 carboxy X rhodamin siccinimidyl ester</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>C-6125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS 1X + calcium + magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td>14040-091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde 16% solution</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy science</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Dilute at 4% in 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X 100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X PBS buffer pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9625</td>
			<td>Dilute at 1X in water Use in steps after fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tks5 antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-30122</td>
			<td>Invadosome markers Dilution : 1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cortactin 4F11 antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>5180</td>
			<td>Invadosome markers Dilution :1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">DDR1 antibody</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Cell signaling</td>
			<td rowspan="2">5583</td>
			<td>Linear invadosome receptor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dilution :1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin FluoProbes</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>FT-AZ0330</td>
			<td>Fibrillary actin marker Dilution :1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>33258</td>
			<td>Nucleus marker Dilution :1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary antibodies FluoProbes</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>FP-488 FP-547H or FP-647H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin from bovine serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153</td>
			<td>Dilute at 4% in 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount G mounting medium</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>FP 483331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ software</td>
			<td>Public domain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.macbiophotonics.ca/imagej/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture insert</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353097</td>
			<td>8.0&#181;m pore size / 24 wells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>221465</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

2d and 3d matrices to study linear invadosome formation and activity

Cell adhesion, migration, and invasion are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. For example, during metastasis formation, tumor cells have to cross anatomical barriers to invade and migrate through the surrounding tissue in order to reach blood or lymphatic vessels. This requires the interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). At the cellular level, many cells, including the majority of cancer cells, are able to form invadosomes, which are F-actin-based structures capable of degrading ECM. Invadosomes are protrusive actin structures that recruit and activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The molecular composition, density, organization, and stiffness of the ECM are crucial in regulating invadosome formation and activation. In vitro, a gelatin assay is the standard assay used to observe and quantify invadosome degradation activity. However, gelatin, which is denatured collagen I, is not a physiological matrix element. A novel assay using type I collagen fibrils was developed and used to demonstrate that this physiological matrix is a potent inducer of invadosomes. Invadosomes that form along the collagen fibrils are known as linear invadosomes due to their linear organization on the fibers. Moreover, molecular analysis of linear invadosomes showed that the discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is the receptor involved in their formation. These data clearly demonstrate the importance of using a physiologically relevant matrix in order to understand the complex interactions between cells and the ECM.

Using a combination of two types of matrices, gelatin and type I collagen (Figures 1 and 4), we have highlighted a new type of invadosome, known as linear invadosomes. The labelling of these matrices allows for the observation of linear invadosome formation along collagen I fibers and of their degradation capabilities (Figure 5). The number of invasive structures can then be quantified by the macro described previously (step 4.2), and the...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 2D and 3D Matrices to Study Linear Invadosome Formation and Activity at JoVE.com

2D and 3D Matrices to Study Linear Invadosome Formation and Activity

This protocol describes how to prepare a 2D mixed matrix, consisting of gelatin and collagen I, and a 3D collagen I plug to study linear invadosomes. These protocols allow for the study of linear invadosome formation, matrix degradation activity, and the invasion capabilities of primary cells and cancer cell lines.

Cell adhesion, migration, and invasion are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. For example, during metastasis formation, tumor ...

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