저자 아무 승인 있다.

이 실험에 사용 되는 치아의 컬렉션은 지역 의료 윤리 위원회의 지침에 따라 수행 되었다.
1. 표본 수집 및 샘플 준비
<ol><li>치과 관행에서 24 사운드 추출 된 인간 (사전) 어 금 니를 수집 하 고 깨끗 한 저속 핸드 피스 경 석 (아무 파편, 아니 gingival 잔재) 브러시와 부드러운 치아 표면, 그리고 마침내 15 린스 수돗물을 실행 하는 아래 s.</li>
	<li>장치의 실린더의 휴식 (15 m m x 27.5 m m x 12)에 맞는 수 있도록 샘플을 포함 합니다.<ol>
<li>그리고 약 10 분 (50 ℃) 열판에 인상을 화합물 (113 g의 1 개의 막대기)를 녹여 occlusal 표면을 커버 하는 녹은 물질에 모 랄의 occlusal 부분을 찍어. 거꾸로 현미경 슬라이드에는 모 랄을 배치 하 고 모든 컵 팁 유리 터치 ± 30의 인상을 화합물 냉각 될 때까지 고 세트, 치아 고정 될 때까지 아래로 누릅니다.</li>
		<li>주사기를 사용 하 여 polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 혼합물의 10 mL와 실리콘 몰드에 부 어 크기 12 m m x 15 m m x 27.5 m m. 믹스 PMMA에서 증기 두건 안쪽 (비율 13 g 폴리머: 10 mL 단위체) 대략 25 s는 주걱을 사용 하 여. 15 서 두고 s 어떤 공기 방울을 사용 하기 전에 피할 수 있도록.</li>
		<li>현미경 슬라이드를 거꾸로 돌아서 PMMA로 채워진 실리콘 몰드에는 모 랄을 일시 중단. 금형만 지 때까지 아래로 슬라이드를 누릅니다. 따르는 단계 정도 실 온에서 약 1.5 분.</li>
		<li>설정 후 실내 온도 20 분 1000 hPa에 PMMA의, 현미경 슬라이드를 제거 하 고 실리콘 몰드에서 포함 된 치아를 제거 합니다.</li>
		<li>포함 된 모 랄의 총 높이 측정 하 고 증분 16 m m의 밀링 커터를 갖춘 밀링 기계와 바닥에서 치료 PMMA를 제거 하 여 정확히 27.3 m m 높이 조정 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 준비 Demineralization 솔루션
<ol><li>이온을 제거 된 물 교 반 접시에 4900 mL를 0.1 m M 젖 산 (50 g), 1.5 m m CaCl2 (1.103 g), 0.9 m m KH2포4 (0.612 g) 10 mL 1 %chloramine, 0.5 ppm F (2.5 mL 1000 ppm Fluorid 표준 솔루션의)를 추가 합니다.</li>
	<li>10 m 코 적정 (± 50ml) 보정된 pH 유리 전극으로 pH 4.8에.</li>
</ol>3. 샘플 장착 및 기계 닦기의 설정 (그림 1) 롤
<ol><li>컨테이너에서 실린더를 제거 하 고 24 표본 맛사지 & 롤의 실린더에 있는 휴식 장소.</li>
	<li>로드 힘을 조정 하려면 표본 아래 쉬는 시간에 shim을 삽입 하 여 실린더에서 견본의 돌출을 조정 합니다. 아니 심을 사용 하는 8 표본의 무부하 (0 N) 그리고 30 N (8 표본) 및 50 N (8 표본) 각각 1 m m와 1.5 m m의 shim을 사용.</li>
	<li>실린더의 2 부분 탑재 및 M6 볼트와 보호 컨테이너에 실린더를 배치.</li>
	<li>500 mL demineralization 솔루션으로 컨테이너를 작성.</li>
	<li>로드 로드 배치: PVC 튜브 (경도 73 해안 A)는 외경 14 m m와 9 m m의 직경을 가진 내부 직경 10 mm 스테인리스 316 막대 (HB 경도 130-150)의 삽입.</li>
	<li>임상 씹는 주파수, 시뮬레이션 20 rpm 회전 속도 설정 하 고 장치 uninterruptedly 실행 하자.</li>
	<li>실험 동안 demineralization 솔루션 및 PVC 튜브 교체 하 고 일주일에 두 번 보정된 유리 전극으로 pH를 체크 합니다.</li>
	<li>3 개월 (약 1500000 사이클에 해당) 후 컨테이너에서 실린더 분리 표본, 실린더의 2 부분을 분해 하 여 제거 하 고 이온된 수에는 견본을 저장. 참고: 모든 표본 전과 후 맛사지 & 롤, 비 접촉 profilometer를 사용 하 여 검색 됩니다.</li>
</ol>4. Profilometric 검사, 분석, 및 빼기
<ol><li>profilometer을 사용 하 여 샘플의 지형 측정을 생성 합니다.</li>
	<li>장비에 전환: 컴퓨터, PSU 모듈 및 센서 컨트롤러. 적절 한 센서 배치 및 나사와 보안. 그럼, 신중 하 게 센서 컨트롤러에 광섬유를 삽입 합니다.</li>
	<li>센서 컨트롤러에 정확한 센서를 선택 합니다. 센서 컨트롤러 4 옵션 (F1 ~ F4) 표시 됩니다. 두 번 눌러 f 4와 공초점 센서 메뉴 표시 됩니다.<ol>
<li>F3 키를 눌러 (센서 선택)와 2-10000 µ m. 선택 (10 mm) 스크롤 하 고 F4 키를 눌러. F1 키를 눌러 하 고 (예) EEPROM에 설정을 저장 하려면 f 4를 선택 합니다. LED 휘도 선택 하 고 "± 9 시" 위치과 F4-f 2-f 4를 눌러 센서의 "어두운 참조"를 복용.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>소프트웨어를 오픈 하 고 옵션 "연결" 장치를 선택 합니다. 측정 테이블 "기점" 검색을 자동으로 이동 합니다 것을 유의 하십시오. 홈 화면이 디스플레이에 나타납니다. 센서 선택은 메뉴 표시줄에서 도구를 누르고 센서 S29 선택 | 10-10000 µ m입니다.<ol>
<li>샘플 속도 메뉴 표시줄에서 도구를 누릅니다와 속도 센서는 메뉴 표시줄에서 300 Hz. 보도 도구를 선택 하 고 선택 0-100%.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>메뉴 모음에서 검색을 선택 합니다. 키 이동 단계를 선택 합니다. 측정 테이블 중심 이동 화면 노란색 영역을 누릅니다.</li>
	<li>표본 중심에서의 위치 센서의 범위 내에서 정확한 높이 설정 하 여 다음 측정 테이블입니다. 표본에 대 한 관심의 영역 위에 센서를 놓고 스캔을 전체 샘플 영역은 센서의 초점 범위 내에 있는 그런 방법으로 센서의 거리를 조정 합니다. 센서 컨트롤러 높이 라이브 데이터 높이에서 녹색 영역을 보여주는 센서의 범위에 제공 여부를 나타냅니다.</li>
	<li>설정을 선택 합니다. 2 되도록 각 기록된 데이터 요소 2 측정의 평균을 평균을 설정 합니다. 이 스캐닝 속도, 천천히 하지만 스캔 품질을 증가. 설정을 마친 후 주요 검색 설정으로 돌아가려면 확인을 누릅니다.</li>
	<li>센서 빔 표본의 왼쪽된 위 모퉁이에 배치 합니다. 15 m m x 12 m m x에서 스텝 크기와 총 스캔 영역 설정 및 Y 방향으로 40 µ m (0.04 m m)의 번호 375와 Y = X에 단계 = 300. 다시, 더 작은 단계 스캔 해상도, 하지만 시간을 스캔 또한 증가할 것 이다. 스캔 시작을 지금 검사를 누릅니다.</li>
	<li>검사가 완료 되 면 약 10 분 후, 다른 이름으로 저장 선택 하 여 다음 메뉴 모음에서 파일을 선택 합니다. 스캔 비늘은 동일한 수준에 항상 같은 방식으로 표준화 됩니다.</li>
	<li>파일 열기를 선택 하 여 다음 메뉴 모음에서 파일을 선택 합니다. 메뉴 모음에서 휨을 선택 합니다. 검사 테이블 및 센서의 잡음을 제거 하는 1의 휨 필터를 적용 합니다. 최고 선택 메뉴 모음에서 가리키고는 모 랄에 높은 포인트를 찾을.</li>
	<li>스캔 구성 옵션-규모를 선택 하 여 다음 메뉴 모음에서 도구를 선택 합니다. 스캔 구성에서 계산 Z 값 가장 높은 지점 (측정 4.10)-3500 mm에서 오프셋을 설정 합니다. 3.6 m m 0부터 설명서, 범위를 설정 하 고 확인을 누릅니다.</li>
	<li>규모를 다시 설정 메뉴 표시줄에 로드 영역을 선택 합니다. 다른 이름으로 저장 선택 하 여 다음 메뉴 모음에서 파일을 선택 합니다.</li>
	<li>검사를 시간에 두 개의 서로 다른 순간에서 뺍니다.<ol>
<li>소프트웨어에서 메뉴 모음에서 열기를 선택 합니다. 디렉터리에 원래 스캔 및 수정된 스캔 파일을 찾습니다 파일을 선택 하 고 확인을 누릅니다. 평준화 옵션에서 선택 옵션 화면이 표시 됩니다: 수동 평준화 옵션; 보상에서 각각 옵션을 오프셋, 원래에 적용 그리고 적용을 수정.</li>
		<li>옵션으로 다음 메뉴 모음에서 선택 창 보기 및 마지막으로 크로스 섹션 보기 옵션 만들기</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>수정 된 서피스를 선택 하 고 control 키를 눌러 수평, 수직, 및 Z 방향 (높이)에서 원래 표면 수정된 표면 이동 하 고 수평 방향;에 대 한 왼쪽 및 오른쪽 화살표 키 최대 및 아래쪽 화살표 키 수직 방향;에 대 한 컨트롤 키를 눌러 잡고 shift 키와 화살표 위아래 눌러 뺀된 볼륨 및 차이 보기에 표시 된 높이 가능한 방식으로 Z 방향에 대 한 키를 잡고.</li>
	<li>저장 다른 이름으로 출력을 선택 하 여 다음 메뉴 모음에서 선택 파일 평균 높이 손실 및 평균 볼륨으로 읽습니다.</li>
</ol>

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저자는 공개 없다.

여기에 제시 된 응용 프로그램은 문 지 & 롤의 임상 관련성의 좋은 인상을 준다. 최고 로드 수준의 실험에서 만든 occlusal 형태학 부식성 치아 마모 (그림 5)11,12의 임상 프레 젠 테이 션 매우 비슷합니다.
설정의 다양성은 사용 하는 솔루션으로 우선 속 인 다. 가장 간단한 모델에서 물 사용할 수 있습니다. 물 매?...

구강 가혹한 환경으로 간주 될 수: 습도, 온도 변화 때문에 뜨겁고 찬 음식 섭취, 그리고 일부는 인체에서 가장 강한 근육의 기계적 부하. 그러나 치아,, 이러한 과제를 견딜 수 객실 eminently 있습니다. 에 나 멜은 매우 열심히, 그리고 아래 치아 골절에서 상대적으로 취 성에 나 멜을 방지. 두 물자 전부의 미네랄 구성 요소, hydroxyapatite 이며 매우 낮은 용 해도의 포화 타 액과 평형에. 그리고 가끔 치아 연 삭 씹는, 음주, 생리 적 치아 마모에 평생1,2,3동안 발생 합니다. 극단적인 도전, bruxism 또는 외국 물건에 씹는 습관 등 과도 한 마모 될 수 있습니다. 최근, 기계적 치아 마모 가속 침식의 역할을 인정 받고 있습니다. 치아 부식 광범위 하 게 공부 있다 생체 외에서하지만 모델 사용 간단, 일반적으로 있다 그리고 기계적 요인 크게 무시 되었습니다. 화학 및 기계적 마모 프로세스 간의 임상 상호 작용이 않습니다 따라서 완전히 이해4.
많은 생체 외에서 침식 및 부식 마모 연구 플랫 광택된에 나 멜의 간단한 산 침수 사용 또는 dentine 샘플, 측정으로 경도 손실 또는 profilometry를 사용 하 여 접근5. 연마 컴포넌트의 소개는 일반적으로 칫 솔 질 동작을 참여 때로는 혀 또는 사기 질 첨 슬라이딩 연락처6. 이러한 연구 결과 나타났습니다 그에 나 멜 침식 결과 쉽게 침식 하는 부드럽게 표면 층에. 플랫 서피스의 기계적 부하 장치는 고르지 못한 표면 처리할 수 없습니다 하 고 불규칙 한 표면에 대 한 측정 기술 또한 더 복잡 하기 때문에 일반적으로 필요 합니다. 그러나, 청소년에서 가장 부식성 치아 마모 occlusal cusps에 본 그리고 음식 씹는 마모 occlusal 침식 마모에 가장 관련성이 높은 기계적 요소가 될 것으로 예상 된다. 모든 세부 사항에 구강 환경을 모방 하는 이상적인 구두 착용 기계는 존재 하지 않는, 그리고 대부분의 생체 외에서 모델 수 중 노출 또는 측정7,8치아의 자연 occlusal 표면에 대 한 허용 하지 않습니다.
우리의 실험실 최근 소개는 많은 Heintze의7 사양 및 구두 착용 시뮬레이션 모델의 허용 오차를 준수에 개별적으로 또는 동시에 마모 및 로드 연구를 수행 하는 사용자를 가능 하 게 한 소설 장치는 부식 및 마모 환경입니다. 새로운 장치 (맛사지 & 롤) 교 반 기계와 컨테이너의 구성 (그림 1a). 컨테이너에서 견본으로 실린더를 설치할 수 있습니다. 실린더와 더 많은 봉 중 컨테이너의 내부 벽 사이 (그림 1b) 배치 됩니다. 교 반 모터를 시작 하 여 막대 (그림 1c) 실린더에 있는 표본에 회전 합니다. Shim을 사용 하 여, 다른 세력은 표본에 적용할 수 있습니다. 에 대 한 포괄적인 디자인, 건설, 운영 메커니즘 및 장치의 기능 소개 하 고 논의 장치9종이를 참조 하십시오. 장치 강력 하지 기술적으로 요구, 그리고 동시에 32 표본에 부하를 적용할 수 있습니다. 길 항 근 힘은 정상적인 씹는10매끄러운, 지속적인 접촉을 유지 하면서 견본 표면에 움직이고 있다. 여기 우리 자연 치아의 occlusal 서피스 모델 침식 마모에 응용 프로그램을 제시 하 고 임상 관련성 및 방법의 다양성 설명.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Low speed handpiece</td>
			<td>KAVO, Leutkirch imm Allgau, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dental equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush for handpiece</td>
			<td>KAVO, Leutkirch imm Allgau, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dental equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pumish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dental equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human third molars</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Impression compound green</td>
			<td>Kerr, Bioggio, Switzerland</td>
			<td>Art.nr. 00444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slide</td>
			<td>Menzel, Braunschweig, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>76 x 26 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoplast Cold curing denture base material</td>
			<td>Candulor, Wangen, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone mold with inside dimensions of 12 x 15 x 27.5</td>
			<td>3M Espe Neuss, Germany</td>
			<td>Express STD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure vessel</td>
			<td>Al Dente, Meckenbeuren, Germany</td>
			<td>581-009-024/25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milling cutter &#248;16mm</td>
			<td>Format, Germany</td>
			<td>HSSCo8 nr. 21691600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milling machine</td>
			<td>Weiss Machine Tools</td>
			<td>WMD 20 LV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rub&#38;Roll</td>
			<td>UMCN , Nijmegen The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Technical workshop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rub&#38;Roll container</td>
			<td>UMCN , Nijmegen The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Technical workshop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rub&#38;Roll cylinder sample holder</td>
			<td>UMCN , Nijmegen The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Technical workshop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rub&#38;Roll motor</td>
			<td>UMCN , Nijmegen The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Technical workshop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shim: Silicone plate massive 1 mm/ 1,5mm, 60 &#177; 5&#176; Shore A, red</td>
			<td>Peter van den Berg afdichtingstechniek, Barendrecht</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactid acid extra pure 88%</td>
			<td>Boom, The Netherlands</td>
			<td>CAS nummer: 79-33-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride dihydrate CaCL2 .2H2O</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>CAS nummer: 10043-52-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pottassium dihydrogen Phosphate KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>CAS nummer: 7778-77-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloramine T (sodium salt) trihydrate for synthesis CH3C6H4SO2NClNa&#183;3H2O</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>CAS nummer: 7080-50-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natriumfluoride standard solution 1000mg/L F Certipur</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>CAS nummer: 7681-49-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kaliumhydroxide, pellets EMSURE analytical reagent KOH</td>
			<td>Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>CAS nummer: 1310-58-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC tube(Hardness73 Shore A)outer diameter 14mm inner diameter 10mm</td>
			<td>DEUTSCH &#38; NEUMANN, Germany</td>
			<td>Art.nr. 3501014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insert of a stainless steel 316 (Hardness 130&#8211;150 HB) diameter 9mm</td>
			<td>UMCN , Nijmegen The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Technical workshop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH glass electrode</td>
			<td>WTW, Weilheim, Germany</td>
			<td>Sentix 61 103640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non contact Profilometer Proscan 2100</td>
			<td>Scantron Industrial Products Ltd, Taunton, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.scantronltd.co.uk</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software version Proscan 2100 2.1.1.15A+ Sensor S29 / 10-10000 microns</td>
			<td>Scantron Industrial Products Ltd, Taunton, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software version Proform</td>
			<td>Scantron Industrial Products Ltd, Taunton, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope Leica</td>
			<td>www.leica-microsystems.com</td>
			<td>M50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photocamera Canon</td>
			<td>Canon Japan</td>
			<td>EOS 50D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak, Spain</td>
			<td>20 ml.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hotplate</td>
			<td>Schott instruments Mainz</td>
			<td>SLK1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silone impression material (Vinyl Polysiloxane Expres)</td>
			<td>3M Espe , USA</td>
			<td>Regular</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stirring Plate</td>
			<td>IKA Werke, Germany</td>
			<td>KMO2 Basic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mimicking and measuring occlusal erosive tooth wear with the "rub&amp;roll" and non-contact profilometry

씹는, 마시고, 그리고 가끔 치아가 평생 동안 생리 적 치아 마모 발생 합니다. 극단적인 도전, bruxism 또는 외국 물건에 씹는 습관 등 과도 한 마모 될 수 있습니다. 최근, 기계적 치아 마모 가속 침식의 역할 인정을 받고 있다, 하지만 화학 및 기계적 마모 프로세스 간의 상호 작용 광범위 하 게 공부 하지는. 우리 연구소는 최근 소설 구두 착용 시뮬레이션 장치를, 맛사지 & 롤, 침식 및 거친 환경에서 착용 하 고 개별적으로 또는 동시에 연구를 로드를 수행 하는 사용자를 가능 하 게 도입 했다. 이 원고는 장치는 응용 프로그램 설명: 결합 된 기계 및 침식 로드 시뮬레이션된 씹는 운동에 추출 된 인간 (사전) 어 금 니의 힘, 속도, 액체, 및 시간, 제어 응용 및 적용 시각화 및 결과 측정에 비 접촉 profilometry 패턴 착용. 최고 로드 수준의 실험에서 만든 occlusal 형태학의 침식 마모 임상 프레 젠 테이 션 매우 비슷합니다.

우리 인간 어 금 니 치아를 노출 (n = 그룹 당 8) 3 개월 동안 맛사지 & 롤, pH 4.8에서 신랄 한 수성 해결책을. 이 약 6 년의 임상 작동 시간에 해당합니다. 기계적 부하 적용 했다: 무부하 (0 N), N, 30 또는 50 명.
3 그룹에 대 한 손실 occlusal 표면 높이 였어요: 0 N; 76 ± 20 µ m 30 161 ± 40 µ m N; 266 ± 101 µ m 50 N (그림 2). ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry at JoVE.com

Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry

맛사지 & 롤 수 모방 씹는 주기 씹는 힘, 거리를 슬라이딩, 씹는 속도의 변화를 수 있도록, 수 침식과 거친 도전의 조합와 주기, 주파수의 구강 노화의 복잡 한 시뮬레이션에서 발생할 수 있습니다.

흉내 낸 Occlusal 부식성 치아 측정 "문 지 하 &amp; 롤" 착용 및 비 문의 Profilometry

Chewing, drinking, and occasional tooth grinding will result in physiological tooth wear during a lifetime. Extreme challenges, such as bruxism or ...

mimicking-measuring-occlusal-erosive-tooth-wear-with-rub-roll-non

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&amp;Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry

12.1K 조회수.  Radboud University Medical Center. 맛사지 & 롤 수 모방 씹는 주기 씹는 힘, 거리를 슬라이딩, 씹는 속도의 변화를 수 있도록, 수 침식과 거친 도전의 조합와 주기, 주파수의 구강 노화의 복잡 한 시뮬레이션에서 발생할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry

Gold Nanostar Synthesis with a Silver Seed Mediated Growth Method

The physical, chemical and optical properties of nano-scale colloids depend on their material composition, size and shape 1-5. There is a great interest in using nano-colloids for photo-thermal ablation, drug delivery and many other biomedical applications 6. Gold is particularly used because of its low toxicity 7-9. A property of metal nano-colloids is that they can have a strong surface plasmon resonance 10. The peak of the surface plasmon resonance mode depends on the structure and composition of the metal nano-colloids. Since the surface plasmon resonance mode is stimulated with light there is a need to have the peak absorbance in the near infrared where biological tissue transmissivity is maximal 11, 12.
We present a method to synthesize star shaped colloidal gold, also known as star shaped nanoparticles 13-15 or nanostars 16. This method is based on a solution containing silver seeds that are used as the nucleating agent for anisotropic growth of gold colloids 17-22. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the resulting gold colloid showed that 70 % of the nanostructures were nanostars. The other 30 % of the particles were amorphous clusters of decahedra and rhomboids. The absorbance peak of the nanostars was detected to be in the near infrared (840 nm). Thus, our method produces gold nanostars suitable for biomedical applications, particularly for photo-thermal ablation.

We synthesized star shaped gold nanostars using a silver seed mediated growth method. The diameter of the nanostars ranges from 200 to 300 nm and the number of tips vary from 7 to 10. The nanoparticles have a broad surface plasmon resonance mode centered in the near infrared.

실버 씨앗 중재 성장 방법과 골드 Nanostar 합성

The physical, chemical and optical properties of nano-scale colloids depend on their material composition, size and shape 1-5. There is a great interest ...

연구

생체공학

Non-contact, Label-free Monitoring of Cells and Extracellular Matrix using Raman Spectroscopy

Non-destructive, non-contact and label-free technologies to monitor cell and tissue cultures are needed in the field of biomedical research.1-5 However, currently available routine methods require processing steps and alter sample integrity. Raman spectroscopy is a fast method that enables the measurement of biological samples without the need for further processing steps. This laser-based technology detects the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light.6 As every chemical vibration is assigned to a specific Raman band (wavenumber in cm-1), each biological sample features a typical spectral pattern due to their inherent biochemical composition.7-9 Within Raman spectra, the peak intensities correlate with the amount of the present molecular bonds.1 Similarities and differences of the spectral data sets can be detected by employing a multivariate analysis (e.g. principal component analysis (PCA)).10
Here, we perform Raman spectroscopy of living cells and native tissues. Cells are either seeded on glass bottom dishes or kept in suspension under normal cell culture conditions (37 &deg;C, 5% CO2) before measurement. Native tissues are dissected and stored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 4 &deg;C prior measurements. Depending on our experimental set up, we then either focused on the cell nucleus or extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as elastin and collagen. For all studies, a minimum of 30 cells or 30 random points of interest within the ECM are measured. Data processing steps included background subtraction and normalization.

Raman spectroscopy is a suitable technique for the non-contact, label-free analysis of living cells, tissue-engineered constructs and native tissues. Source-specific spectral fingerprints can be generated and analyzed using multivariate analysis.

라만 분광학을 사용하여 세포와 세포외 기질의 비 접촉, 레이블이없는 모니터링

Non-destructive, non-contact and label-free technologies to monitor cell and tissue cultures are needed in the field of biomedical research.1-5 However, ...

Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication

Advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology promise to revolutionize both research and medicine through lower costs, better sensitivity, portability, and higher throughput. The incorporation of biological components onto biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS) has shown great potential for achieving these goals. Microfabricated electronic chips allow for micrometer-scale features as well as an electrical connection for sensing and actuation. Functional biological components give the system the capacity for specific detection of analytes, enzymatic functions, and whole-cell capabilities. Standard microfabrication processes and bio-analytical techniques have been successfully utilized for decades in the computer and biological industries, respectively. Their combination and interfacing in a lab-on-a-chip environment, however, brings forth new challenges. There is a call for techniques that can build an interface between the electrode and biological component that is mild and is easy to fabricate and pattern.
Biofabrication, described here, is one such approach that has shown great promise for its easy-to-assemble incorporation of biological components with versatility in the on-chip functions that are enabled. Biofabrication uses biological materials and biological mechanisms (self-assembly, enzymatic assembly) for bottom-up hierarchical assembly. While our labs have demonstrated these concepts in many formats 1,2,3, here we demonstrate the assembly process based on electrodeposition followed by multiple applications of signal-based interactions. The assembly process consists of the electrodeposition of biocompatible stimuli-responsive polymer films on electrodes and their subsequent functionalization with biological components such as DNA, enzymes, or live cells 4,5. Electrodeposition takes advantage of the pH gradient created at the surface of a biased electrode from the electrolysis of water 6,7,. Chitosan and alginate are stimuli-responsive biological polymers that can be triggered to self-assemble into hydrogel films in response to imposed electrical signals 8. The thickness of these hydrogels is determined by the extent to which the pH gradient extends from the electrode. This can be modified using varying current densities and deposition times 6,7. This protocol will describe how chitosan films are deposited and functionalized by covalently attaching biological components to the abundant primary amine groups present on the film through either enzymatic or electrochemical methods 9,10. Alginate films and their entrapment of live cells will also be addressed 11. Finally, the utility of biofabrication is demonstrated through examples of signal-based interaction, including chemical-to-electrical, cell-to-cell, and also enzyme-to-cell signal transmission. 
Both the electrodeposition and functionalization can be performed under near-physiological conditions without the need for reagents and thus spare labile biological components from harsh conditions. Additionally, both chitosan and alginate have long been used for biologically-relevant purposes 12,13. Overall, biofabrication, a rapid technique that can be simply performed on a benchtop, can be used for creating micron scale patterns of functional biological components on electrodes and can be used for a variety of lab-on-a-chip applications.

This article describes a biofabrication approach: deposition of stimuli-responsive polysaccharides in the presence of biased electrodes to create biocompatible films which can be functionalized with cells or proteins. We demonstrate a bench-top strategy for the generation of the films as well as their basic uses for creating interactive biofunctionalized surfaces for lab-on-a-chip applications.

Biofabrication와 바이오 전자 인터페이스 브리지

Advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology promise to revolutionize both research and medicine through lower costs, better sensitivity, portability, and ...

Creating Adhesive and Soluble Gradients for Imaging Cell Migration with Fluorescence Microscopy

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as growth factors. Here, we outline a method to create opposing gradients of adhesive and soluble cues in a microfluidic chamber, which is compatible with live cell imaging. A copolymer of poly-L-lysine and polyethylene glycol (PLL-PEG) is employed to passivate glass coverslips and prevent non-specific adsorption of biomolecules and cells. Next, microcontact printing or dip pen lithography are used to create tracks of streptavidin on the passivated surfaces to serve as anchoring points for the biotinylated peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) as the adhesive cue. A microfluidic device is placed onto the modified surface and used to create the gradient of adhesive cues (100% RGD to 0% RGD) on the streptavidin tracks. Finally, the same microfluidic device is used to create a gradient of a chemoattractant such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), as the soluble cue in the opposite direction of the gradient of adhesive cues.

A method for the assembly of adhesive and soluble gradients in a microscopy chamber for live cell migration studies is described. The engineered environment combines antifouling surfaces and adhesive tracks with solution gradients and therefore allows one to determine the relative importance of guidance cues.

형광 현미경과 영상 셀 마이그레이션을위한 접착제 및 가용성식이 그라디언트를 만들기

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as ...

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

This study demonstrates a novel biomechanics testing protocol. The advantage of this protocol includes the use of an in situ loading device coupled to a high resolution X-ray microscope, thus enabling visualization of internal structural elements under simulated physiological loads and wet conditions. Experimental specimens will include intact bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth fibrous joints. Results will illustrate three important features of the protocol as they can be applied to organ level biomechanics: 1) reactionary force vs. displacement: tooth displacement within the alveolar socket and its reactionary response to loading, 2) three-dimensional (3D) spatial configuration and morphometrics: geometric relationship of the tooth with the alveolar socket, and 3) changes in readouts 1 and 2 due to a change in loading axis, i.e. from concentric to eccentric loads. Efficacy of the proposed protocol will be evaluated by coupling mechanical testing readouts to 3D morphometrics and overall biomechanics of the joint. In addition, this technique will emphasize on the need to equilibrate experimental conditions, specifically reactionary loads prior to acquiring tomograms of fibrous joints. It should be noted that the proposed protocol is limited to testing specimens under ex vivo conditions, and that use of contrast agents to visualize soft tissue mechanical response could lead to erroneous conclusions about tissue and organ-level biomechanics.

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

In this study, the use of an in situ loading device coupled with micro-X-ray computed tomography for fibrous joint biomechanics will be discussed. Experimental readouts identifiable with an overall change in joint biomechanics will include: 1) reactionary force vs. displacement, i.e. tooth displacement within the alveolar socket and its reactionary response to loading, 2) three-dimensional (3D) spatial configuration and morphometrics, i.e.&#160;geometric relationship of the tooth with the alveolar socket, and 3) changes in readouts 1 and 2 due to a change in loading axis, i.e. concentric or eccentric loads.

현장 압축 하중과 뼈, 치주 인대 치아 섬유 공동의 상관적인 비 침습 이미징

This study demonstrates a novel biomechanics testing protocol. The advantage of this protocol includes the use of an in situ loading device coupled to a ...

Microfluidic Platform for Measuring Neutrophil Chemotaxis from Unprocessed Whole Blood

Neutrophils play an essential role in protection against infections and their numbers in the blood are frequently measured in the clinic. Higher neutrophil counts in the blood are usually an indicator of ongoing infections, while low neutrophil counts are a warning sign for higher risks for infections. To accomplish their functions, neutrophils also have to be able to move effectively from the blood where they spend most of their life, into tissues, where infections occur. Consequently, any defects in the ability of neutrophils to migrate can increase the risks for infections, even when neutrophils are present in appropriate numbers in the blood. However, measuring neutrophil migration ability in the clinic is a challenging task, which is time consuming, requires large volume of blood, and expert knowledge. To address these limitations, we designed a robust microfluidic assays for neutrophil migration, which requires a single droplet of unprocessed blood, circumvents the need for neutrophil separation, and is easy to quantify on a simple microscope. In this assay, neutrophils migrate directly from the blood droplet, through small channels, towards the source of chemoattractant. To prevent the granular flow of red blood cells through the same channels, we implemented mechanical filters with right angle turns that selectively block the advance of red blood cells. We validated the assay by comparing neutrophil migration from blood droplets collected from finger prick and venous blood. We also compared these whole blood (WB) sources with neutrophil migration from samples of purified neutrophils and found consistent speed and directionality between the three sources. This microfluidic platform will enable the study of human neutrophil migration in the clinic and the research setting to help advance our understanding of neutrophil functions in health and disease.

This protocol details an assay designed to measure human neutrophil chemotaxis from one droplet of whole blood with robust reproducibility. This approach circumvents the need for neutrophil separation and requires only a few minutes of assay preparation time. The microfluidic chip enables the repeated measure of neutrophil chemotaxis over time in infants or small mammals, where sample volume is limited.

처리되지 않은 전체 혈액에서 호중구 주 화성을 측정하기위한 미세 유체 플랫폼

Neutrophils play an essential role in protection against infections and their numbers in the blood are frequently measured in the clinic. Higher ...

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum

Stratum corneum (SC) is the most superficial skin layer. Its contact with the external environment means that this tissue layer is subjected to both cleansing agents and daily variations in ambient moisture; both of which can alter the water content of the tissue. Reductions in water content from severe barrier dysfunction or low humidity environments can alter SC stiffness and cause a build-up of drying stresses. In extreme conditions, these factors can cause mechanical rupture of the tissue. We have established a high throughput method of quantifying dynamic changes in the mechanical properties of SC upon drying. This technique can be employed to quantify changes in the drying behavior and mechanical properties of SC with cosmetic cleanser and moisturizer treatments. This is achieved by measuring dynamic variations in spatially resolved in-plane drying displacements of circular tissue samples adhered to an elastomer substrate. In-plane radial displacements acquired during drying are azimuthally averaged and fitted with a profile based on a linear elastic contractility model. Dynamic changes in drying stress and SC elastic modulus can then be extracted from the fitted model profiles.

This article describes a method of quantifying the dynamic drying behavior and mechanical properties of stratum corneum by measuring spatially resolved in-plane drying displacements of circular tissue samples adhered to an elastomer substrate. This technique can be used to measure how different chemical treatments alter drying and tissue mechanical properties.

측정 및 모델링 수축성 건조 인간의 각질층에

Stratum corneum (SC) is the most superficial skin layer. Its contact with the external environment means that this tissue layer is subjected to both ...

Preparation and Characterization of Novel HDL-mimicking Nanoparticles for Nerve Growth Factor Encapsulation

The objective of this article is to introduce preparation and characterization methods for nerve growth factor (NGF)-loaded, high-density, lipoprotein (HDL)-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs). HDLs are endogenous NPs and have been explored as vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic agents. Various methods have been developed to prepare HDL-mimicking NPs. However, they are generally complicated, time consuming, and difficult for industrial scale-up. In this study, one-step homogenization was used to mix the excipients and form the prototype NPs. NGF is a water-soluble protein of 26 kDa. To facilitate the encapsulation of NGF into the lipid environment of HDL-mimicking NPs, protamine USP was used to form an ion-pair complex with NGF to neutralize the charges on the NGF surface. The NGF/protamine complex was then introduced into the prototype NPs. Apolipoprotein A-I was finally coated on the surface of the NPs. NGF HDL-mimicking NPs showed preferable properties in terms of particle size, size distribution, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, bioactivity, and biodistribution. With the careful design and exploration of homogenization in HDL-mimicking NPs, the procedure was greatly simplified, and the NPs were made scalable. Moreover, various challenges, such as separating unloaded NGF from the NPs, conducting reliable in vitro release studies, and measuring the bioactivity of the NPs, were overcome.

Simple homogenization was used to prepare novel, high-density, lipoprotein-mimicking nanoparticles to encapsulate nerve growth factor. Challenges, detailed protocols for nanoparticle preparation, in vitro characterization, and in vivo studies are described in this article.

신경 성장 인자 인 캡슐 레이션을위한 새로운 HDL 모방 나노 입자의 제조 및 특성 규명

The objective of this article is to introduce preparation and characterization methods for nerve growth factor (NGF)-loaded, high-density, lipoprotein ...

Agarose-based Tissue Mimicking Optical Phantoms for Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

This protocol describes how to make agarose-based tissue-mimicking phantoms and demonstrates how to determine their optical properties using a conventional optical system with an integrating sphere. Measuring systems for the acquisition of the diffuse reflectance and total transmittance spectra are constructed with a broadband white light source, a light guide, an achromatic lens, an integrating sphere, a sample holder, an optical fiber probe, and a multi-channel spectrometer. An acrylic mold consisting of two rectangular acrylic pieces and a U-shaped acrylic piece is constructed to create an epidermal phantom and a dermal phantom with whole blood. The application of a sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) solution to the dermal phantom enables the researcher to deoxygenate hemoglobin in red blood cells distributed in the dermal phantom. The inverse Monte Carlo simulation with the diffuse reflectance and total transmittance spectra measured by a spectrometer with an integrating sphere is performed to determine the absorption coefficient spectrum &#181;a(&#955;) and the reduced scattering coefficient spectrum &#181;s&#39;(&#955;) of each layer phantom. A two-layered phantom mimicking the diffuse reflectance of human skin tissue is also demonstrated by piling up the epidermal phantom on the dermal phantom.

Here, we demonstrate how agarose-based tissue-mimicking optical phantoms are made and how their optical properties are determined using a conventional optical system with an integrating sphere.

Agarose 기반 조직 확산 반사율 분광학에 대 한 광학 환영을 흉내 낸

This protocol describes how to make agarose-based tissue-mimicking phantoms and demonstrates how to determine their optical properties using a ...

Measuring Global Cellular Matrix Metalloproteinase and Metabolic Activity in 3D Hydrogels

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems often more closely recapitulate in vivo cellular responses and functions than traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems. However, measurement of cell function in 3D culture is often more challenging. Many biological assays require retrieval of cellular material which can be difficult in 3D cultures. One way to address this challenge is to develop new materials that enable measurement of cell function within the material. Here, a method is presented for measurement of cellular matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in 3D hydrogels in a 96-well format. In this system, a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel is functionalized with a fluorogenic MMP cleavable sensor. Cellular MMP activity is proportional to fluorescence intensity and can be measured with a standard microplate reader. Miniaturization of this assay to a 96-well format reduced the time required for experimental set up by 50% and reagent usage by 80% per condition as compared to the previous 24-well version of the assay. This assay is also compatible with other measurements of cellular function. For example, a metabolic activity assay is demonstrated here, which can be conducted simultaneously with MMP activity measurements within the same hydrogel. The assay is demonstrated with human melanoma cells encapsulated across a range of cell seeding densities to determine the appropriate encapsulation density for the working range of the assay. After 24 h of cell encapsulation, MMP and metabolic activity readouts were proportional to cell seeding density. While the assay is demonstrated here with one fluorogenic degradable substrate, the assay and methodology could be adapted for a wide variety of hydrogel systems and other fluorescent sensors. Such an assay provides a practical, efficient and easily accessible 3D culturing platform for a wide variety of applications.

Here, a protocol is presented for encapsulating and culturing cells in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels functionalized with a fluorogenic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable peptide. Cellular MMP and metabolic activity are measured directly from the hydrogel cultures using a standard microplate reader.

글로벌 세포 매트릭스 Metalloproteinase 및 3D Hydrogels 신진 대사 활동 측정

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems often more closely recapitulate in vivo cellular responses and functions than traditional two-dimensional (2D) ...

흉내 낸 Occlusal 부식성 치아 측정 "문 지 하 & 롤" 착용 및 비 문의 Profilometry

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