이 작품 루이빌 대학 시작 기금에 의해 부분적으로 지원 하 고 국립 암 연구소 (베 데스 다, 메릴랜드) R01CA177679, R01CA180986를 부여 합니다.

프로토콜 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회 (IACUC) 루이스 빌 대학에 의해 승인 되었다.
 1. 마우스 골 수 유래 세포 (BMDMs) <ol><li>Euthanize CO 2를 사용 하 여 6에 8-주 오래, 건강 한 야생 타입 마우스. 폼 보드로 고정 하 고 그것이 젖 었 때까지 70% 에탄올 스프레이. 집게와가 위 경골/대 퇴 골 뼈를 제거 합니다. 인산 염 버퍼 식 염 수 (PBS) x 5 mL 1와 페 트리 접시에 넣어. 무 균 조건 하에서 모든 절차를 수행 합니다.</li>
	<li>오픈는 시저와 경골/대 퇴 골 뼈의 양쪽 끝에서에서 잘라 무 균 조직 문화 후드. 15 mL 튜브에 PBS + 2% 태아 둔감 한 혈 청 (FBS) 25g 바늘 뼈를 플러시.</li>
	<li>500 x g, 4 ° C 5 분 대에 골 수 세포를 원심</li>
	<li>미만 1 분 9 mL 1 x PBS 가진 즉시 Dilute 위해 lyse 적혈구 (RBC)를 1 mL 붉은 혈액 세포 세포의 용 해 버퍼에 셀 펠 릿 resuspend. 1.3 단계에서 원심 분리기 다시입니다. supernatants 가만히 따르다.</li>
	<li>셀 펠 릿 10 mL 1 x PBS에 resuspend, 세포 파편/덩어리를 제거 하려면 다른 15 mL 튜브에 불 임 40 μ m 나일론 메쉬를 통해 세포 현 탁 액을 필터링 합니다. 1.3에서 원심 분리기 다시입니다. supernatants 가만히 따르다.</li>
	<li>15 mL 로스웰 파크 기념 연구소 중간 (RPMI) 1640 5 %FBS 10 μ g/mL gentamicin, 37 o C 인큐베이터에서 100 m m 조직 문화 접시에 셀 60 분 부드럽게 요리, 소용돌이 대 한 부동 꺼내 접시에 셀 펠 릿 resuspend 세포, 그리고 그들을 계산.</li>
	<li>10 ng/mL 재조합 마우스 대 식 세포와 미디어 (5 %FBS 30 %L929 바른된 미디어 10 혼합 10 μ g/mL gentamicin RPMI 1640) 차별화 12 mL macrophage 6 x 10 6 셀 100 mm 접시에 접시 콜로 니 자극 인자 (M-CSF) 2 일.</li>
	<li>5% CO 2와 37 ° C 배양 기에서 2 일간 배양 후 각 접시 6 mL 신선한 macrophage 차별화 10 ng/mL M-CSF와 미디어 피드.</li>
	<li>5 일에 밖으로 오래 된 미디어의 8 mL 셀을 방해 하지 않고 고 추가 10 mL 신선한 macrophage 미디어 10 ng/mL M-CSF와 차별화.</li>
	<li>셀 기중 장치를 사용 하 여 골 수 유래 세포 (BMDMs) 수확 7 일에. 
	참고: 연결 된 대 식 세포 수 또한 될 해리 했다 5 mL 1 m m 5 ~ 10 분의 1 x PBS에 EDTA와 float 세포를 제거 하 고 두 번 5 mL 1 x PBS 가진 접시를 세척 후. 1.3 단계에서 세포를 원심., 미디어, 차별 하는 신선한 macrophage에 그들을 resuspend 및는 hemocytometer로 그들을 계산.
	<li>확인은 BMDMs <ol>&#39; 표현 형으로 cytometry에 의해 설명 5. 다음과 같은 연구에 대 한 특정 농도에 세포 파생된 마우스 준비.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 2. BSA-지방산 산 켤레 준비 <ol><li>준비 2mm BSA 살 균 PBS에. 예를 들어 추가 30 mL 1 x PBS를 해산, 6.65 g BSA, 무게 추가 더 많은 PBS 50 mL까지 1 x PBS에 2mm BSA를 만들기 위해 구성 요소를 확장.</li>
	<li>2mm BSA에에서 지방산의 준비 5mm 개별 나트륨 소금. 필요한 경우, 37 ° C 이상가 열 하 고 명확한 해결책을 얻을 때까지 2mm BSA의 혼합물 및 지방산의 나트륨 염을 sonicate. 
	참고: 불포화 지방산에 비해, 포화 지방산 필요 더 높은 온도 및 더 많은 쥡니다 시간 해산.</li>
	<li>필터는 0.22 통해 지방-산 성-BSA 솔루션 μ m 필터, 약 수 1.5 mL 메 마른 microcentrifuge에 그것은 튜브, 단기 사용을 위한 4 ° C에 또는 긴 기간 저장을 위해-20 ° C에서 그들을 저장 하 고. 아니 강 수는 냉장고에서 4 ° C에서 저장 후 관찰 해야 합니다.</li>
</ol> 3. 포화 지방산 유도 세포 죽음의 마우스 골 수 파생 된 세포 <ol><li>미디어를 차별화 하는 대 식 세포에 10 6 /mL x 0.4 BMDMs 24-잘 조직 문화 접시에 접시.</li>
	<li>0.4 m m 팔 미 틴 산 및 스 테아 르 산 5% CO 2와 37 ° C 배양 기에서 16 ~ 24 h에 대 한 세포 치료. BSA를 사용 하 여 부정적인 컨트롤로.</li>
	<li>셀 치료 후 셀 기중을 수확 하 고 500 x g, 5 분에 4 ° C에서 셀 아래로 회전</li>
	<li>Annexin V-알 렉 사 488와 100에서 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) 세포를 얼룩이 μ annexin V 바인딩 버퍼 실 온에서 15 분.</li>
	<li>Annexin 바인딩 버퍼의 200 µ L로 샘플을 희석, 부드럽게, 혼합 후 잠복기 후 얼음 샘플을 유지.</li>
	<li>흐름 cytometry 5 스테인드 셀을 최대한 빨리 분석. FITC 채널에 감지 annexin V-알 렉 사 488와 7 AAD PerCP/PerCP-Cy5.5 채널에서 발견 되.</li>
</ol> 4. 세포내 세 라마 이드 얼룩 <ol><li>지방산 치료 후 수확 단계 3.3 에서처럼 셀. 다음 30 분에 대 한 4 %paraformaldehyde 셀 수정</li>
	<li>1 mL 1 x PBS와 샘플을 세척, 스핀 다운로 3.3에 고는 상쾌한 가만히 따르다.</li>
	<li>30 분에 대 한 100 μ 1 x permeabilization 버퍼에 셀 안티-세 라마 이드 1 차적인 항 체 (1: 200 희석)을 얼룩</li>
	<li>세척 및 스핀 아래로 단계 4.2에서 다시 셀.</li>
	<li>반대로 마우스 IgM 이차 항 체 (1: 500 희석)와 세포 30 분에 대 한 100 μ 1 x permeabilization 버퍼에 얼룩</li>
	<li>세척 및 스핀 다운 단계 4.2에서 다시 셀. 250 μ 1 x PBS를 추가 하 고 교류 cytometry 5 스테인드 세포 분석. 
	: 참고 장비 및 시 약의 테이블의 자세한 시 약 목록.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+Acid+Saturation+of+Albumin+Used+in+Resuscitation+Fluids+Modulates+Cell+Damage+in+Shock:+In+Vitro+Results+Using+a+Novel+Technique+to+Measure+Fatty+Acid+Binding+Capacity.">Fatty Acid Saturation of Albumin Used in Resuscitation Fluids Modulates Cell Damage in Shock: In Vitro Results Using a Novel Technique to Measure Fatty Acid Binding Capacity.</a> Shock. , (2017).</li><li>Vusse, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Albumin+as+fatty+acid+transporter.">Albumin as fatty acid transporter.</a> Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 24 (4), 300-307 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+Fatty+Acid+Binding+Protein+Promotes+Saturated+Fatty+Acid-Induced+Macrophage+Cell+Death+through+Enhancing+Ceramide+Production.">Adipose Fatty Acid Binding Protein Promotes Saturated Fatty Acid-Induced Macrophage Cell Death through Enhancing Ceramide Production.</a> J Immunol. 198 (2), 798-807 (2017).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+Fatty+Acid+binding+protein+promotes+skin+inflammation+induced+by+high-fat+diet.">Epidermal Fatty Acid binding protein promotes skin inflammation induced by high-fat diet.</a> Immunity. 42 (5), 953-964 (2015).</li><li>Wen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid-induced+NLRP3-ASC+inflammasome+activation+interferes+with+insulin+signaling.">Fatty acid-induced NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation interferes with insulin signaling.</a> Nat Immunol. 12 (5), 408-415 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid-binding+protein+E-FABP+restricts+tumor+growth+by+promoting+IFN-beta+responses+in+tumor-associated+macrophages.">Fatty acid-binding protein E-FABP restricts tumor growth by promoting IFN-beta responses in tumor-associated macrophages.</a> Cancer Res. 74 (11), 2986-2998 (2014).</li><li>Ulloth, J. 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저자는 금융 충돌의 관심을 선언합니다.

지방 산 성 해결책의 적절 한 준비는 지방산의 생물학적 기능 연구에 중요 한 중요성의 이다. 지방산의 중립화 수성 해결책에 있는 그것의 가용성을 증가 시킵니다. 그러나, 특히 포화 지방산, 지방산의 나트륨 염 우리가 관찰 물 또는 PBS에서 낮은 용 해도의 여전히 있습니다. 한 가지 방법은 지방산1해산 있도록 95-100% 에탄올을 사용 하는. 이 메서드를 사용 하 여 셀에 높은 독성 ?...

지방산이 에너지 대사에서와 다른 종류의 세포 막 인지질 합성에 중요 한 역할. 지방산은 낮은 수성 가용성이 있다. 지방산의 적절 한 준비는 포유류 세포에서 지방산의 생물 학적 기능을 공부를 위한 중요 한 중요성 이다. 지방산 에탄올 준비가 때 많은 지방산1상대적으로 낮은 농도 에서도 세포 막에 그들의 독성 비누 (세제) 효과 보여줄 수 있습니다. 무료 지방산은 혈 청에 대 한 자연, 주요 전송으로 혈 청 알 부 민 지방산 배달에서 생체 외에서 지방산 기능 분석 실험2,,34에 대 한 좋은 통신사를 간주 됩니다. 그러나, 지방산 및 혈 청 알 부 민 켤레의 준비의 세부 대개 하지 사용할 수 있습니다 지방산을 사용 하 여 많은 연구 논문 출판 되었습니다 비록.
대 식 세포는 매우 표 피 지방산 의무적인 단백질 및 지방 지방산 의무적인 단백질5,6,,78표현 한다. 그들은 적극적으로 호응을 포화 및 불포화 지방산이 면역 기능을 조절 수 있습니다. 대 식 세포와 다른 세포에 지방산의 영향 연구, 지방산 준비의 다른 방법이 적용된1,,79했다. 지방산은 대 식 세포 기능에 미치는 영향을 조사 하기 위해 적절 하 게 준비 된 지방산/혈 청 알 부 민 어원이 같은 말을 사용 하 여 생물학적으로 의미 있는 데이터를 얻기에 중요 한 중요성 이다. 대 식 세포 기능에 지방산의 영향에 대 한 연구는 기본적인 지식 및 대 식 세포 관련 질병에 지방 산 성 대사에 관련 된 잠재적인 치료 표적 제공할 수 있습니다.

<table width="828">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:357px;height:20px;">CPX Ultrasonic Bath&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Bransonic</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Model 2800</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium palmitate (PA)</td>
			<td>Nu-Chek Prep, Inc.</td>
			<td>S-1109</td>
			<td>M.W. 278</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium stearate (SA)</td>
			<td>Nu-Chek Prep, Inc.</td>
			<td>S-1111</td>
			<td>M.W. 306</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA), fatty acid-free</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>9048-46-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse macrophage colony stimulating factor (mM-CSF)&#160;</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology,&#160; Inc.</td>
			<td>5228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>71002-878</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Annexin V, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A13201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">7-AAD</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>559925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Monoclonal anti-ceramide antibody (mouse IgM)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C8104-50TST</td>
			<td>Clone: MID 15B4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Goat Anti-Mouse IgM Antibody, &#181; chain, FITC conjugate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>AP128F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fixation buffer</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>420801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Permeabilization buffer</td>
			<td>Ebioscience</td>
			<td>4307693</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Red Blood Cell Lysis Buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>11814389001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Annexin V Binding Buffer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>556454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L929 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Corning&#160;Cell Lifter&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>07-200-364</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:357px;height:21px;">Note: M.W. is for molecular weight.</td>
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		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

saturated fatty acids induce ceramide-associated macrophage cell death

대 식 세포는 매우 상피 지방산 의무적인 단백질 및 지방 지방산 의무적인 단백질을 표현 한다. 그들은 적극적으로 호응을 포화 및 불포화 지방산, 면역 기능 조절에 중요 한 역할을 수 있습니다. 수많은 연구 다양 한 지방산, 포화 또는 불포화, 세포 성장 및 기능에 다른 영향을 보유. 그러나, 지방산 준비를 위해 사용 하는 방법 다는 비 생리 적인 결과 이어질 수 있습니다. 혈 청 알 부 민, 자연 캐리어 포유류 주변 혈액에서 지방산은 지방산 비누의 독성을 최소화 포유류 세포에서 지방산의 기능을 공부 하 공액 지방산의 나트륨 소금 복잡 한 성형에 대 한 것이 좋습니다. 따라서, 간단 하 고, 상대적으로 빠른 난방 및 메서드 sonicating 개발 이며 BSA 지방 산 성 어원이 형성에 대 한 여기에 제시. 우리는 포화 지방산, 특히 스 테아 르 산 마우스 골 수 유래 세포에 심각한 세포 죽음을 유도 사용 하 여 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 우리는 더 포화 지방산 유도 된 세포 죽음은 긍정적으로 축적 된 세포 세 라마 이드 수준 연관 보여 줍니다. 이 메서드는 다른 포유류 세포에서 지방산의 영향 연구에 대 한 확장할 수 있습니다.

비만에 혈 청 자유로운 지방산 농도 증가합니다. 전문 식 세포로 세포 적극적으로 차지 지방산 호스트 항상성 유지를 합니다. 이 프로세스 동안 오버 로드 된 지질 대 식 세포 세포 죽음을 유도 수 있습니다. 이 위해, 우리는 BMDMs에서 체 외에 식이 지방산 및 흐름 cytometric 얼룩을 사용 하 여 측정 된 대 식 세포 세포 죽음의 비만 수준으로 교양. BSA 제어, 포화 지방산에...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Saturated Fatty Acids Induce Ceramide-associated Macrophage Cell Death at JoVE.com

Saturated Fatty Acids Induce Ceramide-associated Macrophage Cell Death

우리는 murine 기본 세포 골 수 세포에서 파생 하는 스트레이트-앞으로 방법을 설명 하 고 BSA 지방산을 준비 하는 간단한 방법 변화. 포화 지방산은 대 식 세포 세포 죽음을 일으킬 수 있다 그리고 이러한 세포의 죽음은 확실히 세 라마 이드 레벨의 세포 축적와 관련 다음 설명 합니다.

포화 지방산은 세 라마 이드 관련 된 대 식 세포 세포 죽음을 유도

Macrophages highly express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein and adipose fatty acid-binding protein. They actively uptake saturated and unsaturated ...

saturated-fatty-acids-induce-ceramide-associated-macrophage-cell-death

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.2K 조회수.  University of Louisville. 우리는 murine 기본 세포 골 수 세포에서 파생 하는 스트레이트-앞으로 방법을 설명 하 고 BSA 지방산을 준비 하는 간단한 방법 변화. 포화 지방산은 대 식 세포 세포 죽음을 일으킬 수 있다 그리고 이러한 세포의 죽음은 확실히 세 라마 이드 레벨의 세포 축적와 관련 다음 설명 합니다.

비디오: Saturated Fatty Acids Induce Ceramide-associated Macrophage Cell Death

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease. During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin production is lost, presumably this results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Understanding the mechanisms of beta cell death during 
the development of T1D will provide insights to generate an effective cure for this disease. Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays have historically used the 
radionuclide Chromium 51 (51Cr) to label target cells. These targets are then exposed to effector cells and the release of 51Cr from target 
cells is read as an indication of lymphocyte-mediated cell death. Inhibitors of cell death result in decreased release of 51Cr.
 As effector cells, we used an activated autoreactive clonal population of CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) isolated from a mouse stock transgenic for both the alpha and beta chains of the AI4 T cell receptor (TCR). Activated AI4 T cells were co-cultured with 51Cr labeled target NIT cells for 16 hours, release of 51Cr was recorded to calculate specific lysis 
Mitochondria participate in many important physiological events, such as energy production, regulation of signaling transduction, and apoptosis. The study of beta cell mitochondrial functional changes during the development of T1D is a novel area of research. Using the mitochondrial membrane potential dye Tetramethyl Rhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM) and confocal microscopic live cell imaging, we monitored mitochondrial membrane potential over time in the beta cell line NIT-1. For imaging studies, effector AI4 T cells were labeled with the fluorescent nuclear staining dye Picogreen. NIT-1 cells and T cells were co-cultured in chambered coverglass and mounted on the microscope stage equipped with a live cell chamber, controlled at 37&deg;C, with 5% CO2, and humidified. During these experiments images were taken of each cluster every 3 minutes for 400 minutes.
Over a course of 400 minutes, we observed the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in NIT-1 cell clusters where AI4 T cells were attached. In the simultaneous control experiment where NIT-1 cells were co-cultured with MHC mis-matched human lymphocyte Jurkat cells, mitochondrial membrane potential remained intact. This technique can be used to observe real-time changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in cells under attack of cytotoxic lymphocytes, cytokines, or other cytotoxic reagents.

Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays can be used to test autoreactive responses and study mechanisms of cell death in vitro. However, using live-cell confocal microscopic imaging techniques with fluorescent dyes, the type and kinetics of cell death as well as the pathways utilized can be studied in greater detail.

세포 독성 T Lymphocytes에 의해 베타 세포 죽음의 중재를 평가하는 방법

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease.  During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

골수 유래 대 식세포를 사용하여 대식 세포 분극 조사

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. These roles include influences on infectious and non-infectious diseases including prevention of inflammation as well as mucosal immunity to infectious diseases. Cholera is an acute intestinal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It occurs in developing nations and if left untreated, can result in death. While vaccines for cholera exist, they are not always effective and other preventative methods are needed. We set out to determine tolerable concentrations of three fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) and cholera toxin using mouse BALB/C macrophages and human intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. We solubilized the above fatty acids and used cell proliferation assays to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of the fatty acids that are not detrimental to human intestinal epithelial cell viability. We solubilized cholera toxin and used it in an assay to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of cholera toxin that do not statistically decrease cell viability in BALB/C macrophages. 
We found the optimum fatty acid concentrations to be between 1-5 ng/&mu;l, and that for cholera toxin to be &lt; 30 ng per treatment. This data may aid future studies that aim to find a protective mucosal role for fatty acids in prevention or alleviation of cholera infections.

We set out to determine tolerable concentrations of three fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) and cholera toxin that did not significantly and adversely affect cell survival by solubilizing the fatty acids and the toxin and using them in cell survival assays.

인간의 장내 상피 세포와 BALB / C 마우스 대 식세포를 사용하여 웬만한 지방산과 콜레라 독소 농도의 결정

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and  human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. ...

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because of their powerful microbicidal activities. Macrophages are widely distributed throughout the body and are present in the lymphoid organs, liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, bone, and skin. Because of their repartition, they participate in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Macrophages are highly versatile cells that are able to recognize microenvironmental alterations and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Numerous pathogens have evolved mechanisms to use macrophages as Trojan horses to survive, replicate in, and infect both humans and animals and to propagate throughout the body. The recent explosion of interest in evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of host-pathogen interactions has renewed scientific attention regarding macrophages. Here, we describe a procedure to isolate and cultivate macrophages from murine bone marrow that will provide large numbers of macrophages for studying host-pathogen interactions as well as other processes.

Macrophages have long been recognized as a critical component of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The recent explosion of knowledge pertaining to evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of the interaction between macrophages and microbes has renewed scientific attention to macrophages. This article describes a method to differentiate macrophages from mouse bone marrow.

뼈 대식 세포 생산에게 골수 유래

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because ...

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

Analysis of the transcriptome of bacterial pathogens during mammalian infection is a valuable tool for studying genes and factors that mediate infection. However, isolating bacterial RNA from infected cells or tissues is a challenging task, since mammalian RNA mostly dominates the lysates of infected cells. Here we describe an optimized method for RNA isolation of Listeria monocytogenes bacteria growing within bone marrow derived macrophage cells. Upon infection, cells are mildly lysed and rapidly filtered to discard most of the host proteins and RNA, while retaining intact bacteria. Next, bacterial RNA is isolated using hot phenol-SDS extraction followed by DNase treatment. The extracted RNA is suitable for gene transcription analysis by multiple techniques. This method is successfully employed in our studies of Listeria monocytogenes gene regulation during infection of macrophage cells 1-4. The protocol can be easily modified to study other bacterial pathogens and cell types.

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

Here we describe a method for bacterial RNA isolation from Listeria monocytogenes bacteria growing inside murine macrophages. This technique can be used with other intracellular pathogens and mammalian host cells.

RNA 정제는 세포 내에서 재배<em&gt; 리스테리아</em&gt; 식세포 세포에

Analysis of the transcriptome of bacterial pathogens during mammalian infection is a valuable tool for studying genes and factors that mediate infection. ...

Visualizing Macrophage Extracellular Traps Using Confocal Microscopy

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal microscopy methods to visualize macrophage extracellular traps (METs). These extracellular traps are defined by the presence of extracellular chromatin with co-expression of other components such as granule proteases, citrullinated histones, and peptidyl arginase deiminase (PAD). The expression of METs is generally measured after exposure to a stimulus and compared to un-stimulated samples. Samples are also included for background and isotype control. Cells are analyzed using well-defined image analysis software. Confocal microscopy may be used to define the presence of METs both in vitro and in vivo in lung tissue.

Macrophage extracellular traps are a newly described entity. This article will concentrate on confocal microscopy methods and how they are visualized in vitro and in vivo from lung samples.

Confocal 현미경 검사 법을 사용 하 여 대 식 세포 세포 외 트랩을 시각화

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal ...

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1&#946; and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis.
In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.

We describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cellular basis using fluorescence microscopy and staining for active caspase-1 and the adaptor, ASC. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay is presented to detect pyroptotic lysis on a population basis. These techniques can be adapted to study many aspects of inflammasome biology.

Inflammasome 활성화 및 Pyroptotic 세포 죽음 Murine 골 수 유래 세포에서의 검출

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote ...

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of medium-to-large sized arteries that affects older adults. GCA manifests with arthritis and occlusive symptoms of headaches, stroke or vision loss. Macrophages and T-helper lymphocytes infiltrate the vascular wall and produce a pro-inflammatory response that lead to vessel damage and ischemia. To date, there is no GCA biomarker that can monitor disease activity and guide therapeutic response.
Folate receptor beta (FRB) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein that is anchored on cell membranes and normally expressed in the myelomonocytic lineage and in the majority of myeloid leukemia cells as well as in tumor and rheumatoid synovial macrophages, where its expression correlates with disease severity. The ability of FRB to bind folate compounds, folic acid-conjugates and antifolate drugs has made it a druggable target in cancer and inflammatory disease research. This report describes the histopathologic and immunohistochemical methods used to assess expression and distribution of FRB in relation to GCAimmunopathology.
Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded temporal artery biopsies from GCA and normal controls were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin to review tissue histology and identify pathognomonic features.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect FRB, CD68 and CD3 expression. A microscopic analysis was performed to quantify the number of positively stained cells on 10 selected high-power-field sections and their respective locations in the arterial wall.
Lymphohistiocytic (LH) inflammation accompanied by intimal hyperplasia and disrupted elastic lamina was seen in GCA with none found in controls. The LH infiltrate was composed of approximately 60% lymphocytes and 40% macrophages. FRB expression was restricted to macrophages, comprising 31% of the total CD68+ macrophage population and localized to the media and adventitia. No FRB was seen in controls.
This protocol demonstrated a distinct numerical and spatial pattern of the FRB macrophage relative to the vascular immune microenvironment in GCA.

The protocol illustrates the use of histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry to profile the folate receptor beta macrophage and its relationship with the total immune cell infiltrate in temporal artery biopsies in giant cell arteritis.

Folate 수용 체 베타 대 식 세포와 거 대 세포 동맥에서 혈관 면역 Microenvironment를 프로 파일링 하는 Immunohistopathologic 연구

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of medium-to-large sized arteries that affects older adults. GCA manifests with arthritis ...

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure whereby normal saline is injected into the lungs via a bronchoscope and then suction is applied, removing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The BAL fluid is rich in cells and can thus provide a 'snapshot' of the pulmonary immune milieu. CD4 T cells are the best characterized HIV reservoirs, while there is strong evidence to suggest that tissue macrophages, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), also serve as viral reservoirs. However, much is still unknown about the role of AMs in the context of HIV reservoir establishment and maintenance. Therefore, developing a protocol for processing BAL fluid to obtain cells that may be used in virological and immunological assays to characterize and evaluate the cell populations and subsets within the lung is relevant for understanding the role of the lungs as HIV reservoirs. Herein, we describe such a protocol, employing standard techniques such as simple centrifugation and flow cytometry. The CD4 T cells and AMs may then be used for subsequent applications, including immunophenotyping and HIV DNA and RNA quantification.

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

We describe a method for processing bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and matched peripheral blood from chronically HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy to assess pulmonary HIV reservoirs. These methods result in the acquisition of highly pure CD4 T cells and alveolar macrophages that may subsequently be used for immunophenotyping and HIV DNA/RNA quantifications by ultrasensitive polymerase chain reaction.

기관지 충혈 유체 및 폐포 대식세포 및 CD4+ T 세포 면역체노티핑 및 HIV 저수지 평가를 위한 일치하는 혈액 처리

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure whereby normal saline is injected into the lungs via a bronchoscope and then suction is applied, removing ...

Visualization of Macrophage Lytic Cell Death During Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish Embryos via Intravital Microscopy

Zebrafish is an excellent model organism for studying innate immune cell behavior due to its transparent nature and reliance solely on its innate immune system during early development. The Zebrafish Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) infection model has been well-established in studying host immune response against mycobacterial infection. It has been suggested that different macrophage cell death types will lead to the diverse outcomes of mycobacterial infection. Here we describe a protocol using intravital microscopy to observe macrophage cell death in zebrafish embryos following M. marinum infection. Zebrafish transgenic lines that specifically label macrophages and neutrophils are infected via intramuscular microinjection of fluorescently labeled M. marinum in either the midbrain or the trunk. Infected zebrafish embryos are subsequently mounted on low melting agarose and observed by confocal microscopy in X-Y-Z-T dimensions. Because long-term live imaging requires using low laser power to avoid photobleaching and phototoxicity, a strongly expressing transgenic is highly recommended. This protocol facilitates the visualization of the dynamic processes in vivo, including immune cell migration, host pathogen interaction, and cell death.

This protocol describes a technique for visualizing macrophage behavior and death in embryonic zebrafish during Mycobacterium marinum infection. Steps for the preparation of bacteria, infection of the embryos, and intravital microscopy are included. This technique may be applied to the observation of cellular behavior and death in similar scenarios involving infection or sterile inflammation.

제브라피시 배아에서 사체내 현미경 검사를 통해 진균 감염 시 대식세포 리액세포 사멸 시 시각화

Zebrafish is an excellent model organism for studying innate immune cell behavior due to its transparent nature and reliance solely on its innate immune ...