작품을 일본 정부 문 부 과학성 KAKENHI (24592560, 15 H 04991, 및 15 K 15624)에서 M.F. M.F. 다케다 과학 재단 및 지케이 대학 전략적 우선순위 연구 기금을 H.J.O. 교부 금에 의해 지원 됩니다.

모든 실험 절차는 도쿄 일본 지케이 대학에서 수행 했다. 동물 취급 및 실험 절차 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 지케이 대학 위원회에 의해 승인 (승인 없음: 26-060)는 지케이에 실험 동물의 사용에 대 한 제도적 지침에 따라 수행 대학, 적절 한 실시 동물 실험의 일본의 과학 위원회 (2006 년)에 대 한 지침과 동의 하는. 동물 보호 관리 및 실험 동물 사용 (연구소의 실험실 동물 자원, 1996)에 대 한 가이드의 권고에 따라 실시 했다.
1. 수술 전 검사
<ol><li>수술 전에 적어도 1 개월 개별 해 부 구조의 식별을 용이 하 게 하기 위해 동물 (일반적인 자그마한)의 두개골 계산 된 단층 촬영 (CT) 검사를 받아.</li>
	<li>Audiometric 시험 수술을 하기 전에 적어도 1 개월 실시 합니다. 참고: 여기, 우리 사용는 ABR 청력 상태를 평가 하기 위해. 간단히, 긍정적인 전극 피하는 꼭지점 및 자극 귀 지 기지에서 참조 부정적인 전극에 두었다. 접지 전극 피하는 목의 등 쪽 부분에 배치 했다. 17 , 18 Abr 톤 버스트와 함께 갖는 했다 (1.0 ms 톤 버스트 0.1 ms 상승 기간이을 시간). 사운드 수준은 최대 진폭에서 10 dB 단계에서 다음 감소 되었다. 각 사운드 수준에서 512 응답 (가끔 자극 극성)로 평균 했다. ABR 임계값은 어떤 파 검출 될 수에서 최저 음압 레벨 (SPL)로 정의 했다.</li>
</ol>2입니다. 마 취
<ol><li>전신 마 취하에 수술 전날 밤에서 빠른 동물.</li>
	<li>얼굴을 마스크 환기 또는 느린 유도 (그림 1A) 유도 챔버를 4 %isoflurane 및 5-6 mL/min에서 주변 공기를 관리 합니다. 동물 발가락 핀치 등 고통 스러운 자극에 응답 하지 않는 확인 하십시오.</li>
	<li>Anesthestize medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg), midazolam (0.4 mg/kg), 그리고 butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg)의 조합 (대 퇴 근육)으로 근육 주사와 일반적인 자그마한.</li>
	<li>암 피 실린 (0.08 mg/g)을 피하 주사 피부 절 개는 수술 전 항생제로 전에 30 분 이상.</li>
	<li>위쪽, 머리와 부정사 위치에는 비단을 놓고 머리와 목 확장 합니다. 나일론 스레드 테이블 maxilla 수정 및 좋은 보기를 혀를 올려 하거나는 후 두 경은 후두개와 후 두의 항목 또는 시각화를 사용 하 여 (그림 1B).</li>
	<li>후두개는 후 두 표면 따라 endotracheal 튜브를 삽입 합니다. 참고: 16 게이지 정 맥 카 테 터, 사용할 수 또는 6-프랑스 계기 먹이 튜브, endotracheal 튜브 (그림 1C).</li>
	<li>그것은 제대로 배치 된 기관에 확인 endotracheal 튜브에서 EtCO2 를 확인 합니다. 튜브를 배치 하 고 호흡 가스 운동 체크, 후 테이프로 endotracheal 관 마모 셋의 얼굴을 수정 합니다.</li>
	<li>작업 중 1-3 %Isoflurane 사이 마 취를 유지 합니다.</li>
	<li>작업 중 SpO2, EtCO2, 몸 온도 직장 온도 모니터링 합니다. 체온의 감소를 방지 하기 위해 난방 매트에 모든 절차를 수행 합니다.</li>
</ol>3. 수술 전 준비
<ol><li>부정사 위치에 마모 셋을 준비 하 고 비 수술 측 (그림 2A)에 30-45도 각도로 머리를 경사.</li>
	<li>요원의 후 귀의 영역을 면도.</li>
	<li>소독 알콜과 povidone 요오드, 모두 후 귀의 지역과 외부 청각 운하에서 외과 영역.</li>
	<li>외과 용 드 레이프 시트 마모 셋 (그림 2B)에 둥근 구멍을 배치 합니다.</li>
</ol>4. 수술 절차
<ol><li>1 %lidocaine 염 산 염의 주입 (와 1:100,000 피 네 프 린, 0.1-0.2 mL) 피하 피부 절 개 사이트에. No.15 라운드 모양의 잎을 가진 postauricular 피부에 절 개를 확인 합니다.</li>
	<li>Hemostasis, 희석 1:5,000 피 네 프 린에 젖은 거 즈를 사용 하 여 출혈 지역에 압력을 적용. 바이 폴라 열화도 효과적입니다 (그림 2C).</li>
	<li>귀의 후 영역의 부드러운 조직을 그래서 그 귀의 연골 (c) 열고 후 귀의 근육 (m)를 인식 될 수 있다. 연골 (그림 3A)에 깊이 볼 수 있어야 외부 청각 운하 뼈를 노출 합니다.</li>
	<li>봐서 고 막의 깊이 확인, 피부와 후부 외가도의 가장 깊은 부분에서 뼈의 접착으로 인식 될 수 있는 귀 림의 뼈 부분을 노출. 참고:이 단계 우리가 얼마나 깊은 중간 귀 구멍의 측면 부분 (그림 3A)는 인식 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>후 귀의 근육 (sternocleidomastoid 근육, splenius capitis 근육, digastric 근육의 후부 배) 측 뼈에서 분리 된 꼬리 부분으로 껍질. 다음 ( 그림 3B에서 별표) 측 뼈의 측면 표면 노출.</li>
	<li>1.0 m m 다이아몬드 bur. (그림 3C)와 외부 청각 운하 뒤에 약 5mm 구멍을 확인 합니다. 1000-8000 rpm의 드릴 속도 사용 하 여 드릴링 사이트에 따라. 참고: 느린 속도 반원의 운하 또는 안 면 신경 근처 섬세 한 조작에 대 한 적절 한입니다. 제대로 열 부상을 방지 하기 위해 사이트 드릴링에 염 분 드립</li>
	<li>드릴로 구멍을 확대 하 고 수평 반원의 운하 (HSC), 유 강 (그림 3D)으로 bulges를의 위치를 확인 합니다.</li>
	<li>그 수직 부분 실행 HSC의 앞쪽 안 면 신경의 위치를 확인 합니다. 훈련 하 고 경우, 안 면 신경 및 chorda tympani 사이 삼각형 지역의 센터에 있는 얼굴 오목의 명확한 보기를 얻으려면 모든 뼈 격 막 제거.</li>
	<li>안 면 신경 및 귀는의 수직 부분 사이 드릴링에 의해 작은 구멍을 만들어 1000 rpm에서 0.6 m m 직경 다이아몬드 bur와 rim ( 그림 4A에 별표).</li>
	<li>bur 남았다 뼈 통해 핑크 라인으로 볼 수 있는 안 면 신경의 손상을 방지 하려면 후부 운하 벽에 평행 하 게 이동 합니다. 중지 드릴링 직전 신경 하얀 선 구조 (그림 4B)으로 표시 됩니다.</li>
	<li>둥근 창 틈새 구멍 (그림 4C)을 통해 구상 될 수 있다 확인 하십시오. 그런 다음, 25 게이지 또는 얇은 바늘으로 틈새에 마약 관리. 둥근 창 틈새에서 마약을 유지 하기 위하여 점성 솔루션 틈새 (그림 4D)에 배치 합니다.</li>
	<li>그 hemostasis은 안전 하 게 확인 한 후에 6-0 흡수 성 스레드를 사용 하 여 간단한 중단된 봉합 층 (표 피 층과 피부 층) 닫습니다 제어.</li>
	<li>수술 상처에 거 즈를 수정 하 고 붕대를 부착 합니다.</li>
</ol>5. 수술 후 관리
<ol><li>Medetomidine 반대를 대 퇴 근육에 피하 atipamezole 염 산 염 (0.15 mg/kg)를 관리.</li>
	<li>자발적인 호흡 시작, endotracheal 튜브를 제거 합니다.</li>
	<li>30% O2, 마 취 기운이 떨어지기 각 성을 완료 될 때까지 29 ℃에서 집중 치료 단위에 일반적인 마모 셋을 유지 합니다.</li>
	<li>암시 vestibular 부전 nystagmus, 등의 연구 결과 확인 하 고 동물 사육 케이지를 반환.</li>
</ol>

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H., Kanzaki, S., Brown, N., Raphael, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functional+and+structural+outcome+of+inner+ear+gene+transfer+via+the+vestibular+and+cochlear+fluids+in+mice.">The functional and structural outcome of inner ear gene transfer via the vestibular and cochlear fluids in mice.</a> Mol Ther. 4 (6), 575-585 (2001).</li><li>Praetorius, M., Baker, K., Weich, C. M., Plinkert, P. K., Staecker, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hearing+preservation+after+inner+ear+gene+therapy:+the+effect+of+vector+and+surgical+approach.">Hearing preservation after inner ear gene therapy: the effect of vector and surgical approach.</a> ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 65 (4), 211-214 (2003).</li><li>Nakagawa, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topical+insulin-like+growth+factor+1+treatment+using+gelatin+hydrogels+for+glucocorticoid-resistant+sudden+sensorineural+hearing+loss:+a+prospective+clinical+trial.">Topical insulin-like growth factor 1 treatment using gelatin hydrogels for glucocorticoid-resistant sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a prospective clinical trial.</a> BMC Med. 8, 76 (2010).</li><li>Piu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OTO-104:+a+sustained-release+dexamethasone+hydrogel+for+the+treatment+of+otic+disorders.">OTO-104: a sustained-release dexamethasone hydrogel for the treatment of otic disorders.</a> Otol Neurotol. 32 (1), 171-179 (2011).</li><li>Plontke, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=double+blind,+placebo+controlled+trial+on+the+safety+and+efficacy+of+continuous+intratympanic+dexamethasone+delivered+via+a+round+window+catheter+for+severe+to+profound+sudden+idiopathic+sensorineural+hearing+loss+after+failure+of+systemic+therapy.">double blind, placebo controlled trial on the safety and efficacy of continuous intratympanic dexamethasone delivered via a round window catheter for severe to profound sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss after failure of systemic therapy.</a> Laryngoscope. 119 (2), 359-369 (2009).</li><li>Wenzel, G. I., Warnecke, A., Stover, T., Lenarz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+extracochlear+gacyclidine+perfusion+on+tinnitus+in+humans:+a+case+series.">Effects of extracochlear gacyclidine perfusion on tinnitus in humans: a case series.</a> Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 267 (5), 691-699 (2010).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

인공 혈액 흐름의 볼륨은 매우 작은 인간, 총 심장 산출의 1/1000000 순서 것으로 추정 하 고 액세스 일반 순환19에서에서 내가 분리 하는 혈액-달팽이 관 방 벽의 존재에 의해 제한 됩니다. ,20. 이러한 이유로 들어, 약물 또는 내가 바이러스 성 벡터 관리 하지 하지만 대신 직접 관리 하 여 조직의 관리를 통해 유리한입니다. 마우스, 기니 피그 실험에서 다?...

감각 청각 손실 (SNHL) 손상 또는 달팽이 관에서 결핍에서 주로 발생합니다. SNHL의 일반적인 원인은 포함 에이징 (예: 노인 성 난청), 유전적 결함, 감염, 시끄러운 소음과 ototoxic 약물1에 노출. 세계 보건 기구 (WHO) 추정 360 백만 이상 사람들, 세계의 인구의 5.3%를 나타내는 청각 손실2에서 고통. 그것은 또한 그 1에 2500 신생아에서 900 1 적당 한, 심한, 있고 심오한 선천적인 영구적인 청력 손실, 그리고 65 세 이상의 약 1에 3 성인 청력 손실3의 어느 정도 추정. 그러나, 이러한 환자에 대 한 청력 손실의 효과적인 임상 치료가입니다.
청각 연구 오래 수행한 설치류 또는 기니 피그 모델을 사용 하 여 그리고 유전자 치료와 재생 치료 등 많은 방법을 청력 손실에 대 한 새로운 치료법으로 제안 되었습니다. 그러나, 인간과 설치류 청각 시스템 측면에서 큰 차이 이며 동물 모델 인간의 응용 프로그램을 번역 하는 것이 매우 어렵습니다. 일반적인 마모 셋 (C. jacchus), 신세계 원숭이 아마존에서 발생 하는 여러 가지 이유로 다양 한 기초 연구 연구에 대 한 매력적인 비 인간 영장류 모델 되고있다. 첫째, 해부학과 생리학은 그 설치류 보다는 인간 더 비슷합니다. 둘째, 질병, 신경 네트워크, 행동, 및 게놈를 포함 하 여,이 종족에 대 한 기본적인 생물 학적 정보 잘 특징 이다. 청각 음성 처리, 주기, 피치, 표현 및 일반적인 marmosets의 청각 음성 상호 작용의 외피 코딩도 있다 보고4,5,,67 , 8 , 9 , 10. 최근 조직학 학문에서는, 연구원 20 난청 유전자와 일반적인 마모 셋의 달팽이 관에서 음이온 교환기의 독특한 식 패턴을 식별 하 고 5 발견 진보적인 청각, 및 3의 원인이 되는 유전자 음이온 교환기, 설치류11,12의 다른 식 패턴을 했다. 이러한 프로필 일반적인 마모 셋 청각 연구를 위한 강력한 도구 임을 믿고 우리를 리드.
실험 동물으로 일반적인 마모 셋의 가장 현저한 특성은 다음과 같습니다.
<ul><li>작은 몸 크기와 쉬운 취급 일부 수 종에 비해 오래 된 세계 원숭이: 성인 자그마한 300-400 g 무게 그리고 쥐와 비슷한 높이 약 60cm.</li>
	<li>높은 생식 영장류: 자그마한 18 개월의 나이에 성적인 성숙을 달성 하 고 일년에 두 번 고 매년 4 ~ 6 자손을 생산할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>유전 수정 사용할 수 있습니다: 유전자 변형13 및 노크 아웃14 영장류 연루 신경 장애 (예를 들어, 파 킨 슨 병의 유전 수정에 의해 marmosets를 사용 하 여 만들기에 성공 하는 사사키 전자 외. 질환과 Alzheimer의 질병)입니다.</li>
	<li>배아 줄기 (ES) 세포와 유도 만능 줄기 (iPS) 세포 설립된15,16되었습니다. 그것은 오히려 어려운 자그마한 설치류에 비해의 동일한 수를 유지, 줄기 세포 나 iPS 세포의 가용성을 vivo에서 분석 요구의 수를 줄일 것 이다 생체 외에서 분석을 제공 합니다.</li>
</ul>난청 및 그것의 잠재적인 치료의 분야에서 더 나은 변환 연구 촉진, CT 및 MRI, 전신 마 취와 청각 뇌 간 응답 (Abr)를 사용 하 여 청력 테스트를 사용 하 여 이미징 연구 프로토콜을 설립 했습니다. 이러한 실험 시스템 설치류 연구와 임상 사이의 격차를 브리징에 필수적인 개념 연구의 전 임상 증거를 더 나은 기회와 함께 우리를 제공할 수 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 둥근 창 막 통해 일반적인 마모 셋의 내가 약물을 관리 하는 수술 방법을 보고 합니다. 봐서 고 막 전도성 청력 손실이 발생할 수 있는 조작 없이 둥근 창 주변 명확한 보기를 얻으려면, 그것은 유용한 접근 유 구멍에서. 임상으로,이 이렇게, "후부 tympanotomy" 잘 설립 하 고 인공 와우 이식 및 cholesteatoma 수술에 대 한 일반적으로 사용 되는 것 이라고 합니다. 우리는 그 후부 tympanotomy 청력 상실을 유발 하지 않고 약물의 정확한 관리를 수행할 수 있습니다 믿습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:675px;" width="674">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">common marmoset</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">CLEA Japan</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">EDM:C.Marmoset(Jic)</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Phizer</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">medetomidine</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">ZENOAQ</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">midazolam</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">astellas</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">butorphanol</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Meiji Seika</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">ampicillin</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Meiji Seika</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">lidocaine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">AstraZeneca</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">&#160;6-0 absorbent thread</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">ETHICON</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RD-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">atipamezole hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">ZENOAQ</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">045-29795</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Surge Wave</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Morita</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">TR-900-OR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Diamond Bar 006</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Morita</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">14070057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Diamond Bar 010</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Morita</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">14070081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">intensive care unit</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Menix</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">P-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a surgical procedure for the administration of drugs to the inner ear in a non-human primate common marmoset (callithrix jacchus)

청각 연구는 오래 되었습니다 의해 촉진 설치류 모델, 비록 일부 질병에 인간의 증상 지 수 없습니다. 일반적인 마모 셋 (Callithrix jacchus)는 설치류의 비교 보다 중간 귀 ossicular 사슬과 인 간에 게 내가 포함 한 측 뼈의 유사한 해부학 작은, 쉬운 핸들 신세계 원숭이입니다. 여기, 우리는 일반적인 마모 셋의 내가 약물 전달에 대 한 인공 둥근 창 틈새에 재현할 수, 안전 하 고 합리적인 수술 접근을 보고합니다. 우리 후부 tympanotomy를, 전도성 청력 손실이 발생할 수 있습니다 약화 멤브레인의 조작 피하기 위해 인간의 수술 임상 사용 하는 프로시저를 채택 했다. 이 수술은 어떤 중요 한 청력 감소에 지도 하지 않았다. 이 이렇게 비록 측면 반원형 운하 및 안 면 신경의 수직 부분 주의깊게 고려 되어야 한다 일반적인 마모 셋의 큰 물집 구조 때문에 가능 했다. 이 수술 방법 매우 중요 변환 연구에 대 한 개념의 전 임상 증거를 얻기에서 청력 손실 없이 약물의 안전 하 고 정확한 관리를 수행할 수 있습니다.

후부 tympanotomy 혈관 상해, 또는 vestibular 부전, 가끔 중이 조작으로 발생 하는 출혈, 수술 부위의 감염 등 어떤 합병증이 없이 수행 되었다. 우리 7-올해-옛 일반적인 마모 셋의 오른쪽 귀에 후부 tympanotomy를 수행 하 고 둥근 창 틈새를 버퍼링 하는 인산 염의 1 µ L를 관리. Abr 전과 2 개월 후 수술 (그림 5A-B)를 측정 했다. 파형 및 Abr의 임계값 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus at JoVE.com

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

우리는 둥근 창 막 통해 비 인간 영장류, 일반적인 마모 셋 (Callithrix jacchus)의 내가 약물을 관리 하는 수술 방법을 보고 합니다.

비 인간 영장류 일반 비단 (Callithrix jacchus)에서 내가 의약품의 관리에 대 한 수술

Hearing research has long been facilitated by rodent models, although in some diseases, human symptoms cannot be recapitulated. The common marmoset ...

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A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

8.5K 조회수.  Jikei University School of Medicine. 우리는 둥근 창 막 통해 비 인간 영장류, 일반적인 마모 셋 (Callithrix jacchus)의 내가 약물을 관리 하는 수술 방법을 보고 합니다.

비디오: A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, the de novo mutation rate in humans is relatively high, so new mutations are generated at a high frequency in the population. However, de novo mutations have not been reported in most common diseases. Mutations in genes leading to severe diseases where there is a strong negative selection against the phenotype, such as lethality in embryonic stages or reduced reproductive fitness, will not be transmitted to multiple family members, and therefore will not be detected by linkage gene mapping or association studies. The observation of very high concordance in monozygotic twins and very low concordance in dizygotic twins also strongly supports the hypothesis that a significant fraction of cases may result from new mutations. Such is the case for diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. Second, despite reduced reproductive fitness1 and extremely variable environmental factors, the incidence of some diseases is maintained worldwide at a relatively high and constant rate. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia, with an incidence of approximately 1% worldwide. Mutational load can be thought of as a balance between selection for or against a deleterious mutation and its production by de novo mutation. Lower rates of reproduction constitute a negative selection factor that should reduce the number of mutant alleles in the population, ultimately leading to decreased disease prevalence. These selective pressures tend to be of different intensity in different environments. Nonetheless, these severe mental disorders have been maintained at a constant relatively high prevalence in the worldwide population across a wide range of cultures and countries despite a strong negative selection against them2. This is not what one would predict in diseases with reduced reproductive fitness, unless there was a high new mutation rate. Finally, the effects of paternal age: there is a significantly increased risk of the disease with increasing paternal age, which could result from the age related increase in paternal de novo mutations. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia3. The male-to-female ratio of mutation rate is estimated at about 4&#x2013;6:1, presumably due to a higher number of germ-cell divisions with age in males. Therefore, one would predict that de novo mutations would more frequently come from males, particularly older males4. A high rate of new mutations may in part explain why genetic studies have so far failed to identify many genes predisposing to complexes diseases genes, such as autism and schizophrenia, and why diseases have been identified for a mere 3% of genes in the human genome. Identification for de novo mutations as a cause of a disease requires a targeted molecular approach, which includes studying parents and affected subjects. The process for determining if the genetic basis of a disease may result in part from de novo mutations and the molecular approach to establish this link will be illustrated, using autism and schizophrenia as examples.

Molecular genetic strategy for finding de novo mutations causing common disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.

같은 자폐증과 정신 분열증과 같은 일반적인 장애에 드 노보 변이를 식별하는 전략

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, ...

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A Novel Surgical Approach for Intratracheal Administration of Bioactive Agents in a Fetal Mouse Model

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Apart from congenital or inherited abnormalities with the requirement for long-term expression of the delivered gene, several non-inherited perinatal conditions, where short-term gene expression or pharmacological intervention is sufficient to achieve therapeutic effects, are considered as potential future indications for this kind of approach. Candidate diseases for the application of short-term prenatal therapy could be the transient neonatal deficiency of surfactant protein B causing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome1,2 or hyperoxic injuries of the neonatal lung3. Candidate diseases for permanent therapeutic correction are Cystic Fibrosis (CF)4, genetic variants of surfactant deficiencies5 and &alpha;1-antitrypsin deficiency6.
Generally, an important advantage of prenatal gene therapy is the ability to start therapeutic intervention early in development, at or even prior to clinical manifestations in the patient, thus preventing irreparable damage to the individual. In addition, fetal organs have an increased cell proliferation rate as compared to adult organs, which could allow a more efficient gene or stem cell transfer into the fetus. Furthermore, in utero gene delivery is performed when the individual's immune system is not completely mature. Therefore, transplantation of heterologous cells or supplementation of a non-functional or absent protein with a correct version should not cause immune sensitization to the cell, vector or transgene product, which has recently been proven to be the case with both cellular and genetic therapies7.
In the present study, we investigated the potential to directly target the fetal trachea in a mouse model. This procedure is in use in larger animal models such as rabbits and sheep8, and even in a clinical setting9, but has to date not been performed before in a mouse model. When studying the potential of fetal gene therapy for genetic diseases such as CF, the mouse model is very useful as a first proof-of-concept because of the wide availability of different transgenic mouse strains, the well documented embryogenesis and fetal development, less stringent ethical regulations, short gestation and the large litter size.
Different access routes have been described to target the fetal rodent lung, including intra-amniotic injection10-12, (ultrasound-guided) intrapulmonary injection13,14 and intravenous administration into the yolk sac vessels15,16 or umbilical vein17. Our novel surgical procedure enables researchers to inject the agent of choice directly into the fetal mouse trachea which allows for a more efficient delivery to the airways than existing techniques18.

We developed a novel surgical approach for intratracheal administration of bioactive agents into the mouse fetus. The delivery route is more efficient in targeting the fetal mouse lungs than the commonly used intra-amniotic injection. This procedure has to date not been described in a mouse model.

태아 마우스 모델에서 Bioactive 에이전트의 Intratracheal 관리를위한 소설 외과 접근

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and ...

Surgical Technique for Spinal Cord Delivery of Therapies: Demonstration of Procedure in Gottingen Minipigs

This is a compact visual description of a combination of surgical technique and device for the delivery of (gene and cell) therapies into the spinal cord. While the technique is demonstrated in the animal, the procedure is FDA-approved and currently being used for stem cell transplantation into the spinal cords of patients with ALS. While the FDA has recognized proof-of-principle data on therapeutic efficacy in highly characterized rodent models, the use of large animals is considered critical for validating the combination of a surgical procedure, a device, and the safety of a final therapy for human use. The size, anatomy, and general vulnerability of the spine and spinal cord of the swine are recognized to better model the human. Moreover, the surgical process of exposing and manipulating the spinal cord as well as closing the wound in the pig is virtually indistinguishable from the human. We believe that the healthy pig model represents a critical first step in the study of procedural safety.

Short visual description of the surgical technique and device used for the delivery of (gene and cell) therapies into the spinal cord. The technique is demonstrated in the animal but is entirely translatable and currently being used for human application.

치료의 척추 배달을위한 수술 기법 : 괴팅겐 Minipigs의 절차의 데모

This is a  compact visual description of a combination of surgical technique and device  for the  delivery of (gene and cell) therapies into the spinal ...

Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio based cues and set within the context of a video game metaphor, users gather relevant spatial information regarding a building's layout. This allows the user to develop an accurate spatial cognitive map of a large-scale three-dimensional space that can be manipulated for the purposes of a real indoor navigation task. After game play, participants are then assessed on their ability to navigate within the target physical building represented in the game. Preliminary results suggest that early blind users were able to acquire relevant information regarding the spatial layout of a previously unfamiliar building as indexed by their performance on a series of navigation tasks. These tasks included path finding through the virtual and physical building, as well as a series of drop off tasks. We find that the immersive and highly interactive nature of the AbES software appears to greatly engage the blind user to actively explore the virtual environment. Applications of this approach may extend to larger populations of visually impaired individuals.

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind.

오디오 기반의 가상 게임 환경의 개발은 맹인의 탐색 기술을 지원하는

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio ...

Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high molecular weight compounds from the bloodstream and into brain tissue. Some direct delivery success in humans has been achieved via implantation of transcranial catheters; however this method is highly invasive and associated with numerous complications. A less invasive alternative would be to dose the brain through a surgically implanted, semipermeable membrane such as the nasal mucosa that is used to repair skull base defects following endoscopic transnasal tumor removal surgery in humans. Drug transfer though this membrane would effectively bypass the BBB and diffuse directly into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Inspired by this approach, a surgical approach in mice was developed that uses a donor septal mucosal membrane engrafted over an extracranial surgical BBB defect. This model has been shown to effectively allow the passage of high molecular weight compounds into the brain. Since numerous drug candidates are incapable of crossing the BBB, this model is valuable for performing preclinical testing of novel therapies for neurological and psychiatric diseases.

A mouse model of human endoscopic skull base reconstruction has been developed that creates a semipermeable interface between the brain and nose using nasal mucosal grafts. This method allows researchers to study delivery to the central nervous system of high molecular weight therapeutics which are otherwise excluded by the blood-brain barrier when administered systemically.

쥐의 뇌에 직접 약물 전달 이소성 점막 Engrafting 절차

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high ...

A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation of the animal for surgery, opening the thoracic body wall, exposing the desired rib from the surrounding intercostal muscles, excising the desired section of rib without inducing a pneumothorax, and closing the incisions. Compared to the bones of the appendicular skeleton, the ribs are highly accessible. In addition, no internal or external fixator is necessary since the adjacent ribs provide a natural fixation. The surgery uses commercially available supplies, is straightforward to learn, and well-tolerated by the animal. The procedure can be carried out with or without removing the surrounding periosteum, and therefore the contribution of the periosteum to repair can be assessed. Results indicate that if the periosteum is retained, robust repair occurs in 1 - 2 months. We expect that use of this protocol will stimulate research into rib repair and that the findings will facilitate the development of new ways to stimulate bone repair in other locations around the body.

The overall goal of this procedure is to successfully resect a portion of bone from the rib of a mouse. The procedure was developed as a model to study large-scale long bone repair.

마우스 리브를 절제하는 수술 : 대규모 긴 뼈 수리에 대한 모델

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation ...

Quantification of the Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus on Dried Blood Spots Using LC-MS/MS

The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is the cornerstone of most immunosuppressive treatment protocols after solid organ transplantation in the United States. Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic index drug and as such requires therapeutic drug monitoring and dose adjustment based on its whole blood trough concentrations. To facilitate home therapeutic drug and adherence monitoring, the collection of dried blood spots is an attractive concept. After a finger stick, the patient collects a blood drop on filter paper at home. After the blood is dried, it is mailed to the analytical laboratory where tacrolimus is quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in combination with a simple manual protein precipitation step and online column extraction.
For tacrolimus analysis, a 6-mm disc is punched from the saturated center of the blood spot. The blood spot is homogenized using a bullet blender and then proteins are precipitated with methanol/0.2 M ZnSO4 containing the internal standard D2,13C-tacrolimus. After vortexing and centrifugation, 100 &#181;l of supernatant is injected into an online extraction column and washed with 5 ml/min of 0.1 formic acid/acetonitrile (7:3, v:v) for 1 min. Hereafter, the switching valve is activated and the analytes are back-flushed onto the analytical column (and separated using a 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile gradient). Tacrolimus is quantified in the positive multi reaction mode (MRM) using a tandem mass spectrometer.
The assay is linear from 1 to 50 ng/ml. Inter-assay variability (3.6%-6.1%) and accuracy (91.7%-101.6%) as assessed over 20 days meet acceptance criteria. Average extraction recovery is 95.5%. There are no relevant carry-over, matrix interferences and matrix effects. Tacrolimus is stable in dried blood spots at RT and at +4 &#176;C for 1 week. Extracted samples in the autosampler are stable at +4 &#176;C for at least 72 hr.

Here we describe a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay to quantify the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in dried blood spots using a simple manual protein precipitation step and online column extraction.

LC-MS / MS를 사용하여 건조 혈액 명소에 면역 억제제 타 크롤리 무스의 정량화

The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is the cornerstone of most immunosuppressive treatment protocols after solid organ transplantation in the United ...

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes. Accordingly, when evaluating therapies for stroke in animals, it is important to select a model with excellent face validity. Ischemic stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes, and the majority of these occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often inducing infarcts that affect the sensorimotor cortex, causing persistent plegia or paresis on the contralateral side of the body. We demonstrate in this video a method for producing ischemic stroke in elderly rats, which causes sustained sensorimotor disability and substantial cortical infarcts. Specifically, we induce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in elderly female rats by using diathermy forceps to occlude a short segment of this artery. The carotid artery on the ipsilateral side to the lesion was then permanently occluded and the contralateral carotid artery was transiently occluded for 60 min. We measure the infarct size using structural T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke. In this study, the mean infarct volume was 4.5% &#177; 2.0% (standard deviation) of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 hr (corrected for brain swelling using Gerriet&#8217;s equation, n = 5). This model is feasible and clinically relevant as it permits the induction of sustained sensorimotor deficits, which is important for the elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments.

Here we present a protocol to produce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in elderly female rats with simultaneous occlusion of the carotid arteries to generate large cortical infarcts and sustained deficits. We show confirmation of the lesion size using structural MRI at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke.

세 쥐의 경동맥 폐색으로 영구 말초 중간 대뇌을 수행하면 두피 허혈 지속적인 장애를 연구하는

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, ...

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the exact pathophysiology remains unknown. In order to unravel the pathophysiology a murine model of AVF-failure was developed in which the configuration of the anastomosis resembles the preferred situation in the clinical setting. A model was described in which an AVF is created by connecting the venous end of the branch of the external jugular vein to the side of the common carotid artery using interrupted sutures. At a histological level, we observed progressive stenotic intimal lesions in the venous outflow tract that is also seen in failed human AVFs. Although this procedure can be technically challenging due to the small dimensions of the animal, we were able to achieve a surgical success rate of 97% after sufficient training. The key advantage of a murine model is the availability of transgenic animals. In view of the different proposed mechanisms that are responsible for AVF failure, disabling genes that might play a role in vascular remodeling can help us to unravel the complex pathophysiology of AVF failure.

Here we present a murine model of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure in which a clinically relevant anastomotic configuration is incorporated. This model can be used to study the pathophysiology and to test possible therapeutic interventions.

동정맥루 실패의 소설 쥐 모델 : 세부 수술

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the ...

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

깊은 뇌 자극과 Saccadometry를 사용하여 정상 및 병적 뇌 기능을 연구하는

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...