우리는 이러한 방법을 개발 하는 동안 많은 도움이 토론을 위한 Kopito, 루 오, 그리고 피어스 연구소의 회원을 감사합니다. 우리는 또한이 원고에의 중요 한 독서에 대 한 브라이언 Temsamrit을 감사합니다. 이 작품은 대학 과학 및 트 면 스미스 자선 신탁에서에서 자금에 의해 지원 되었다.

저자는 공개 없다.

신경 퇴행 성 질환으로 고통 받는 환자 수가 증가 하 고, 더 나은 치료법을 개발 될 수 있도록 이러한 질병의 분자 pathogenesis의 이해를 증가 하는 긴급 한 필요가 있다. 여기, 우리 모델 유기 체 초파리 melanogaster의 다른 세포 유형 사이 병원 성 단백질의 프리온 같은 전송 모니터링을 허용 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. 최근 돌연변이 체 Htt 집계에서 vivo에서 의 프리온 같은 전송 설명 하 고 ...

프리온 가설 상태에 전염성이 에이전트 전송 가능 해 encephalopathies (예를 들면, 인간에서 크로이츠펠트-야콥 병, 양, 사슴, 엘크, 만성 낭비 질병 및 "광우병" 가축에서 scrapie에 대 한 책임 )의 단백질 및 핵 산1없는 전적으로 구성 되어 있습니다. 프리온 질병, 세포 프리온 단백질 (PrPC) 가정 아닌, 안정적인 접이식 PrP (Sc) 높은 베타 시트-부자 이며 자체 변환 및 안정 된 아 밀 로이드로 단위체 PrPC 분자에 의해 전파 수 있습니다. 집계합니다. PrPSc 집계는 유기 체에 다른 세포 사이 및 개별 유기 체2사이 확산이 자기 복제 메커니즘을 사용 합니다.
단백질 misfolding 및 집계 또한 대부분 신경 퇴행 성 질환 (Alzheimer의 질병 (광고), 파 킨 슨 병 (PD), 헌팅턴의 질병 (HD), 그리고 루 경화 증 (ALS))의 중앙 특징 이다3. 이러한 질병에 내부 또는 여분 cellular 집계 단백질 어셈블리의 형성은 시간5, 에 밀접 하 게 관련 된 세포 독성4 와 두뇌를 통해 높은 재현성 및 질병 특정 경로 따라 진행 6. 이러한 패턴의 확산이이 질환과 관련 된 병원 성 집계 프리온 같은 속성을가지고 제안. 강력한 지원, 광고와 관련 된 집계의 프리온 같은 전송에 대 한 존재 PD, HD, 및 ALS-그들은 셀 템플릿 이전 영향을 받지 않는 셀7, 동일한 단백질의 단위체 형태의 구조적 변화에서 확산 8.
날짜의 단백질 프리온 처럼 확산 조사 연구의 대다수 포유류 세포 문화 모델, 어디 집계 전송을 사용 순진한 세포의 세포질에 다른 세포 또는 세포 외 공간에서 수행 되었습니다. 세포질9,10,11,12,13,,1415, 또는 마우스 두뇌에 집계 포함 된 재료를 주입 하 고 모니터링 하 여 집계는 사출 사이트16,17,18,19,20,,2122, 이외의 모양 23. 최근 유전자 변형 동물 세포내 집계 그대로 두뇌24,25,,2627, 내의 다른 셀에 확산을 보여 주기 위해 사용 되었습니다 28,,2930. 여기, 우리는 초파리 melanogaster의 그대로 뇌에 있는 개별 셀 사이의 집계 전송의 직접 시각화 하는 방법을 설명합니다. 초파리 모델 HD/polyglutamine (polyQ) 질병의 거의 2 년 전 처음 개발31,32 이 무질서의 기반이 되는 병원 성 메커니즘에 대 한 많은 귀중 한 통찰력 제공 33. HD는 단백질 huntingtin (Htt)34코드 하는 유전자는 상 염색체 지배적인 돌연변이 의해 발생 하는 상속 된 신경 장애. 이 돌연변이의 병원 문 턱을 넘어 Htt의 N-말단 근처 polyQ 스트레치의 확장 결과 ~ 37 glutamines, misfold 및 집계35,36단백질을 일으키는. 야생-타입 Htt 단백질 포함 된 <이 뻗 기에 37 glutamines 그들의 네이티브 배를 달성 하지만에 유도 될 수 있다는 Htt 집계 "씨앗"12,,2737와 직접적인 물리적 접촉 시 집계. 우리는이 homotypic, 프리온 같은 전송에 대 한 판독으로 야생-타입 Htt의 nucleated 집계 및 다른 세포에서 발생 하는 돌연변이 체 Htt 집계의 세포질 항목을 악용 합니다.
프리온 같은 집계 하 여 결정 하는 메커니즘 셀 사이의 여행 불 치 신경 퇴행 성 질환에 대 한 새로운 치료 대상의 식별 될 수 있습니다. 우리는 빠른 라이프 사이클을 이용, 사용의 용이성, 그리고 초파리 melanogaster 돌연변이 체 Htt의 셀을 확산에 대 한 분자 메커니즘 정의를 유전적 추적성을 걸릴. 우리의 실험 전략 초파리, 잘 설립 Gal4 특정 상류 활성화 순서 (Gal4 UAS) 시스템38 및 QF QUAS 최근 개발 시스템39에서 사용할 수 있는 두 개의 이진 식 시스템을 사용합니다. 이 두 개의 독립적인 시스템을 커플링 같은 비행40내 뚜렷한 세포 인구를 제한 하는 돌연변이 야생-타입 Htt transgenes의 표현 수 있습니다. 이 방법을 사용 하 여, 프리온 같은 집계 된 상태로, 미리 형성 된 돌연변이 체 Htt와 육체적 인 접촉의 직접적인 결과 일반적으로 확산, 수용 성 상태에서 세포질 야생-타입 Htt의 재분배를 모니터링 하 여 돌연변이 Htt의 확산 검토 집계 "씨입니다." Htt의 돌연변이 의해 야생-타입 Htt의 변환 생물을 사용 하 여 확인 될 수 있다 또는 단백질 단백질 상호 작용, 형광 공명 에너지 등을 보고 생물 기술 전송 (무서 워)9,,2741 .
중요 한 것은, 우리 또한 많은 유전자 초파리 유전자 및 단백질의 프리온 같은 확산을 중재 하는 경로 식별 하기 위해 도구를 액세스할 수 있습니다. 우리는 최근 세포 표면 폐품 수용 체, 드레이퍼42,43, 신경 축 삭에서 초파리 중앙에 가까운 phagocytic 명과 돌연변이 체 Htt 집계를 전송에 대 한 중요 한 역할을 공개 하기 위해이 접근을 사용 신경 시스템 (CNS)27 따라서, 우리가 여기에 설명 하는 유전 및 이미징 기반 접근 강력한 모델 생물, 초파리하지만 사용 하기 간단한에서에서 질병 관련 현상에 대 한 중요 한 기본적인 생물 학적 정보를 밝힐 수 있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:849px;" width="849">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 10X, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">AM9625</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Dilute to 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">T9284-1L</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">2904F24</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">20% paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">15713-S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Normal Goat Serum (NGS), filtered</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Lampire Biological Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">7332500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Aliquot and freeze upon receipt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Chicken anti-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Aves Labs</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">GFP-1020</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Use at 1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Rabbit anti-DsRed</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">632496</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Use at 1:2000 dilution; can recognize DsRed-based fluorescent proteins (e.g. mCherry, mStrawberry, tdTomato, etc.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Mouse anti-Bruchpilot</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">nc82</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Use at 1:100 dilution; will label active pre-synaptic structures thoughout the fly brain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">FITC anti-chicken</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">SA1-7200</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Use at 1:250 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Alexa Fluor 568 anti-rabbit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">A11011</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Use at 1:250 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Alexa Fluor 647 anti-mouse antibody</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">A21235</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Use at 1:250 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Slowfade Gold Antifade Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">S36936</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Microscope Slides (25 x 75 x 1.0 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">12-550-143</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Cover Glass (22 x 22 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Globe Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">1404-15</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Dumont Biology Grade Forceps, Style 3</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">503</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">use in non-dominant hand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Dumont Biology Grade Forceps, Style 5</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">505</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">use in dominant hand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">LAS X image analysis software</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Imaris image analysis software</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Bitplane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

monitoring cell-to-cell transmission of prion-like protein aggregates in drosophila melanogaster

단백질 집계 Alzheimer의 질병 (광고), 파 킨 슨 병 (PD), 헌팅턴의 질병 (HD), 그리고 루 경화 증 (ALS)를 포함 하 여 대부분의 신경 퇴행 성 질병의 중앙 특징 이다. 정도 벗어난 단백질 집계 방해 정상적인 세포 항상성 정확한 메커니즘은 알려져 있지 있지만 단백질 집계는이 질병에 neuropathology와 밀접 하 게 관련. 데이터를 신흥 AD, PD, hd, 그 병원 성 집계 가설에 대 한 강력한 지원을 제공 하 고 ALS prions, 단백질만 전염 성 요원 전달할 수 면 encephalopathies에 대 한 책임에 많은 유사점을가지고. 자기 prions 집계 형의 확산을 일으키는 동일한 단백질의 기본적으로 접혀 버전의 변환 템플릿으로 복제. 어떻게 prions 그리고 광고, 프리온 같은 단백질 한 셀에서 다른 PD, HD, 및 ALS 이동 현재 강렬한 수 사의 영역입니다. 여기, HD와 관련 된 돌연변이 huntingtin (Htt)의 프리온 처럼, 셀 전송의 모니터링을 허용 하는 초파리 melanogaster 모델을 설명 합니다. 이 모델 transgene 식 많은 다른 초파리 조직에 조작 하기 위한 강력한 도구를 활용 하 고 돌연변이 체 Htt의 직접 보고서 프리온 같은 전송에 놓여있는지 태그 세포질 단백질을 이용 한다. 중요 한 것은, 우리가 여기에 대해 설명 하는 접근 소설 유전자와 단백질의 다양 한 셀 형식 비보사이의 확산을 중재 하는 경로 식별 하기 위해 사용할 수 있습니다. 이러한 연구에서 얻은 정보는 신경 퇴행 성 질병 기초 및 치료 적 개입을 위한 새로운 기회를 공개 하는 병원 성 메커니즘의 제한 된 이해를 확장 됩니다.

여기에 설명 된 방법을 그대로 비행 CNS에서에서 다른 한 세포 인구에서 Htt의 단백질 프리온 같은 전송 시연 하는 강력한 데이터 생성. 야생-타입 Htt의에서 변환 확산 punctate 기증자 ORNs (그림 2A C 및 그림 4A, B)에서 HttQ91 mCherry 식의 결과로 받는 사람 명과에서이 YFP 융해 단백질의 직접 형광에 의해 관찰 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Monitoring Cell-to-cell Transmission of Prion-like Protein Aggregates in Drosophila Melanogaster at JoVE.com

Monitoring Cell-to-cell Transmission of Prion-like Protein Aggregates in Drosophila Melanogaster

병원 성 단백질 집계 프리온 같은 속성에 포함 된 셀 사이 확산 하는 신경 퇴행 성 질환과 관련 된 아이디어를 지원 증거를 축적 합니다. 여기, 프리온 같은 집계 모델 유기 체 초파리 melanogaster의 셀 확산의 시각화를 가능 하 게 하는 방법을 설명 합니다.

초파리 Melanogaster 에서 프리온과 같은 단백질의 셀 전송 모니터링

Protein aggregation is a central feature of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), ...

monitoring-cell-to-cell-transmission-prion-like-protein-aggregates

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Monitoring Cell-to-cell Transmission of Prion-like Protein Aggregates in Drosophila Melanogaster

7.9K 조회수.  University of the Sciences. 병원 성 단백질 집계 프리온 같은 속성에 포함 된 셀 사이 확산 하는 신경 퇴행 성 질환과 관련 된 아이디어를 지원 증거를 축적 합니다. 여기, 프리온 같은 집계 모델 유기 체 초파리 melanogaster의 셀 확산의 시각화를 가능 하 게 하는 방법을 설명 합니다.

비디오: Monitoring Cell-to-cell Transmission of Prion-like Protein Aggregates in Drosophila Melanogaster

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed in sensory hairs called sensilla, which cover the surface of olfactory organs. The surface of each sensillum is covered with tiny pores, through which odorants pass and dissolve in a fluid called sensillum lymph, which bathes the sensory dendrites of the OSNs housed in a given sensillum. The OSN dendrites express odorant receptor (OR) proteins, which in insects function as odor-gated ion channels4, 5. The interaction of odorants with ORs either increases or decreases the basal firing rate of the OSN. This neuronal activity in the form of action potentials embodies the first representation of the quality, intensity, and temporal characteristics of the odorant6, 7.
Given the easy access to these sensory hairs, it is possible to perform extracellular recordings from single OSNs by introducing a recording electrode into the sensillum lymph, while the reference electrode is placed in the lymph of the eye or body of the insect. In Drosophila, sensilla house between one and four OSNs, but each OSN typically displays a characteristic spike amplitude. Spike sorting techniques make it possible to assign spiking responses to individual OSNs. This single sensillum recording (SSR) technique monitors the difference in potential between the sensillum lymph and the reference electrode as electrical spikes that are generated by the receptor activity on OSNs1, 2, 8. Changes in the number of spikes in response to the odorant represent the cellular basis of odor coding in insects. Here, we describe the preparation method currently used in our lab to perform SSR on Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, and show representative traces induced by the odorants in a sensillum-specific manner.

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants can be measured in insects using single sensillum recordings. In this video article we will demonstrate how to perform single sensillum recordings in the antennae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the maxillary palps of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).

곤충의 단일 Sensillum 레코딩 Drosophila melanogaster과 아노 펠 레스 gambiae</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

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Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

In this article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the lipophilic fluorescent membrane marker DiI. This method allows the visualization of neuronal cell morphology in great detail. It is possible to label any cell in the CNS: cell bodies of target neurons are visualized under DIC optics or by expression of a fluorescent genetic marker such as GFP. After labeling, the DiI can be transformed into a permanent brown stain by photoconversion to allow visualization of cell morphology with transmitted light and DIC optics. Alternatively, the DiI-labeled cells can be observed directly with confocal microscopy, enabling genetically introduced fluorescent reporter proteins to be colocalised. The technique can be used in any animal, irrespective of genotype, making it possible to analyze mutant phenotypes at single cell resolution.

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

의 중추 신경계에 단일 세포의 라벨<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in Drosophila melanogaster1. Chief among these are optogenetic tools, which enable the activation or silencing of specific neurons in the intact and freely moving animal using bright light. Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) is a light-activated cation channel that, when activated by blue light, causes depolarization of neurons that express it. ChR2 has been effective for identifying neurons critical for specific behaviors, such as CO2 avoidance, proboscis extension and giant-fiber mediated startle response2-4. However, as the intense light sources used to stimulate ChR2 also stimulate photoreceptors, these optogenetic techniques have not previously been used in the visual system. Here, we combine an optogenetic approach with a mutation that impairs phototransduction to demonstrate that activation of a cluster of loom-sensitive neurons in the fly's optic lobe, Foma-1 neurons, can drive an escape behavior used to avoid collision. We used a null allele of a critical component of the phototransduction cascade, phospholipase C-&beta;, encoded by the norpA gene, to render the flies blind and also use the Gal4-UAS transcriptional activator system to drive expression of ChR2 in the Foma-1 neurons. Individual flies are placed on a small platform surrounded by blue LEDs. When the LEDs are illuminated, the flies quickly take-off into flight, in a manner similar to visually driven loom-escape behavior. We believe that this technique can be easily adapted to examine other behaviors in freely moving flies.

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetically encoded optogenetic tools enable noninvasive manipulation of specific neurons in the Drosophila brain. Such tools can identify neurons whose activation is sufficient to elicit or suppress particular behaviors. Here we present a method for activating Channelrhodopsin2 that is expressed in targeted neurons in freely walking flies.

의 이스케이프 문제의 Optogenetic의 자극<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

A  growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive  manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in ...

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such behavior is spontaneous locomotor activity. Here we describe our protocol that utilizes Drosophila population monitors and a tracking system that allows continuous monitoring of the spontaneous locomotor activity of flies for several days at a time. This method is simple, reliable, and objective and can be used to examine the effects of aging, sex, changes in caloric content of food, addition of drugs, or genetic manipulations that mimic human diseases.

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster are useful in studying genetic or environmental manipulations that affect behaviors such as spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160; Here we describe a protocol that utilizes monitors with infrared beams and data analysis software to quantify spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160;

의 자발적인 운동 활성의 결정<em&gt; 초파리</em

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

사회 회피의 정량화에 대한 간단한 분석<em&gt; 초파리</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

사회적 공간에 영향을 미치는 조건<em&gt; 초파리</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

의 Mechanosensation에 대한 행동 분석 클론의 MARCM은 기반<em&gt; 초파리</em

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral variation. The larval path-length assay was developed to measure individual differences in foraging behavior that were later linked to the foraging gene. Larval path-length is an easily scored trait that facilitates the collection of large sample sizes, at minimal cost, for genetic screens. Here we provide a detailed description of the current protocol for the larval path-length assay first used by Sokolowski. The protocol details how to reproducibly handle test animals, perform the behavioral assay and analyze the data. An example of how the assay can be used to measure behavioral plasticity in response to environmental change, by manipulating feeding environment prior to performing the assay, is also provided. Finally, appropriate test design as well as environmental factors that can modify larval path-length such as food quality, developmental age and day effects are discussed.

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

We provide a detailed protocol for a Drosophila melanogaster foraging path-length assay. We discuss the preparation and handling of test animals, how to perform the assay and analyze the data.

대한 꼴 경로 길이 프로토콜<em&gt; 노랑 초파리</em&gt; 애벌레

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral ...

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of the right type and quantity of food therefore has a major influence on quality of life. Research on feeding behavior focuses on the underlying processes that ensure actual feeding and unravels the role of factors regulating internal energy homeostasis and the neuronal bases of decision-making. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster, with its great variety of genetically traceable tools for labeling and manipulating single neurons, allows mapping of neuronal networks and identification of molecular signaling cascades involved in the regulation of food intake. This report demonstrates the CApillary FEeder assay (CAFE) and shows how to measure food intake in a group of flies for time spans ranging from hours to days. This easy-to-use assay consists of glass capillaries filled with liquid food that flies can freely access and feed on. Food consumption in the assay is accurately determined using simple measurement tools. Herein we describe step-by-step the method from setup to successful execution of the CAFE assay, and provide practical examples to analyze the food intake of a group of flies under controlled conditions. The reader is guided through possible limitations of the assay, and advantages and disadvantages of the method compared to other feeding assays in D. melanogaster are evaluated.

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

The CApillary FEeder (CAFE) assay is a simple, budget-friendly, highly reliable method for investigating mechanisms underlying food intake. Used with the highly versatile genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster, it provides a powerful means of gaining new insights into regulatory mechanisms of food intake.

모세관 공급 분석은 식품 섭취를 측정<em&gt; 노랑 초파리</em

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of ...

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, reductionist, and scalable system for in-depth investigation of motivation using the mating drive of male Drosophila&#160;melanogaster (Drosophila), the methods for which we detail here. The behavioral paradigm centers on the finding that male mating drive decreases alongside fertility over the course of repeated copulations and recovers over ~3 d. In this system, the powerful neurogenetic tools available in the fly converge with the genetic accessibility and putative wiring diagram available for sexual behavior. This convergence allows rapid isolation and interrogation of small neuronal populations with specific motivational functions. Here we detail the design and execution of the satiety assay that is used to measure and alter courtship motivation in the male fly. Using this assay, we also demonstrate that low male mating drive can be overcome by stimulating dopaminergic neurons. The satiety assay is simple, affordable, and robust to influences of genetic background. We expect the satiety assay to generate many new insights into the neurobiology of motivational states.

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

This article describes a behavioral assay that uses male mating drive in Drosophila melanogaster to study motivation. Using this method, researchers can utilize advanced fly neurogenetic techniques to uncover the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie this motivation.