박사 Terao는 교육, 문화, 스포츠, 과학 및 기술 일본의 [16 K 09709, 16 H 01497]에서 과학 연구에 대 한 연구 프로젝트 특정에 의해 지원 되었다. 유는 교육, 문화, 스포츠, 과학 및 기술 일본의 [No.25293206, No. 22390181, 15 H 05881, 16 H 05322];에서 과학 연구에 대 한 연구 프로젝트 특정에 의해 지원 되었다 최고의 rTMS 치료의 파 킨 슨 병의 질병에서의 사역의 건강 및 복지의 일본; 연구 위원회에서 교부 금에 의해 그리고 보건 복지부의 Dystonia 및 일본의 복지 연구 위원회에 의해.

이 연구에서 모든 실험 절차 승인 되었고 동의 취득 후 기관의 인간 연구 윤리 위원회의 지침에 따라 실시.
1. 주제와 레코딩에 대 한 룸 준비
<ol><li>충분 한 빛 적응 수 있도록 낮은 주변 조명, 한 방에 녹음을 수행 합니다.</li>
	<li>과목 돔 모양의 블랙, 오목 앞 앉아 화면 측정 90 cm 발광 다이오드 (Led) 핀 홀, 고정 포인트 역할에 포함 된 및 saccade 대상 oculomotor 패러다임에 대 한 사용을 포함 하는 직경이 있다. 참고: Led는 블랙, 오목 돔 모양의 화면에서 즉, 8 방향으로 구분 하 여 45도 센터에서 센터에서 5도 간격으로 Kato 에 의해 원래 고안 되었다 수평, 수직 및 경사 배열에서 배열 된다 외. 20 행동 및 생리 연구, 그리고 원하는 외에 의해 인간의 사용을 위한 수정. 21
</li>
	<li>Oculomotor 작업 제어에 대 한 각 과목 주제를 시작 하 고 단추를 누르고 작업 재판 종료를 허용 하는 마이크로 컴퓨터에 연결 된 마이크로 스위치 버튼을 확인 합니다. 참고: 작업 및 데이터 수집 주문 품 프로그램 일반 윈도우 PC에 의해 제어 됩니다.</li>
	<li>턱과이 마에 달려있다, 물론 머리 밴드의 머리 위치를 안정화 합니다.</li>
</ol>2입니다. 장소 EOG 용 전극
<ol><li>EOG (그림 1), 지름 1.8 c m와 3.5 m m의 두께 기록 하기 위한 Ag AgCl 컵 전극을 사용 합니다. 컵의 바닥은 Ag AgCl 전극 및 측면 벽에 둘러싸여 넓은 피부 접촉을 활성화 5 m m 두께의 플라스틱 프린지.</li>
	<li>알코올 면봉으로 피부를 닦아냅니다.</li>
	<li>전극 페이스트로 컵을 채우십시오.</li>
	<li>안정적으로 더블 스틱 접착 테이프 플라스틱 아래에 배치 하 여 피부에 전극 흥분 하 고 피부에 프린지를 연결 합니다.</li>
	<li>EOG에 의해 수평 saccades를 기록, 전극에 배치는 눈의 양자 canthi 반면 수직 saccades를 기록, 한 눈 위아래 전극 배치.</li>
</ol>3. 앰프에 대 한 설정 기록
<ol><li>직류 (DC)를 사용 하 여-EOG, 500 Hz에서 디지털 신호를 기록 하기 위한 증폭기.</li>
	<li>기록 VOG 동시에, 추적 시스템, 500-1000 Hz의 샘플링 레이트에서 안구 고정 위치 데이터를 기록 하는 비디오 기반 눈을 사용 하 여.</li>
	<li>수평 및 수직 눈 위치의 아날로그 출력 피드 고 20hz에서 신호 로우-패스 필터와 데이터 수집 시스템의 필터를 설정 합니다.</li>
	<li>또한, 전도 및 electroencephalography와 같은 높은-중간 주파수 잡음 감쇠에 필터를 설정 합니다. 참고: 분석, 더 부드럽게 프로세스는 눈 위치 데이터에서 saccade 속도 프로필 계산에 필요한 (여기, 3-포인트 매끄럽게 수행한 3 번).</li>
	<li>가능 하면, 전극과 피부 사이의 임피던스를 측정 하 고 20 k ω 아래 계속.</li>
</ol>4. 대기 빛 적응을 위한 전극 배치 후 기간
<ol><li>충분 한 빛 적응 수행 될 때까지 피부에 EOG 전극 삽입 후 10-20 분을 기다립니다.</li>
	<li>안정화를 기록 전극 젤 감소 사이의 임피던스를 허용 합니다.</li>
</ol>5. EOG와 VOG 신호 보정
<ol><li>5 미리 지정 된 위치에서 보고 하는 과목을 함으로써 각 테스트 세션 전에 눈 움직임 보정을 수행 합니다.</li>
	<li>좀 더 구체적으로, 과목 중심에 나타나는 20도 왼쪽, 오른쪽, 위쪽으로, 그리고 아래쪽 고정 포인트, EOG과 VOG 모두의 시각적 대상 보기를 확인 합니다.</li>
	<li>대상 위치를 화면에 표시 일치 하는 사용자 데이터 수집 시스템을 사용 하 여 컴퓨터 화면에 표시 되는 현재 눈 위치를 모니터링 하기 위한 과목이 들에 흥분으로 EOG의 이득을 조정 합니다.</li>
</ol>6. Saccades Oculomotor 패러다임을 사용 하 여 기록 하 고 세션 중 필요에 따라 눈 위치를 재조정
<ol><li>Oculomotor 패러다임에 대 한 주제를 지시 합니다. 참고: 두 개의 oculomotor 작업 임상 연구, 시각 가이드 saccade (VGS) 일반적으로 사용 되 고 antisaccade (로) 작업. 간단히, VGS에 과목 버튼을 누르면 중앙 자리는 돔의 센터에 켜져 그리고 주제 처음이 자리에서 흥분 하는 데 필요한. 1.5-2 s 후, 대상 제공 됩니다, 임의로 위치에 5, 10, 20, 또는 30도 가로로 왼쪽 이나 오른쪽의 동시에 중앙 고정 자리 진화로. 주제는 그 대상으로 saccade를 확인 하도록. AS 작업에서 과목 버튼을 처음 누르면 만들고 나타나는 중앙 고정 지점에 흥분 하도록 요구. 1.5-2 s 후, 대상, 위와 같은 그것의 오른쪽 또는 왼쪽에 이동합니다. 주제는 중앙 고정 자리에서 거울 대칭 위치에 대 한 saccade를 확인 해야 합니다.</li>
	<li>주제는 단추를 누르고는 재판을 시작 했습니다.</li>
	<li>되도록 현재 눈 위치는 모니터에 표시 된 항상 동시에 같은 화면에 표시 하는 대상 위치와 세션 동안 작업 성능 동안 EOG의 이득을 조정 합니다. EOG와 모두 VOG, 실험을 통해 필요한 경우 조정에 대 한 재 교정 수행 합니다.</li>
	<li>두 방법론의 비교를 필터링 하 고 디지털화 EOG 신호를 DC 증폭기 및 VOG 사용자 컴퓨터 프로그램에 의해를 분석 하 고 같은 추적에 함께 EOG VOG 신호를 표시 합니다.</li>
</ol>

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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+induced+gamma-band+response+in+EEG+as+a+manifestation+of+miniature+saccades.">Transient induced gamma-band response in EEG as a manifestation of miniature saccades.</a> Neuron. 58 (3), 429-441 (2008).</li></ol>

저자는이 연구와 관련 하 여 공개 없다.

비록 요즘, saccades를 기록 하기 위한 일반적인 메서드는 VOG 되고있다, 현재 연구가 보여주었다 EOG VOG (그림 2)를 제대로 구현 하는 경우의 거의 대 등 한 정확도 달성할 수 있다. 현재 EOG 방법 수평 saccades를 기록할 때 VOG와 좋은 상관 관계를 달성 하기 위해 표시 되었습니다 성공적으로 사용 되었습니다 많은 이전 연구는 동일한 그룹12,,<sup clas...

눈 움직임, 기존의 EOG는 비디오 기반 안구 추적 시스템, 그리고 scleral 검색 코일 (SSC) 방법에 의해 기록 된 VOG를 기록 하기 위해 세 가지 주요 방법이 있다. 그 중, EOG는 단순 1970 년대 이후 환자에서 안구의 움직임을 기록 자주 사용 되었습니다. 널리 임상 인구에 적용,이 신경 환자의 진단을 위해 광범위 하 게 활용 되어 메서드와 기본 장애1,2, 이상에 대 한 유용한 정보를 제공 하고있다 3,,45. 또한, 그것은 여전히 feasibly 안구 운동 (REM 수 면과 다른 형태의 눈 움직임 동안 빠른 안구 운동) 수 면 중 녹음에 사용할 수 있는 유일한 기술.
때문에 안구 등의 후부 측면을 기준으로 각 막의 앞쪽 측면에서 긍정적으로 충전, corneo 망막 잠재력을 되 나 눈의 앞쪽 및 후부 측면 사이의 전압 차이 있다. 이 가능성의 존재로 인해 오른쪽 전극 과목, 오른쪽으로 그들의 시선 때 왼쪽 보다 더 긍정적인 될 하 고 때 그들은 그들의 시선을 왼쪽에 마이너스가 될. 왼쪽 및 오른쪽 전극 사이의 전압 차이 수평 saccades에 눈알의 회전 각도와 크게 상관 관계가, 이후 수평 안구의 움직임을 측정 하기 위해 사용할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 수직 EOG 여전히 사용할 수 있지만 눈 움직임6측정 하이 상관 관계는 수직 방향에 대 한 보유 하지 않습니다. 다른 한편으로, 몇몇 학문 주로 점멸을 모니터링 하기 위한 수직 EOG를 사용 합니다.
그러나 최근에,, VOG 크게 0.25-0.5도까지 도달 하는 높은 공간 정확도 때문 EOG의 자리를 차지 그리고 지금 saccade 임상 설정에서 기록에 대 한 표준 방법 되고있다. 한편, EOG의 공간적 정확성, 0.5도 가장 VOG의 열 등 한 이후 오히려 구식 간주 될 왔다.
그러나, VOG 또한 그것의 자신의 단점이 있다 임상 설정에서 사용 하는 경우. 저기 경우는 VOG 가능; 하지 않습니다. 예를 들어 안구 추적 과목에서 부정확 한 때 각 막의 큰 지역 눈 꺼 풀에 의해 가려진은 같은 쪼개진 좁은 눈으로 된다. 환자에서 백 내장 렌즈, 적외선 빛의 탈 선 반사 시선 방향으로의 안정적인 녹음을 지장을 초래할 수 있습니다. 또한, EOG는 누구를 위해 어떤 사람들을 위해 그들의 운동 장애 어려운 기록 VOG 장점을 제공할 수 있습니다. 또한, VOG 시스템 EOG는 종종 전 일반 의료 기관에서 사용할 수 없는 설정에 비해 더 비싼입니다.
다른 한편으로, SSC 메서드는 안구의 움직임을 측정 하기 위한 황금 표준으로 간주 된다. EOG VOG와 비교해,이 방법은 높은 공간 정확도 0.1도, 아래로 이며 녹음 포함-고주파 머리 모션6때 특히 유용. 그러나,이 방법은 잠재적으로 침략 적, 즉, 고통 스 럽 고, 눈에 아주 자극만 짧은 기간, 약 30 분 또는 더 짧은7,,89,10에서 녹음을 허용 . 이 짧은 기간 하기가 메서드 광범위 한 임상 응용 프로그램에 대 한 부적 절 한 비록 일부 특수 시설11에 성공적으로 사용 되었습니다.
250 개 이상의 신경 환자와 480 정상적인 과목 같은 그룹12,13,14,15,,1617에 의해 기록 하는 이전 연구를 바탕 18,19, 현재 연구 보여줍니다 EOG 눈 운동 기록의 표준 기법으로 충분히 정확 하 고 VOG의 다양 한 단점을 우회 하는 동안 임상 인구에 널리 적용 될 수 있습니다 그리고 SSC입니다. 현재 문서 기록 방법, 사용 하 여 전극 넓은 프린지와 넓고 안정적인 피부 접촉을, 콜 긴 기간을 기록 하 여 두 피에 안전 하 게 연결 된 뇌 파 전극의 안정적인 EOG을 설명 합니다. 전극의 임피던스가 고 녹음 시간과 함께, 안정 된 얼굴 근육과 electroencephalography에서 아티팩트를 효과적으로 감소 된다. 이 메서드는 동시에 기록 된 VOG와 비교 됩니다. 제대로 준비 하 고 구현, EOG는 적합 VOG으로 고도의 정밀도 신경 환자에서 기록 saccades 그리고 EOG saccade 정상적인 과목에 기록 더 많은 의무가 있을 수 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:927px;" width="926">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Electrode</td>
			<td style="width:276px;">Nihon-Kohden (Tokyo, Japan)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NS111-115</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">cup electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Electrode paste</td>
			<td style="width:276px;">Nihon-Kohden (Tokyo, Japan)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Gelaid Z-101BA</td>
			<td>gel electrode paste to fill in the cup electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Adhesive tape&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:276px;">Nihon-Kohden (Tokyo, Japan)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H261</td>
			<td>double-stick tape for fixating the electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">DC-amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:276px;">Nihon-Kohden (Tokyo, Japan)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AN-601G</td>
			<td>amplifier for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">video-based eye tracking system</td>
			<td style="width:276px;">SR research (Mississauga, Ontario, Canada)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Eyelink II</td>
			<td>eye tracking system for recording VOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Filter</td>
			<td style="width:276px;">NF corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MS-521</td>
			<td>filter for the EOG signal</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

recording horizontal saccade performances accurately in neurological patients using electro-oculogram

전기-oculogram (EOG) 널리 사용 되었습니다 임상 눈 운동 기록, 특히 수평 saccades, 비디오-oculography (VOG) 크게 그것의 높은 공간 정확도 때문에 요즘 그것의 자리를 차지 하는 비록. 그러나, EOG 명확한 이점이 VOG, 예를 들어, 좁은 눈 clefts 또는 백 내장 렌즈와 주제를가지고 있는 상황이 있다 및 운동 장애를 가진 환자. 현재 문서에서는 제대로 구현, EOG 얻을 수 있는 정확도 거의 만큼 좋은 VOG 상당한 안정성과 녹음, VOG 녹화와 관련 된 문제를 우회 하는 동안 합니다. 현재 종이 수평 saccades oculomotor 패러다임을 사용 하 여 높은 정확도와 안정성 EOG 신경 환자에서 기록에 대 한 실제적인 방법을 설명 합니다. 필요한 측정은 소음을 줄일 수 있는 넓은 플라스틱 프린지와 Ag AgCl 전극 사용 하 고 충분 한 빛 적응 발생을 기다려야. 이 대기 기간 또한 전극과 피부 사이의 임피던스를 낮출 수 있습니다, 그리고 시간이 흘러가는 기록 함으로써 안정적인 신호를 보장. 또한, 재 교정 작업 성능 중 필요에 따라 수행 됩니다. 이 메서드를 사용 하는 실험 또는 치십시오 및 뇌 파, 잡음의 오염 뿐만 아니라 신호, 드리프트 피할 수 있고 saccades의 임상 평가 대 한 충분 한 데이터를 수집할 수 있습니다. 따라서 구현 될 때, EOG 방법 신경 환자에 널리 적용 될 수 있는 높은 실행할 수 수 하지만 또한 정상적인 과목에서 연구에 대 한 효과적일 수 있습니다.

그림 2 는 일반적인 주제에 EOG VOG의 대표 동시 레코드를 보여줍니다. VGS의 8 재판 EOG (회색 곡선)과 VOG (빨간 곡선;에 겹쳐 있다 그림 2 A). 현재 방법으로 보정, EOG, VOG 데이터 5-30도 범위에 걸쳐 선형 것으로 알려져 있습니다 그리고 데이터의 공간 정확도 0.5도.
크게는 두 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram at JoVE.com

Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram

전기 oculogram를 사용 하 여 신경 환자에서 수평 Saccade 공연을 정확 하 게 녹음 하는 방법

문서 전자-oculogram 넓은 플라스틱 프린지 컵 Ag AgCl 전극을 사용 하 여 신경 환자에 의해 높은 정확도 가진 수평 안구의 움직임을 기록 하는 실용적인 방법을 설명 합니다. 안정적인 측정에는 적절 한 선택과 고정 전극, 발생, 빛 적응 및 필요에 따라 재 교정에 대 한 충분 한 시간 필요 합니다.

Electro-oculogram (EOG) has been widely used for clinical eye movement recording, especially horizontal saccades, although the video-oculography (VOG) has ...

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Behavior

10.6K 조회수.  Kyorin University. 문서 전자-oculogram 넓은 플라스틱 프린지 컵 Ag AgCl 전극을 사용 하 여 신경 환자에 의해 높은 정확도 가진 수평 안구의 움직임을 기록 하는 실용적인 방법을 설명 합니다. 안정적인 측정에는 적절 한 선택과 고정 전극, 발생, 빛 적응 및 필요에 따라 재 교정에 대 한 충분 한 시간 필요 합니다.

비디오: Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram

How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

In trace fear conditioning a conditional stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS), which is presented after a brief stimulus free period (trace interval)1. Because the CS and UCS do not co-occur temporally, the subject must maintain a representation of that CS during the trace interval. In humans, this type of learning requires awareness of the stimulus contingencies in order to bridge the trace interval2-4. However when a face is used as a CS, subjects can implicitly learn to fear the face even in the absence of explicit awareness*. This suggests that there may be additional neural mechanisms capable of maintaining certain types of "biologically-relevant" stimuli during a brief trace interval. Given that the amygdala is involved in trace conditioning, and is sensitive to faces, it is possible that this structure can maintain a representation of a face CS during a brief trace interval.
It is challenging to understand how the brain can associate an unperceived face with an aversive outcome, even though the two stimuli are separated in time. Furthermore investigations of this phenomenon are made difficult by two specific challenges. First, it is difficult to manipulate the subject's awareness of the visual stimuli. One common way to manipulate visual awareness is to use backward masking. In backward masking, a target stimulus is briefly presented (&lt; 30 msec) and immediately followed by a presentation of an overlapping masking stimulus5. The presentation of the mask renders the target invisible6-8. Second, masking requires very rapid and precise timing making it difficult to investigate neural responses evoked by masked stimuli using many common approaches. Blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses resolve at a timescale too slow for this type of methodology, and real time recording techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have difficulties recovering signal from deep sources.
However, there have been recent advances in the methods used to localize the neural sources of the MEG signal9-11. By collecting high-resolution MRI images of the subject's brain, it is possible to create a source model based on individual neural anatomy. Using this model to "image" the sources of the MEG signal, it is possible to recover signal from deep subcortical structures, like the amygdala and the hippocampus*.

This article describes how to record amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). In addition this article will describe how to conduct trace fear conditioning without awareness, a task that activates the amygdala. It will cover 3 topics: 1) Designing a trace conditioning paradigm using backward masking to manipulate awareness. 2) Recording brain activity during the task using magnetoencephalography. 3) Using source imaging to recover signal from subcortical structures.

원본 이미지를 사용하여 인 자기와 편도체의 활동을 감지하는 방법

In trace fear conditioning a conditional  stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS),  which is presented after a brief ...

연구

행동분석학

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

바닥 투사 미로를 사용하여 녹음 신경 활동에 대한 자동화 된 시각인지 작업

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

눈 - 추적 제어 루게릭 병 환자의인지 기능을 평가하는

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

무선, Vivo에서 녹음 하 고 자유롭게 행동 하는 쥐에서 신경 활동의 자극에 대 한 양방향 인터페이스

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) refers to persistent, chronic pain following spinal surgery. Spinal cord stimulation with dorsal epidural leads can be used to treat back and leg pain in FBSS patients. This paper presents a detailed protocol for using spinal cord stimulation with surgical leads in FBSS patients. In our department, with the patient under general anesthesia, we place the lead in the epidural space by means of a small laminectomy at the 10th thoracic level. Placement of the lead is followed by a 1 month trial period with an externalized lead. If pain relief is greater than 50% at the end of this 1 month stimulation trial (required by Belgian reimbursement criteria), an internal pulse generator is then placed under the skin and connected to the lead in a second surgical procedure. We have demonstrated that using this technique in rigorously selected FBSS patients can significantly improve back pain, leg pain, patient activity, and quality of life for a sustained period of time.

This paper presents a method that uses spinal cord stimulation with a multicolumn lead to treat neuropathic low back pain in failed back surgery patients.

Multicolumn 리드 척수 자극 실패 다시 수술 환자에서 낮은 허리 통증 치료

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) refers to persistent, chronic pain following spinal surgery. Spinal cord stimulation with dorsal epidural leads can be ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

Electroencephalography 측정 및 높은-품질 비디오 녹화를 사용 하 여 미디어 콘텐츠의 시각적 인식 분석

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool for studying visual attention. However, eye tracking is challenging to use concurrently with invasive electrophysiology and this approach has consequently been little used. Here, we present a proven experimental protocol to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We describe how the systems are connected and the optimal settings to record neurons and eye movements. To illustrate the utility of this method, we summarize results that were made possible by this setup. This data shows how using eye tracking in a memory-guided visual search task allowed us to describe a new class of neurons called target neurons, whose response was reflective of top-down attention to the current search target. Lastly, we discuss the significance and solutions to potential problems of this setup. Together, our protocol and results suggest that single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans are an effective method to study human brain function. It provides a key missing link between animal neurophysiology and human cognitive neuroscience.

We describe a method to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We demonstrate the utility of this method and illustrate how we used this approach to obtain neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that encode targets of a visual search.

인간 간질 환자에서 동시 눈 추적 및 단일 뉴런 기록

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during ...

Home-Based Prescribed Pulmonary Exercise in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also impacts exercise capacity and forms a vicious circle in which it further aggravates the condition of patients and accelerates disease progression. As a functional holistic exercise, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) play an important role in the rehabilitation of COPD on the basis of adjusting the breath and performing coordinated movements. This study investigates the effects of prescribed pulmonary exercises (which are modified from TCE) on exercise capacity of upper and lower limbs, endurance exercise capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD patients. The goal is to determine the accessibility of these prescribed exercises in COPD rehabilitation. Participants are randomly divided into a non-exercise control group (CG) or prescribed pulmonary exercise group (PG) at a ratio of 1: 1. The PG receives intervention for 60 min twice per day, 7 days a week, for a total of 3 months. The intensity is measured using the Borg category-ratio 10 scale and with a heart-rate monitor. Then, an exercise capacity test and quality of life questionnaire are scheduled at 1 week before and after the formal intervention. After 3 months of intervention, the 30 s arm curl test, 30 s sit-to-stand test, 6 min walking test, and quality of life show significant improvement in COPD patients (p &#60; 0.05). These findings indicate that prescribed pulmonary exercises can be applied as alternative, convenient, and effective home- and community-based exercises for stable COPD patients.

Presented here is a protocol to investigate the effects of home-based prescribed pulmonary exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which is modified based on traditional Chinese exercises according to dyspnea and limited exercise capacity observed in COPD patients.

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

5분 음성 샘플 절차를 사용하여 자녀에 관한 부모의 짧은 이야기의 일관성 평가

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

The vestibular system provides information about head movement and mediates reflexes that contribute to balance control and gaze stabilization during daily activities. Vestibular sensors are located in the inner ear on both sides of the head and project to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. Vestibular dysfunction is often due to an asymmetry between input from the two sides. This results in asymmetrical neural inputs from the two ears, which can produce an illusion of rotation, manifested as vertigo. The vestibular system has an impressive capacity for compensation, which serves to rebalance how asymmetrical information from the sensory end organs on both sides is processed at the central level. To promote compensation, various rehabilitation programs are used in the clinic; however, they primarily use exercises that improve multisensory integration. Recently, visual-vestibular training has also been used to improve the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in animals with compensated unilateral lesions. Here, a new method is introduced for rebalancing the vestibular activity on both sides in human subjects. This method consists of five unidirectional rotations in the dark (peak velocity of 320&#176;/s) toward the weaker side. The efficacy of this method was shown in a sequential, double-blinded clinical trial in 16 patients with VOR asymmetry (measured by the directional preponderance in response to sinusoidal rotations). In most cases, VOR asymmetry decreased after a single session, reached normal values within the first two sessions in one week, and the effects lasted up to 6 weeks. The rebalancing effect is due to both an increase in VOR response from the weaker side and a decrease in response from the stronger side. The findings suggest that unidirectional rotation can be used as a supervised rehabilitation method to reduce VOR asymmetry in patients with longstanding vestibular dysfunction.

A new rehabilitation method is presented for rebalancing the vestibular system in patients with asymmetric responses, which consists of unidirectional rotations toward the weaker side. By directly modifying the vestibular pathway rather than enhancing the multisensory aspects of compensation, asymmetry can be normalized within 1-2 sessions and show lasting effects.

전정 기능 장애 환자에서 전정 시스템 비대칭을 개선하기 위해 단방향 회전을 사용하여

The vestibular system provides information about head movement and mediates reflexes that contribute to balance control and gaze stabilization during ...