R. Menzel과 도이치 가운데 (RU RU780/11-1)에 의해 L. Ruess의 재정 지원은 기꺼이 인정 했다. R. Nehring RU 780/10-1에 의해 투자 되었다. 마지막으로, 우리는 매우 감사 박사 헤이젤 Ruvimbo Maboreke에 우리의 원고 교정을 위해입니다.

<ol>
	<li>Ruess, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+lipid+analysis+to+understand+trophic+interactions+in+soil.">Application of lipid analysis to understand trophic interactions in soil.</a> Ecology. 86 (8), 2075-2082 (2005).</li><li>Ruess, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+composition+of+Collembola+and+their+food+resources+in+deciduous+forest+stands+-+Implications+for+feeding+strategies.">Lipid composition of Collembola and their food resources in deciduous forest stands - Implications for feeding strategies.</a> Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 39 (8), 1990-2000 (1990).</li><li>Chamberlain, P. M., Bull, I. D., Black, H. I. J., Ineson, P., Evershed, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid+composition+and+change+in+Collembola+fed+differing+diets:+identification+of+trophic+biomarkers.">Fatty acid composition and change in Collembola fed differing diets: identification of trophic biomarkers.</a> Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 37 (9), 1608-1624 (2005).</li><li>Stott, A. W., Davies, E., Evershed, R. P., Tuross, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+the+routing+of+dietary+and+biosynthesised+lipids+through+compound-specific+stable+isotope+(delta+C-13)+measurements+at+natural+abundance.">Monitoring the routing of dietary and biosynthesised lipids through compound-specific stable isotope (delta C-13) measurements at natural abundance.</a> Naturwissenschaften. 84 (2), 82-86 (1997).</li><li>Ruess, L., Haggblom, M. 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Isotopologue 프로 파일링
FAs에 13C 유통에서 양적 측면의 상세한 분석 탄소 음식 거미줄에 분할 할당을 최첨단 기술이 필요로 한다. 현재 작업 고용 13C를 평가 하기 위해 프로 파일링 isotopologue / 트로픽 상호 작용에 대 한 일반적인 FA biomarkers에12C 비율. 이 방법은 액체 크로마토그래피 (LC-MS)에 의해 아미노산 분석을 위해 잘 설립 이며, 병원 성 ...

토양 등 암호 서식 지, 영양 관계 주소로 어려운 고 추가 동물군의 작은 크기에 의해 제한 됩니다. 지난 10 년간 필드 조건1,2,3토양 동물의 먹이 전략을 정의 하기 위한 생체로 지방산의 사용에 특히 생화학 생태학, 발전을 보이고 있다. 이것은 리소스에서 지방산은 전체 분자 소비자 조직에 통합 될 수 있다는 사실에 기반, 프로세스 식이 라우팅4되 나. 지방산의 양도 3 영양 단계, 즉, 곰 팡이에서 Collembola5선 충을 통해 보고 되었습니다. 최근, 육 식 동물6,7 여겨졌다 고 토양 음식 웹에서 영양 마커로 지방산에 대 한 첫 리뷰 게시8,9되었습니다.
영양 상호 작용에 대 한 더 자세한 정보는 지방산 안정 동위 원소 (FA-SIP) 조사에 의해 달성 했다. 13C의 결정 /12C 비율 지방산 다이어트와 소비자에에서 돌리다 이진 링크를 관련된 탄소 흐름을 예측 하 고 지상파에 고용 되어 신선한 물, 그리고 해양 식품 거미줄10,11 ,,1213. 기본 가정은 식이 라우트된 지방산 효소 프로세스; 적용 되지 않습니다. 따라서, 그들의 13C 신호, 즉, 13C /12C 소비자에서 지방산의 비율은 다이어트1에 비슷합니다. 그러나, 먹이 사슬의 13C 서명의 점진적인 고갈 영양 연구14,,1516에 FA SIP의 광범위 한 응용 프로그램을 방해 함으로써 수 중 시스템에서 보고 되었습니다. 또한, 지상파 식품 웹에서 대부분 무척 추 동물의 지질 대사에 대 한 지식을 여전히 제한 됩니다.
소비자에서 지질 물질 대사 경로의 이해 영양 마커 지방산 식품 웹 생태에 양적 탄소 흐름의 결정에 대 한 의미의 사용을 위해 필수적 이다. 이 고려해, 13C-isotopologue 프로 파일링, 유망한 방법은 어떤 생물 학적 시스템17, 탄소 물질 대사의 조사에 대 한 어떤에 원리를 적용할 수 있습니다. 13탄소 C 표시 기판, 13C에서 대사 네트워크의 배포의 도입에 따라 하는 것은 소비자 쇼 특정 isotopologue 배포에서에서 생성 된 대사 제품부터 추적. 이 양적 핵 대사 공명 분광학18,19 또는 질량 분석20,21그것의 더 높은 때문에 낮은 바이오 매스와 후자에 선호 생물 학적 샘플에 의해 평가 될 수 있다 감도입니다.
Isotopologue 프로 파일링 성공적으로 아미노산에 적용 되었으며 vivo에서 탄소 물질 대사 세균성 병원 체17,,2223, 지방산에서 구현에 대 한 통찰력을 제공 하지만 산 뒤에 느껴 지 있다. 안정 동위 원소 표시 전조 지방산, 식이 라우팅 또는 β-산화, 토양 무척 추 동물 소비자에 통해 저하의 운명에 첫번째 상세한 분석 최근 수행한 Menzel 외. 24. 여기, 13C 지방산 이어서 자주 토양 무척 추 동물, Collembola, 키 하위의 isotopologue 분석 분류 관 실험 방법론 기본 제공 됩니다. 이 microarthropods는 좋은 모델 그들은 중요 한 구성 요소는 잘 그들의 영양 마커 지방산8,25에 대 한 조사를 하 고 토양 먹이 그물의 형성.
소비자에서 지질 물질 대사 경로의 이해 영양 마커 지방산 식품 웹 생태에 양적 탄소 흐름의 결정에 대 한 의미의 사용을 위해 필수적 이다. 현재 프로토콜 먹이 실험, 그리고 추출 및 지배적인 지질 분수 (중립 지질, 인지질)의 메 틸 화에 대 한 생 화 확 적인 절차 Collembola에서 실험실을 위한 설계 및 설정 제공 합니다. 그것은 isotopologue 구성 지방산의 질량 분석에 의해 분석 되는 방법을 보여 줍니다 고 관련된 수식 및 계산에 설명 합니다. 이 절차에서 결과: isotopologues 초과 하나 이상 (즉, 지방산 분자 이온 M+) 부모 이온의 질량의 비율 (i) 질량 단위 (M+ 1, M2, M+ 3, 등) 및 (ii) 전체 13 C 농축 지방산에서 13C 이라는 전조에서 파생. 이 방법은 일반적으로 이들은 성공적인 레이블 통풍 관을 위해 제어 된 조건 하에서 충분 한 수량에 culturable 및 후속 전제에 다른 어떤 약탈자 먹이 상호 작용에 적용할 수 있습니다 Collembola 사용, 비록 확인입니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>neoLab-Round jars</td>
			<td>neoLab</td>
			<td>2-1506</td>
			<td>69 x 40 mm, 10 pacs/pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Charcoal activated</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>X865.1</td>
			<td>p.a., powder, CAS No. 7440-44-0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alabaster Dental</td>
			<td>R&#214;HRICH-GIPSE</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td>http://www.roehrich-gipse.de/dentalgipse.php</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7331.1</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 99,9 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P717.1</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 99,9 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexan</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7339.1</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 98 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tert-Butyl methyl ether (MTBE)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>T175.1</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 99,5 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aceton</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7328.2</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 99,9 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6771.1</td>
			<td>p.a. &#8805;99 %, in pellets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>di-Natriumhydrogenphosphat</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P030.1</td>
			<td>p.a. &#8805;99 % , water free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na-dihydrogenphosphat Dihydrat</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>T879.1</td>
			<td>p.a. &#8805;99 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypochloric acid (6 N)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>26,115,000</td>
			<td>AVS TITRINORM vol. solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bond Elut (Columns)</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech.</td>
			<td>14102037</td>
			<td>HF Bond Elut-SI, 500 mg, 3 mL, 50/PK</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pr&#228;paratengl&#228;ser Duran</td>
			<td>Glasger&#228;tebau Ochs</td>
			<td>135215</td>
			<td>&#216; 16 x 100 mm, plus screw cap with handy knurl and integrated PTFE/silicone gasket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47885-U Supelco</td>
			<td>10&#160;mg/mL in methylene chloride, analytical standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowMesh</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>2796.1</td>
			<td>Polypropylene mesh, approximately 0.3 mm thick, with 1 mm strand spacing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacterial Acid Methyl Ester (BAME) Mix</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47080-U Supelco</td>
			<td>10&#160;mg/mL in methyl caproate, analytical standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl nonadecanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>74208</td>
			<td>analytical standard &#8805; 98.0 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexadecanoic acid-1-13C (Palmitic)</td>
			<td>Larodan Fine Chemicals</td>
			<td>78-1600</td>
			<td>GC &#8805; 98.0 % (13C: 99.0 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RVC 2-25 CDplus</td>
			<td>Martin Christ Gefrier-trocknungsanlagen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Compact benchtop midi concentrator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alpha 2-4 LDplus</td>
			<td>Martin Christ Gefrier-trocknungsanlagen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drying manifold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MZ 2C NT</td>
			<td>Vacuubrand GMBH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roto-Shake Genie</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Combined rocking and rotating device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XP64 Micro Comparator</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Super high precision balance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GC-System 7890A</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas chromatograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7000 GC/MS Triple Quad</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Triple Quad mass spectrometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7683B Series Injector</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sample injector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heraeus Multifuge 3SR+</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Centrifuge with 10 ml tube rotor</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fatty acid 13c isotopologue profiling provides insight into trophic carbon transfer and lipid metabolism of invertebrate consumers

지방산 (FAs) 식품 웹 생태에 유용한 biomarkers는 그들은 일반적으로 완전 한 분자로 동화 하 고 미성년자 또는 다른 영양 수준 사이 식이 라우팅 수 있도록 수정, 소비자 조직으로 전송 때문에. 그러나, FA 영양 마커 접근 토양 동물의 지질 대사에 한정 된 지식에 의해 아직도 방해 된다. 이 연구는 지방산 물질 대사 경로 두 개의 광범위 한 토양 Collembola, Protaphorura fimata , Heteromurus nitidus에 추적 프로그램으로 완전히 이라는 팔 미트 산 (13C16:0, 99 원자 %)를 사용합니다. 운명과이 전조의 대사 수정, 조사 하기 위하여 isotopologue 프로 파일링 하는 방법 제시, 단일 이온 모니터링을 사용 하는 질량 분석에 의해 수행. 또한, 업스트림 실험실 실험 먹이 추출 및 지배적인 지질 분수 (중립 지질, 인지질) 및 관련된 수식 계산의 메 틸 화 설명 되어 있습니다. Isotopologue 프로 파일링 하지만 수익률 13C 전조를 분류에서 파생 된 지방산에서 전체 13C 농축 않지만 isotopologues 부모 이온 (즉, FA 분자 이온의 질량 초과의 패턴 생성 M+) 각각의 표시 된 하나 이상의 질량 단위 (M+ 1, M2, M+ 3, 등)에 의해 FA. 이 지식을 de novo 생 합성에 비해 완전히 소비 FA의 식이 라우팅의 비율에 결론을 수 있습니다. Isotopologue 프로 파일링은 풀 영양 상호 작용을 토양 동물에서 지방산 대사의 평가 위해 유용한 도구로 서 좋습니다.

Collembola의 신선한 무게와 지질 콘텐츠 설명된 실험 과정에서 NLFAs 및 PLFAs의 내용을 변화 하지 않았다 크게 시간이 지남에, 표본의 신선한 무게 하지 크게24하지만 약간 증가 하는 반면. 두 매개 변수 Collembola 표본의 체력의 좋은 수준을 나타냅니다. 지방산 및 동위 원소 분석을 위한 샘플링 일에 해당 하는 실험을 통해 Collembola의 신선한 무게...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers at JoVE.com

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

영양 탄소 전송 및 무척 추 동물 소비자의 지질 대사에 대 한 통찰력을 제공 합니다 지방산 13C Isotopologue 프로 파일링

지방산 영양 마커 접근, 즉, 전체 분자와 소비자 조직으로 전송으로 지방산의 동화 없이 또는 사소한 수정, 작은 토양 무척 추 동물의 지방 산 성 대사에 지식 격차에 의해 방해 된다. Isotopologue 프로 파일링 풀 영양 상호 작용 하는 귀중 한 도구로 제공 됩니다.

Fatty acids (FAs) are useful biomarkers in food web ecology because they are typically assimilated as a complete molecule and transferred into consumer ...

fatty-acid-13c-isotopologue-profiling-provides-insight-into-trophic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

7.9K 조회수.  Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. 지방산 영양 마커 접근, 즉, 전체 분자와 소비자 조직으로 전송으로 지방산의 동화 없이 또는 사소한 수정, 작은 토양 무척 추 동물의 지방 산 성 대사에 지식 격차에 의해 방해 된다. Isotopologue 프로 파일링 풀 영양 상호 작용 하는 귀중 한 도구로 제공 됩니다.

비디오: Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

The Bacillus species contain branched chain and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) with diverse positions of the methyl branch (iso or anteiso) and of the double bond. Changes in FA composition play a crucial role in the adaptation of bacteria to their environment. These modifications entail a change in the ratio of iso versus anteiso branched FAs, and in the proportion of unsaturated FAs relative to saturated FAs, with double bonds created at specific positions. Precise identification of the FA profile is necessary to understand the adaptation mechanisms of Bacillus species.
Many of the FAs from Bacillus are not commercially available. The strategy proposed herein identifies FAs by combining information on the retention time (by calculation of the equivalent chain length (ECL)) with the mass spectra of three types of FA derivatives: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 4,4-dimethyl oxazoline derivatives (DMOX), and 3-pyridylcarbinyl ester (picolinyl). This method can identify the FAs without the need to purify the unknown FAs.
Comparing chromatographic profiles of FAME prepared from Bacillus cereus with a commercial mixture of standards allows for the identification of straight-chain saturated FAs, the calculation of the ECL, and hypotheses on the identity of the other FAs. FAMEs of branched saturated FAs, iso or anteiso, display a constant negative shift in the ECL, compared to linear saturated FAs with the same number of carbons. FAMEs of unsaturated FAs can be detected by the mass of their molecular ions, and result in a positive shift in the ECL compared to the corresponding saturated FAs.
The branching position of FAs and the double bond position of unsaturated FAs can be identified by the electron ionization mass spectra of picolinyl and DMOX derivatives, respectively. This approach identifies all the unknown saturated branched FAs, unsaturated straight-chain FAs and unsaturated branched FAs from the B. cereus extract.

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

We propose a protocol to identify fatty acids without the need to purify them. It combines information on the retention times with the mass spectra of three types of fatty acid derivatives: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 4,4-dimethyl oxazoline derivatives (DMOX), and 3-pyridylcarbinyl esters (picolinyl).

지방산의 확인 시험<em&gt; 바실러스 세레 우스</em

The Bacillus species contain branched chain and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) with diverse positions of the methyl branch (iso or anteiso) and of the ...

연구

생화학

Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.

Detergents are indispensable for delivery of membrane proteins into 30-100 nm small unilamellar vesicles, while more complex, larger model lipid bilayers are less compatible with detergents.
Here we describe a strategy for bypassing this fundamental limitation using fusogenic oppositely charged liposomes bearing a membrane protein of interest. Fusion between such vesicles occurs within 5 min in a low ionic strength buffer. Positively charged fusogenic liposomes can be used as simple shuttle vectors for detergent-free delivery of membrane proteins into biomimetic target lipid bilayers, which are negatively charged. We also show how to reconstitute membrane proteins into fusogenic proteoliposomes with a fast 30-min protocol.
Combining these two approaches, we demonstrate a fast assembly of an electron transport chain consisting of two membrane proteins from E. coli, a primary proton pump bo3-oxidase and F1Fo ATP synthase, in membranes of vesicles of various sizes, ranging from 0.1 to &#62;10 microns, as well as ATP production by this chain.

Here we present two ultrafast protocols for reconstitution of membrane proteins into fusogenic proteoliposomes, and fusion of such proteoliposomes with target lipid bilayers for detergent-free delivery of these membrane proteins into the postfusion bilayer. The combination of these approaches enables fast and easily controlled assembly of complex multi-component membrane systems.

세제 없는 보완 청구 Proteoliposomes Fusogenic를 사용 하 여 지질 Bilayers에 막 단백질의 초고속 재구성.

Detergents are indispensable for delivery of membrane proteins into 30-100 nm small unilamellar vesicles, while more complex, larger model lipid bilayers ...

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

Proper protein expression at the right time and in the right amounts is the basis of normal cell function and survival in a fast-changing environment. For a long time, the gene expression studies were dominated by research on the transcriptional level. However, the steady-state levels of mRNAs do not correlate well with protein production, and the translatability of mRNAs varies greatly depending on the conditions. In some organisms, like the parasite Leishmania, the protein expression is regulated mostly at the translational level. Recent studies demonstrated that protein translation dysregulation is associated with cancer, metabolic, neurodegenerative and other human diseases. Polysome profiling is a powerful method to study protein translation regulation. It allows to measure the translational status of individual mRNAs or examine translation on a genome-wide scale. The basis of this technique is the separation of polysomes, ribosomes, their subunits and free mRNAs during centrifugation of a cytoplasmic lysate through a sucrose gradient. Here, we present a universal polysome profiling protocol used on three different models - parasite Leishmania major, cultured human cells and animal tissues. Leishmania cells freely grow in suspension and cultured human cells grow in adherent monolayer, while mouse testis represents an animal tissue sample. Thus, the technique is adapted to all of these sources. The protocol for the analysis of polysomal fractions includes detection of individual mRNA levels by RT-qPCR, proteins by Western blot and analysis of ribosomal RNAs by electrophoresis. The method can be further extended by examination of mRNAs association with the ribosome on a transcriptome level by deep RNA-seq and analysis of ribosome-associated proteins by mass spectroscopy of the fractions. The method can be easily adjusted to other biological models.

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

The overall goal of polysome profiling technique is analysis of translational activity of individual mRNAs or transcriptome mRNAs during protein synthesis. The method is important for studies of protein synthesis regulation, translation activation and repression in health and multiple human diseases.

Polysome Leishmania, 인간 세포 및 마우스 고환에서 프로 파일링

Proper protein expression at the right time and in the right amounts is the basis of normal cell function and survival in a fast-changing environment. For ...

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been applied in paleodietary, paleoecological, and paleoenvironmental research from recent historical periods back to over 10 million years ago. Bulk approaches provide a representative sample for the period of enamel mineralization, while sequential samples within a tooth can track dietary and environmental changes during this period. While these methodologies have been widely applied and described in archaeology, ecology, and paleontology, there have been no explicit guidelines to aid in the selection of necessary lab equipment and to thoroughly describe detailed laboratory sampling and protocols. In this article, we document textually and visually, the entire process from sampling through pretreatment and diagenetic screening to make the methodology more widely available to researchers considering its application in a variety of laboratory settings.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been used as a proxy for individual diet and environmental reconstruction. Here, we provide a detailed description and visual documentation of bulk and sequential tooth enamel sampling as well as pretreatment of archaeological and paleontological samples.

안정적인 탄소 및 산소 동위 원소 분석을 위한 샘플링 및 치아에 나 멜의 전처리 탄산염

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been applied in paleodietary, paleoecological, and ...

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in eukaryotic cells. Precise identification of nitration sites on proteins is crucial for understanding the physiological and pathological processes related to protein nitration, such as inflammation, aging, and cancer. Since the nitrated proteins are of low abundance in cells even under induced conditions, no universal and efficient methods have been developed for the profiling and identification of protein nitration sites. Here we describe a protocol for nitropeptide enrichment by using a chemical reduction reaction and biotin labeling, followed by high resolution mass spectrometry. In our method, nitropeptide derivatives can be identified with high accuracy. Our method exhibits two advantages compared to the previously reported methods. First, dimethyl labeling is used to block the primary amine on nitropeptides, which can be used to generate quantitative results. Second, a disulfide bond containing NHS-biotin reagent is used for the enrichment, which can be further reduced and alkylated to enhance the detection signal on a mass spectrometer. This protocol has been successfully applied to the model peptide Angiotensin II in the current paper.

Proteomic profiling of tyrosine-nitrated proteins has been a challenging technique due to the low abundance of the 3-nitrotyrosine modification. Here we describe a novel approach for nitropeptide enrichment and profiling by using Angiotensin II as the model. This method can be extended for other in vitro or in vivo systems.

안지오텐신 II에 의해 설명 니트로 펩티드 프로파일링 및 식별

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of ...

Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids

Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens incorporate fatty acids from the environment into membrane phospholipids. During infection, the majority of exogenous fatty acids are present within host lipoprotein particles. Uncertainty remains as to the reservoirs of host fatty acids and the mechanisms by which bacteria extract fatty acids from the lipoprotein particles. In this work, we describe protocols for enrichment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles from chicken egg yolk and determining whether LDLs serve as fatty acid reservoirs for S. aureus. This method exploits unbiased lipidomic analysis and chicken LDLs, an effective and economical model for the exploration of interactions between LDLs and bacteria. The analysis of S. aureus integration of exogenous fatty acids from LDLs is performed using high-resolution/accurate mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, enabling the characterization of the fatty acid composition of the bacterial membrane and unbiased identification of novel combinations of fatty acids that arise in bacterial membrane lipids upon exposure to LDLs. These advanced mass spectrometry techniques offer an unparalleled perspective of fatty acid incorporation by revealing the specific exogenous fatty acids incorporated into the phospholipids. The methods outlined here are adaptable to the study of other bacterial pathogens and alternative sources of complex fatty acids.

This method provides a framework for studying incorporation of exogenous fatty acids from complex host sources into bacterial membranes, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. To achieve this, protocols for the enrichment of lipoprotein particles from chicken egg yolk and subsequent fatty acid profiling of bacterial phospholipids utilizing mass spectrometry are described.

세균성 병원체 지방산 을 막 인지질로 통합하는 연구를 위해 닭 계란 노른자에서 지단백질 입자의 분리

Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens incorporate fatty acids from the environment into membrane phospholipids. During infection, the ...

Detergent-assisted Reconstitution of Recombinant Drosophila Atlastin into Liposomes for Lipid-mixing Assays

Membrane fusion is a crucial process in the eukaryotic cell. Specialized proteins are necessary to catalyze fusion. Atlastins are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins implicated in homotypic fusion of the ER. We detail here a method for purifying a glutathione S-transferase (GST) and poly-histidine tagged Drosophila atlastin by two rounds of affinity chromatography. Studying fusion reactions in vitro requires purified fusion proteins to be inserted into a lipid bilayer. Liposomes are ideal model membranes, as lipid composition and size may be adjusted. To this end, we describe a reconstitution method by detergent removal for Drosophila atlastin into preformed liposomes. While several reconstitution methods are available, reconstitution by detergent removal has several advantages that make it suitable for atlastins and other similar proteins. The advantage of this method includes a high reconstitution yield and correct orientation of the reconstituted protein. This method can be extended to other membrane proteins and for other applications that require proteoliposomes. Additionally, we describe a FRET based lipid mixing assay of proteoliposomes used as a measurement of membrane fusion.

Detergent-assisted Reconstitution of Recombinant Drosophila Atlastin into Liposomes for Lipid-mixing Assays

Biological membrane fusion is catalyzed by specialized fusion proteins. Measuring the fusogenic properties of proteins can be achieved by lipid mixing assays. We present a method for purifying recombinant Drosophila atlastin, a protein that mediates homotypic fusion of the ER, reconstituting it to preformed liposomes, and testing for fusion capacity.

지질 혼합 애신을 위한 리포솜으로 재조합 초파리 아틀라스틴의 세제 지원 재구성

Membrane fusion is a crucial process in the eukaryotic cell. Specialized proteins are necessary to catalyze fusion. Atlastins are endoplasmic reticulum ...

Profiling Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Dependent Post-translational Modifications and Identification of Significant Alterations

Ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like (ubl) dependent post-translational modifications of proteins play fundamental biological regulatory roles within the cell by controlling protein stability, activity, interactions, and intracellular localization. They enable the cell to respond to signals and to adapt to changes in its environment. Alterations within these mechanisms can lead to severe pathological situations such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. The aim of the technique described here is to establish ub/ubls dependent PTMs profiles, rapidly and accurately, from cultured cell lines. The comparison of different profiles obtained from different conditions allows the identification of specific alterations, such as those induced by a treatment for example. Lentiviral mediated cell transduction is performed to create stable cell lines expressing a two-tags (6His and Flag) version of the modifier (ubiquitin or a ubl such as SUMO1 or Nedd8). These tags permit the purification of ubiquitin and therefore of ubiquitinated proteins from the cells. This is done through a two-step purification process: The first one is performed in denaturing conditions using the 6His tag, and the second one in native conditions using the Flag tag. This leads to a highly specific and pure isolation of modified proteins which are subsequently identified and semi-quantified by liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology. Easy informatics analysis of MS data using Excel software enables the establishment of PTM profiles by eliminating background signals. These profiles are compared between each condition in order to identify specific alterations which will then be studied more specifically, starting with their validation by standard biochemistry techniques.

This protocol aims at establishing ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-likes (Ubls) specific proteomes in order to identify alterations of these kind of post-translational modifications (PTMs), associated with a specific condition such as a treatment or a phenotype.

유비퀴틴 및 유비퀴틴과 같은 종속 적 번역 후 수정 및 중대한 변경 식별 프로파일링

Ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like (ubl) dependent post-translational modifications of proteins play fundamental biological regulatory roles within the ...

Use of Microscale Thermophoresis to Measure Protein-Lipid Interactions

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane trafficking, signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling. Classic tools for measuring such interactions include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). While powerful tools, these approaches have setbacks. ITC requires large amounts of purified protein as well as lipids, which can be costly and difficult to produce. Furthermore, ITC as well as SPR are very time consuming, which could add significantly to the cost of performing these experiments. One way to bypass these restrictions is to use the relatively new technique of microscale thermophoresis (MST). MST is fast and cost effective using small amounts of sample to obtain a saturation curve for a given binding event. There currently are two types of MST systems available. One type of MST requires labeling with a fluorophore in the blue or red spectrum. The second system relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in the UV range. Both systems detect the movement of molecules in response to localized induction of heat from an infrared laser. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Label-free MST can use untagged native proteins; however, many analytes, including pharmaceuticals, fluoresce in the UV range, which can interfere with determination of accurate KD values. In comparison, labeled MST allows for a greater diversity of measurable pairwise interactions utilizing fluorescently labeled probes attached to ligands with measurable absorbances in the visible range as opposed to UV, limiting the potential for interfering signals from analytes.

Microscale thermophoresis obtains binding constants quickly at low material cost. Either labeled or label free microscale thermophoresis is commercially available; however, label free thermophoresis is not capable of the diversity of interaction measurements that can be performed using fluorescent labels. We provide a protocol for labeled thermophoresis measurements.

단백질-지질 상호작용을 측정하기 위한 마이크로스케일 열영동 사용

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane ...

Removal and Replacement of Endogenous Ligands from Lipid-Bound Proteins and Allergens

Many major allergens bind to hydrophobic lipid-like molecules, including Mus m 1, Bet v 1, Der p 2, and Fel d 1. These ligands are strongly retained and have the potential to influence the sensitization process either through directly stimulating the immune system or altering the biophysical properties of the allergenic protein. In order to control for these variables, techniques are required for the removal of endogenously bound ligands and, if necessary, replacement with lipids of known composition. The cockroach allergen Bla g 1 encloses a large hydrophobic cavity which binds a heterogeneous mixture of endogenous lipids when purified using traditional techniques. Here, we describe a method through which these lipids are removed using reverse-phase HPLC followed by thermal annealing to yield Bla g 1 in either its Apo-form or reloaded with a user-defined mixture of fatty acid or phospholipid cargoes. Coupling this protocol with biochemical assays reveal that fatty acid cargoes significantly alter the thermostability and proteolytic resistance of Bla g 1, with downstream implications for the rate of T-cell epitope generation and allergenicity. These results highlight the importance of lipid removal/reloading protocols such as the one described herein when studying allergens from both recombinant and natural sources. The protocol is generalizable to other allergen families including lipocalins (Mus m 1), PR-10 (Bet v 1), MD-2 (Der p 2) and Uteroglobin (Fel d 1), providing a valuable tool to study the role of lipids in the allergic response.

This protocol describes the removal of endogenous lipids from allergens, and their replacement with user-specified ligands through reverse-phase HPLC coupled with thermal annealing. 31P-NMR and circular dichroism allow for the rapid confirmation of ligand removal/loading, and the recovery of native allergen structure.

지질 결합 단백질및 알레르겐에서 내인성 리간드의 제거 및 교체

Many major allergens bind to hydrophobic lipid-like molecules, including Mus m 1, Bet v 1, Der p 2, and Fel d 1. These ligands are strongly retained and ...