우리는 우리의 곤충 양육 절차를 개선 하기 위한 제안으로 기술 지원에 대 한 년 동안 우리와 함께 일 한 수많은 학생과 안토니 Weinhold 감사 하 고 싶습니다.

1. 달걀 컬렉션 (그림 1)
<ol><li>부추 기지 컵 준비, ~ 500 mL 비 커 (~ 40 ° C) 따뜻한 물으로 채워진 헝겊의 한쪽 끝을 놓으십시오. 컵의 양쪽을 중복 하 고 고무 밴드와 함께 해결. 컵 위에 다시 옷감의 느슨한 끝을 접어.</li>
	<li>안정적인 ~ 2 h. 벗 여성에 대 한 8-10 일 오래 된 파리의 장에 컵을 부추 기지 파리 장소는 옷감에 oviposit 것입니다.</li>
	<li>짜기 세척 병으로 작은 팬으로 egging 옷감의 장과 린스 계란에서 부추 기지 컵을 제거 합니다.</li>
</ol>2. 애벌레 양육 팬 준비
<ol><li>
매체 (수량 1 양육 팬에 대 한) 준비
	<ol>
<li>밀 밀기 울 (500 g), 나무 부스러기 (200 g) 및 10 L 플라스틱 접시 냄비에 생선 식사 (115 g)를 결합 하 고 잘 혼합.</li>
		<li>물 (25 ° C, 1600ml) 염화 중 탄산염 (50 g)를 추가 하 고 해산 때까지 섞는다.</li>
		<li>건조 재료와 아무 unwetted 소재 되도록 혼합 물 솔루션을 추가 합니다. 냄비에 매체 수준 하지만 압축 하지 마십시오.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
안정적인 비행 계란 추가
	<ol>
<li>팬의 길이 중간에 얕은 밭 고 랑을 확인 합니다.</li>
		<li>계란 피 펫 (그림 2)와 함께 밭 고 랑에서의 안정적인 비행 계란 (계란 ~ 8000) 1 mL를 입금. 참고: 플라스틱 졸업된 피펫으로 100 삽입 원하는 지점에서 절단 하 여 만든 계란 피 펫 메쉬 스크린 및 다시 함께 접착제로 붙이는 피 펫.</li>
		<li>계란을 건조를 방지 하기 위해 매체의 얇은 층으로 커버.</li>
		<li>베개 케이스 팬 커버, 고무 밴드와 라벨에 있습니다. 팬 애벌레 방에 배치 (23 ± 2 ° C, 30-50 %RH 및 12:12 [L:D] h photoperiod). 참고: 애벌레 개발 산란의 시간에서 10-14 일 걸립니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 번데기 처리, 애벌레는 매체의 가장자리에 이동 7-9 일 후에 산란 Pupariate 13 또는 14 일
<ol><li>주로 밖으로 매체의 표면에 형성 하 고 깨끗 한 냄비에 배치 하는 빵 껍질 아래 팬의 가장자리 주위에, puparia 특 종.</li>
	<li>팬, puparia, ½에 ¾ 물을 가득 채우십시오. Puparia와 매체의 대단히 짧은 시간을 휴식. 매체의 밀 밀기 울 및 단백질 구성 요소 puparia 동안 싱크 > 1 일 오래 된 float19.</li>
	<li>부동, puparia 소재와 소 쿠리와 일련의 체 (#5, #7, #12, #20) 나머지 매체를 제거 하는 세척 일부 중간 구성 요소를 제거 합니다. #12 체는 puparia 수집 그리고 #20 구로 들어가기에서 고체 폐기물을 유지 합니다. 싱크 스프레이와 체 사이 puparia 워시.</li>
	<li>깨끗 한 냄비에, puparia #12 체에 린스. 물 ½ 전체 팬을 입력 합니다. 부동 puparia는 소 쿠리에 부 어 하 고 초과 물이 배수 수 있도록.</li>
	<li>전송 팬과 건조 화면 puparia 고갈이 고 드라이 (그림 3)까지 둡니다.</li>
</ol>4. 번데기 선반, Puparia 수집에 대 한 대체 방법 번데기 선반18 이다
참고: 선반에서에서 이루어집니다 플라스틱 컷의 조각 10 L 요리 팬 (길이 31.9 m x 세로 10.2 c m x 높이 10.2 c m)의 끝에서.
<ol><li>2.1에 설명 된 대로 매체를 준비 합니다. ~7.5 cm ~2.5 cm 깊이 한쪽에서 팬에 테이퍼 매체는 다른 깊이에.</li>
	<li>
양육 팬 및 선반 (그림 4)와 함께 크롤 링에서 애벌레를 방지 하기 위해 테이프의 얕은 끝에 중간에 선반을 배치.
	<ol>
<li>스폰지 (~14.5 x 9.0 x 4.5 c m3, 재생된 셀 룰 로스) 포화 (30.5 x 42 cm2, 면) 물 젖은 헝겊과 매체에서 한 반 인치 약 선반에 장소에 포장.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
2.2에 설명 된 대로 계란을 추가 하 고 진행 하기 전에.
	<ol>
<li>스폰지 유지 촉촉한 팬 매일 확인 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>선반, 스폰지 깨끗 한 접시에 천에서 린스 puparia 이동 및 산란 후 14 일 소 쿠리에 부 어.</li>
</ol>5입니다. 품질 관리
<ol><li>팬 (전체 무게)에서 생산 puparia의 모든 무게.</li>
	<li>100 puparia 격리, 무게 그리고 9 cm 배양 접시에에서 배치.</li>
	<li>수와 섹스 성인 ~ 5-8 일 후 출현 속도 섹스 비율을 결정. 필요한 경우 나중에 계산을 위해 냉동 실에 등장 성인 접시를 저장 합니다. 파리는 그들의 눈의 모양과 fronto 궤도 격판덮개20 또는 낮은 배율에서 생식 기의 너비에 의해 sexed.</li>
	<li>레코드 총 무게, 무게 100 puparia, 고 수가 등장된 성인 남성 및 여성.</li>
</ol>6. 혈액 준비
<ol><li>19 L 양동이 물 500 mL에 시트르산 나트륨 tribasic이 수화물의 70 g를 포함 하는 로컬 도살 장에서 신선한 소 혈액을 수집 합니다. 저 어 적극적으로 5-10 분 위한 혈액 및 실험실에 반환.</li>
	<li>제거 하는 소 쿠리를 통해 긴장 혈액 응고 하 고 수집 및 냉동 (-20 ° C)에서 저장소의 날짜와 레이블 2 L 용기에, 분할.</li>
	<li>냉동 고와 냉장고에 있는 장소에서 제거 컨테이너 2 일 전에 필요합니다. 피는 한번 해 동 하 고 최대 1 년 동안 냉동 실에 저장 ~ 2 주 동안 사용할 수 있습니다.</li>
</ol>7. 성인 유지 보수
<ol><li>감 금 소, 선 케이지 바닥 청소를 촉진 하기 위해 정육점 종이 준비.</li>
	<li>각 장에 50 g의 건조 안정적인 비행 pupae (~ 3500)를 배치 합니다. 성인 eclose 번데기 처리 후 며칠 몇 시간</li>
	<li>장소는 신선한 혈액 먹이 대 한 각 케이지 위에 여성 냅킨을 젖 었. 성인 일수로의 24 시간 안에 먹이 시작 하 고 산란 (출현 후 9-10 일) 전날까지 매일 반복 합니다.</li>
	<li>산란 (제 1), 후 케이지 4-8 h에 대 한 냉동 실에 놓고 종이 제거, frass 측면과 바닥 뜨거운 물에서 헹 구 고 세탁 세제와 염소 표 백제와 함께 모든 서피스를 제거 하 여 청소 합니다. 케이지 뜨거운 물으로 헹 구 고 건조 허용.</li>
</ol>

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저자는 공개 없다.

안정적인 파리 있습니다 실제로 기판의 광범위 한 다양 한 개발 하 고 실험실에서 미디어의 많은 종류에 reared 수 있습니다. 나무 부스러기와 vermiculite bulking 요원으로 사용 했습니다. 질 석 작용, 하지만 어려운 매체 양육에서 분리 puparia 만들었고 비싼 (~$0.60/pan)를 했다. 아마이, puparia는 매체에서 분리의 추가 경직으로 인해 일수로 vermiculite, 나무 부스러기에 대 한 75% 57% 낮은 했다. 미루나무 부스?...

안정적인 파리, Stomoxys calcitrans (나), hematophagous 파리 그 고통 스러운 물린 가축 방목 동작을 방해, 통증을 유발 하 고 고통 동반자 동물 전세계 인간의 여가 활동을 중단 있습니다. 미 숙 안정 파리 발효 식물 문제, 동물 폐기물 오염 자주 개발. 변화 농경 관행 및 작물 생산 작물 잔류물, 호주1야채, 브라질2, 사탕수수와 파인애플 코스타리카3안정적인 파리의 심각한 발발. 동물 당 단지 14 안정 파리 경제 임계값4간주 됩니다, 비록 동물 당 2000 파리의 최근 발발5동안 했다. 이러한 감염 수준 가까운 0에 호스트 생산성을 감소 하 고 사망률6발생할 수 있습니다. Agronomically 관련된 발발 결과로 안정적인 파리 새롭게 관심을 받고 있다 고 실험실 식민지에 대 한 수요가 크게 증가 했다.
모든 holometamorphic 곤충에 관해서는 안정 파리 미 숙 또는 애벌레 단계에서 성장에 필요한 영양소의 모든 얻을. 따라서, 양육 시스템의 중요 한 요소는 애벌레 다이어트 또는 기판입니다. 안정적인 비행 거리 애벌레 관찰 되었습니다 필드7 에서 기판의 광범위 한 범위에서 개발 그리고 그들은 기판8,9의 미생물 지역 사회에 따라 결정 됩니다. 자연 애벌레 기판 분해 또는 자주 질소 폐기물 오염 식물 재료를 발효 주로 구성 됩니다.
실험실 양육에 대 한 안정적인 비행 거리 애벌레 기판 식물 재료와 소스를 추가 질소의 일반적으로 구성 됩니다. 수많은 자료 안정적인 비행 거리 애벌레 다이어트에 대 한 사용 되었습니다. 첫 번째 애벌레 다이어트 자연 기판 유사 하 고 귀리 밀 짚, 말 또는 암소 비료10,11발효 포함. 탄수화물 소스 밀 밀기 울12,,1314, 알 팔 파 식사12,,1314 등 상업 정립 화학 전문 개발 제조 업체 협회 (CSMA, 33% 밀 밀기 울, 27% 알 팔 파 식사, 맥주 효 모 40%과 립)13,14,,1516. 질소 소스 포함 효 모 현 탁 액12, 물고기 식사 및 염화 중 탄산염17. 불활성 bulking 자료 귀리 선체12, 사탕수수13, 질 석16, 나무 칩13,18 수송과 땅콩 선체14등이 다이어트에 자주 포함 됩니다.
실험실 양육의 기본 목표는 실험실 실험의 필드 인구를 반영 하는 결과 생산할 예정 이다 가능한 "강포한 유형"으로 순수와 유사한 제품을 생산 하는 것입니다. 이에 번 식 및 선택 최소화 될 필요 유지 유전자 다양성 및 영양 자원 필드에 비교 해야. 보조 목표는 노동과 비용을 최소화 하기 위해. 비용 최소화의 주요 구성 요소는 다이어트 로컬로 사용할 수 있는 구성 요소를 사용 하 여. 안정적인 비행 양육 시스템 제시는 이러한 목표를 충족 하기 위해 개발 되었다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Diamalt</td><td>Premier Malt Products, Inc., Saddle Brook, NJ</td><td>2540</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CSMA Fly media</td><td>Purina Animal Nutrition, Arden Hills, MN</td><td>5S6Z</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin Maxi Pad</td><td>The Tranzonic Co., Cleveland, OH, USA</td><td>5001M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calf Manna</td><td>MannaPro, Chesterfield, MO, USA</td><td>Manna Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Bicarbonate</td><td>Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp, Gardena, CA</td><td>A1125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wheat bran, Coarse</td><td>Siemer Milling Company, Teutopolis, IL</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wood shavings</td><td>Tractor Supply Company, Brentwood, TN</td><td>502770699</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fishmeal</td><td>Consumer Supply Distributing, North Sioux City, SD</td><td>F1550</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adult cages</td><td>All Aluminum Window Company, Lincoln, Ne</td><td>Custom</td><td>45 &amp;times; 45 &amp;times; 45 cm, 18 &amp;times; 16 mesh aluminum screen, stockinette access</td></tr><tr><td>9 &amp;times; 28 cm black cotton cloth</td><td>Robert Kaufman Fabrics, Los Angeles, CA</td><td>K040-114</td><td>Egging cloth</td></tr><tr><td>10 L plastic dish pans</td><td>Rubbermaid, Saratoga Springs, NY</td><td>FG2951ARWHT</td><td>Larval pans</td></tr><tr><td>Stockinette, Cotton, 12 inch x 25 yard roll</td><td>Tex-Care Medical Company, Burlington, NC</td><td>91311-225</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

laboratory rearing of stable flies and other muscoid diptera

안정적인 파리, Stomoxys calcitrans, 가축, 인간, 동행자 동물 및 야생 동물 전세계의 심각한 해충 있습니다. 지난 20 + 년 동안, 농경 관행에 변화는 여러 국가에서 안정적인 파리의 심각한 발발에 결과. 이러한 발생 가축 생산 및 인간의 레크리에이션이이 해충에 대 한 연구 및 관리 노력을 증가 대 한 공개 요구의 결과로 중단. 실험실 연구에 대 한 안정적인 파리를 양육에 대 한 간단 하 고 저렴 한 절차 제공 됩니다. 절차는 로컬로 사용할 수 다이어트 부품, 장비 및 공급을 사용합니다. 절차는 얼굴 파리 (파리 자리 autumnalis), 경적 비행 거리 (Haematobia irritans), 그리고 집에서 파리 (파리 자리 부채)를 포함 하 여 다른 muscoid 파리를 양육에 대 한 적응 될 수 있다. 절차는 안정적인 비행 puparia 평균 12.5 mg와 ~ 35% 계란 성인 생존을 생성 합니다. 약 3000 파리 각 팬에서 생산 됩니다.

애벌레 pupariate 10-14 일 성인 등장 산란 후 14-16 일. 생성 시간, 달걀 계란, ~ 24 일 이다. 3 다른 bulking 요원와 두 식민지 5 월 2013 1 월 2017에 대 한 양육 데이터는 그림 5에 표시 됩니다. 미루나무 준 최고의 수익률, 3867 ±1442 (<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/57341/57341eq1.jpg"> </img> ± 표준 편차) 무게 74 ±19% 일수로와 12.5 ±1.6 mg pupae 성인 설립된 실험실 식민지?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera at JoVE.com

Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera

안정적인 파리 (Stomoxys calcitrans) 양육 절차 제공 됩니다. 절차는 다이어트 구성 요소, 장비 및 공급에 대 한 로컬 사용 가능한 재료를 사용합니다.

실험실 안정적인 파리와 다른 Muscoid Diptera의 양육

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, are serious pests of livestock, humans, companion animals and wildlife worldwide. During the last 20+ years, changes in ...

laboratory-rearing-of-stable-flies-and-other-muscoid-diptera

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.5K 조회수.  ARS-USDA. 안정적인 파리 (Stomoxys calcitrans) 양육 절차 제공 됩니다. 절차는 다이어트 구성 요소, 장비 및 공급에 대 한 로컬 사용 가능한 재료를 사용합니다.

비디오: Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they are also a useful scientific model to study motion vision and flight dynamics in a controlled laboratory setting. As the larvae develop in organically polluted water, they are useful models for investigating investment in microbial immunity. While large scale commercial breeding for agriculture already occurs, there are no standardized protocols for maintaining captive populations for scientific studies. This is important as commercial captive breeding programs focusing on mass output during peak pollination periods may fail to provide a population that is consistent, stable and robust throughout the year, as is often needed for other research purposes. Therefore, a method to establish, maintain and refresh a captive research population is required. Here, we describe the utilization of an artificial hibernation cycle, in addition to the nutritional and housing requirements, for long term maintenance of Eristalis tenax. Using these methods, we have significantly increased the health and longevity of captive populations of E. tenax compared to previous reports. We furthermore discuss small scale rearing methods and options for optimizing yields and manipulating population demographics.

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

The overall goal of these procedures is to establish, maintain and refresh a captive population of Eristalis tenax in a research setting.

양육 및 조사 연구에 대 한 Eristalis tenax Hoverflies의 유지 보수 장기

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they are ...

연구

환경과학

Reproducible dsRNA Microinjection and Oviposition Bioassay in Mosquitoes and House Flies

Synthetic dsRNAs, used to induce RNA interference, may have dose dependent phenotypic effects. These effects are difficult to define if the dsRNAs are delivered using a non-quantitative method. Accurate delivery of known quantities of nucleic acids or other chemicals is critical to measure the efficacy of the compound being tested and to allow reliable comparison between compounds.
Here we provide a reproducible, quantitative microinjection protocol that ensures accurate delivery of specific doses of dsRNA, reducing the mortality typically induced by injection injury. These modifications include the addition of Rhodamine B, a graduated injection needle, and an improved recovery method borrowed from Isoe and Collins. This method allows calculation of dose responses and facilitates comparisons between compounds. Versions of this method have been successfully used on three genera of mosquitoes as well as house flies to assess the reduction in fecundity resulting from gene silencing of ribosomal RNA transcripts.
This protocol provides strategies to reduce several challenges of small insect microinjection. Together, mechanical delivery of dsRNAs accompanied by visual verification, identification of effective locations for delivery, and inclusion of a post-injection recovery period ensure accurate dosing and low injury mortality. This protocol also describes an oviposition bioassay for uniform determination of effects on fecundity.

This protocol describes a microinjection methodology that we have standardized and used for several years to deliver specific quantities of nucleic acids directly to the hemolymph of mosquitoes and house flies. This protocol results in minimal injection mortality and allows dose correlated measurements of fecundity.

재현할 수 dsRNA Microinjection 및 산란 검정 집 파리 모기에

Synthetic dsRNAs, used to induce RNA interference, may have dose dependent phenotypic effects. These effects are difficult to define if the dsRNAs are ...

Flying Insect Detection and Classification with Inexpensive Sensors

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow for the development of many useful applications in vector and pest control for both medical and agricultural entomology. Given this, the last sixty years have seen many research efforts devoted to this task. To date, however, none of this research has had a lasting impact. In this work, we show that pseudo-acoustic optical sensors can produce superior data; that additional features, both intrinsic and extrinsic to the insect&#8217;s flight behavior, can be exploited to improve insect classification; that a Bayesian classification approach allows to efficiently learn classification models that are very robust to over-fitting, and a general classification framework allows to easily incorporate arbitrary number of features. We demonstrate the findings with large-scale experiments that dwarf all previous works combined, as measured by the number of insects and the number of species considered.

We proposed a system that uses inexpensive, noninvasive pseudo-acoustic optical sensors to automatically and accurately detect, count, and classify flying insects based on their flying sound.

저렴한 센서와 곤충 검출 및 분류 플라잉

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow ...

생체공학

An Optimized Protocol for Rearing Fopius arisanus, a Parasitoid of Tephritid Fruit Flies

Fopius arisanus (Sonan) is an important parasitoid of Tephritid fruit flies for at least two reasons. First, it is the one of only three opiine parasitoids known to infect the host during the egg stage1. Second, it has a wide range of potential fruit fly hosts. Perhaps due to its life history, F. arisanus has been a successfully used for biological control of fruit flies in multiple tropical regions2-4. One impediment to the wide use of F. arisanus for fruit fly control is that it is difficult to establish a stable laboratory colony5-9. Despite this difficulty, in the 1990s USDA researchers developed a reliable method to maintain laboratory populations of F. arisanus10-12. There is significant interest in F. arisanus biology13,14, especially regarding its ability to colonize a wide variety of Tephritid hosts14-17; interest is especially driven by the alarming spread of Bactrocera fruit fly pests to new continents in the last decade18. Further research on F. arisanus and additional deployments of this species as a biological control agent will benefit from optimizations and improvements of rearing methods. In this protocol and associated video article we describe an optimized method for rearing F. arisanus based on a previously described approach12. The method we describe here allows rearing of F. arisanus in a small scale without the use of fruit, using materials available in tropical regions around the world and with relatively low manual labor requirements.

An Optimized Protocol for Rearing Fopius arisanus, a Parasitoid of Tephritid Fruit Flies

Fopius arisanus is an egg-larval parasitoid of Tephritid fruit flies that is successfully used in biological control of these important tropical pests. We describe here an optimized protocol for rearing F. arisanus on a small scale using readily available materials.

리어링을위한 최적화된 프로토콜 Fopius arisanus Tephritid 과일 Parasitoid 난다

Fopius arisanus (Sonan) is an important parasitoid of Tephritid fruit flies for at least two reasons. First, it is the one of only three opiine ...

생물학

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life cycle of Drosophila enables collection of large quantities of material from embryos, larvae, pupae and adult flies, in a synchronized way, at a low economic cost. A major strategy for propagating large numbers of flies is the use of a fly population cage. This useful and common tool in the Drososphila community is an efficient way to regularly produce milligrams to tens of grams of embryos, depending on uniformity of developmental stage desired. While a population cage can be time consuming to set up, maintaining a cage over months takes much less time and enables rapid collection of biological material in a short period. This paper describes a detailed and flexible protocol for the maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster population cage, starting with 1.5 g of harvested material from the previous cycle.

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

This manuscript reports a detailed protocol for culturing, on a regular basis, a population of Drosophila melanogaster using a fly population cage.

(A)의 유지 보수<em&gt; 노랑 초파리</em&gt; 인구 케이지

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life ...

Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster

Nearly universal among organisms, circadian rhythms coordinate biological activity to earth&#39;s orbit around the sun. To identify factors creating this rhythm and to understand the resulting outputs, entrainment of model organisms to defined circadian time-points is required. Here we detail a procedure to entrain many Drosophila to a defined circadian rhythm. Furthermore, we detail post-entrainment steps to prepare samples for immunofluorescence, nucleic acid, or protein extraction-based analysis.

Here, we detail how to synchronize Drosophila to a circadian day. This is the first, and most important step necessary for studying biological rhythms and chronobiology.

드로소필라 멜라노가스터의 일레카디아 인교육

Nearly universal among organisms, circadian rhythms coordinate biological activity to earth&#39;s orbit around the sun. To identify factors creating this ...

Maintaining Laboratory Cultures of Gryllus bimaculatus, a Versatile Orthopteran Model for Insect Agriculture and Invertebrate Physiology

Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer)&#160;is a large-bodied cricket distributed throughout Africa and Southern Eurasia where it is often wild-harvested as human food. Outside its native range, culturing G. bimaculatus is feasible due to its dietary plasticity, rapid reproductive cycle, lack of diapause requirement, tolerance for high-density rearing, and robustness against pathogens. Thus, G. bimaculatus can be&#160;a versatile model for studies of insect physiology, behavior, embryology, or genetics.
Cultural parameters, such as stocking density, within-cage refugia, photoperiod, temperature, relative humidity, and diet, all impact cricket growth, behavior, and gene expression and should be standardized. In the burgeoning literature on farming insects for human consumption, these crickets are frequently employed to evaluate candidate feed admixtures derived from crop residues, food-processing byproducts, and other low-cost waste streams.
To support ongoing experiments evaluating G. bimaculatus growth performance and nutritional quality in response to variable feed substrates, a comprehensive set of standard protocols for breeding, upkeep, handling, measurement, and euthanasia in the laboratory was developed and is presented here. An industry-standard cricket feed has proven nutritionally adequate and functionally appropriate for the long-term maintenance of cricket breeding stocks, as well as for use as an experimental control feed. Rearing these crickets at a density of 0.005 crickets/cm3 in screen-topped 29.3 L polyethylene cages at an average temperature of 27 &#176;C on a 12 light (L)/12 dark (D) photoperiod, with moistened coconut coir serving both as hydration source and oviposition medium has successfully sustained healthy crickets over a 2-year span. Following these methods, crickets in a controlled experiment yielded an average mass of 0.724 g 0.190 g at harvest, with 89% survivorship and 68.2% sexual maturation between stocking (22 days) and harvest (65 days).

Maintaining Laboratory Cultures of Gryllus bimaculatus, a Versatile Orthopteran Model for Insect Agriculture and Invertebrate Physiology

This paper outlines basic methods to standardize important factors such as density, feed availability, hydration source, and environmental controls for the long-term rearing of laboratory cultures of the edible cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus.

Gryllus bimaculatus의 실험실 문화 유지, 곤충 농업 및 무척추 동물 생리학을위한 다목적 orthopteran 모델

Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer)&#160;is a large-bodied cricket distributed throughout Africa and Southern Eurasia where it is often wild-harvested as human ...

Topical Application Bioassay to Quantify Insecticide Toxicity for Mosquitoes and Fruit Flies

The continued use of insecticides for public health and agriculture has led to widespread insecticide resistance and hampering of control methods. Insecticide resistance surveillance of mosquito populations is typically done through Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassays or World Health Organization (WHO) tube tests. However, these methods can result in a high degree of variability in mortality data due to variable insecticide contact with&#160;the insect, the relatively small numbers of organisms tested, extensive variation in mass between populations, and constantly changing environmental conditions, leading to variable outcomes. This paper presents the topical application bioassay, adapted as a high-throughput phenotypic bioassay for both mosquitoes and fruit flies, to test large numbers of insects along&#160;a range of insecticide concentrations.
This assay 1) ensures consistent treatment and insecticide contact with every organism, 2) produces highly specific dose-response curves that account for differences in average mass between strains and sexes (which is particularly important for field-collected organisms), and 3) allows for the calculation of statistically rigorous median lethal doses (LD50), which are necessary for resistance ratio comparisons-an alternative surveillance approach from diagnostic dose mortality, which is also used for larvicide resistance surveillance. This assay will be a complementary tool for accurately phenotyping mosquito populations and, as illustrated using fruit flies, is easily adaptable for use with other insects. We argue that this assay will help fill the gap between genotypic and phenotypic insecticide resistance in multiple insect species.

We describe the methodology and importance of the topical application bioassay to measure insecticide susceptibility in mosquitoes and fruit flies. The presented assay is high-throughput, utilizes insect mass-thus allowing for calculating a mass-relativized lethal dose instead of concentration-and likely has lower variability than other similar methods.

모기 및 초파리에 대한 살충제 독성을 정량화하기위한 국소 응용 생물 검정

The continued use of insecticides for public health and agriculture has led to widespread insecticide resistance and hampering of control methods. ...

Bradysia coprophila Lab Protocols and Chromosomal Research

Laboratory Maintenance of the Lower Dipteran Fly Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila: A New/Old Emerging Model Organism

Laboratory stocks of the lower dipteran fly, Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila, have been maintained for over a century. Protocols for laboratory upkeep of B. coprophila are presented here. These protocols will be useful for the rapidly increasing number of laboratories studying B. coprophila to take advantage of its unique biological features, which include (1) a monopolar spindle in male meiosis I; (2) non-disjunction of the X dyad in male meiosis II; (3) chromosome imprinting to distinguish maternal from paternal homologs; (4) germ line-limited (L) chromosomes; (5) chromosome elimination (paternal chromosomes in male meiosis I; one to two X chromosomes in early embryos; L chromosomes from the soma in early embryos); (6) sex determination by the mother (there is no Y chromosome); and (7) developmentally regulated DNA amplification at the DNA puff loci in larval salivary gland polytene chromosomes. 
It is now possible to explore these many unique features of chromosome mechanics by using the recent advances in sequencing and assembly of the B. coprophila genome and the development of transformation methodology for genomic engineering. The growing scientific community that uses B. coprophila for research will benefit from the protocols described here for mating the flies (phenotypic markers for mothers that will have only sons or only daughters; details of mass mating for biochemical experiments), checking embryo hatch, feeding larvae, and other comments on its rearing.

Author Spotlight: Exploring Bradysia coprophila's Unique Biology &#8211; A Guide to Laboratory Maintenance

This paper outlines the laboratory maintenance (including mating and feeding) of the lower dipteran fly Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila.

Lower Dipteran Fly Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila의 실험실 유지 보수 : 새로운 / 오래된 신흥 모델 유기체

Laboratory stocks of the lower dipteran fly, Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila, have been maintained for over a century. Protocols for laboratory upkeep of B. ...

Drosophila Maintenance

Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as fruit flies, are a frequently used model organism for life science research. Although starting a collection of these critters may seem as easy as leaving a banana on your kitchen counter for too long, a productive fly colony in the lab requires careful husbandry and maintenance.
This video demonstrates the necessary steps for maintaining a healthy fly stock. The overview begins with the preparation and storage of the yeast and sugar-containing media on which flies feed. Next, the vessels most commonly used for housing Drosophila are shown, as well as how and when to move flies between these containers. Finally, the presentation also includes examples of the ways in which housing and feeding conditions are manipulated for biological experiments.

Maintenance and Husbandry of Drosophila melanogaster

초파리유지

Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as fruit flies, are a frequently used model organism for life science research. Although starting a collection of ...