이 작품 웨인 주립 대학, Karmanos 암 연구소, 국가 심 혼, 폐 및 혈액 학회 (1K22HL126842-01A1) B.L.K.에 게 수 여에서 교부 금에 의해 지원 되었다 웨인 주립 대학 높은 성능 컴퓨팅 그리드 계산 리소스를 활용 하는이 작품 (< https://www.grid.wayne.edu/>). CARIP-Seq 데이터 분석 지원에 감사 연합 Kurup 하 고.
저자의 기여:
B.L.K.는 CARIP-Seq 방법의 임신, 시퀀싱 데이터 분석 그리고 원고 초안, 설계 및 칩 Seq와 CARIP-Seq 실험을 실시. 모든 저자는 읽고 있고이 원고의 최종 버전을 승인.

<ol>
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X., Liu, C., Zhao, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extended+self-renewal+and+accelerated+reprogramming+in+the+absence+of+Kdm5b.">Extended self-renewal and accelerated reprogramming in the absence of Kdm5b.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 33, 4793-4810 (2013).</li><li>Kidder, B. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure,+function+and+evolution+of+proteins+that+bind+DNA+and+RNA.">The structure, function and evolution of proteins that bind DNA and RNA.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Bio. 15 (11), 749-760 (2014).</li><li>Khalil, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Many+human+large+intergenic+noncoding+RNAs+associate+with+chromatin-modifying+complexes+and+affect+gene+expression.">Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 106 (28), 11667-11672 (2009).</li><li>Hendrickson, D. G., Kelley, D. R., Tenen, D., Bernstein, B., Rinn, J. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+function+of+long+noncoding+RNAs+in+epigenetic+regulation.">Structure and function of long noncoding RNAs in epigenetic regulation.</a> Nat Struct Mol Bio. 20 (3), 300-307 (2013).</li><li>Chu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+discovery+of+Xist+RNA+binding+proteins.">Systematic discovery of Xist RNA binding proteins.</a> Cell. 161 (2), 404-416 (2015).</li><li>Mak, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactivation+of+the+paternal+X+chromosome+in+early+mouse+embryos.">Reactivation of the paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos.</a> Science. 303 (5658), 666-669 (2004).</li><li>Garfield, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+primary+mouse+embryonic+fibroblast+(PMEF)+cultures.">Derivation of primary mouse embryonic fibroblast (PMEF) cultures.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 633, 19-27 (2010).</li><li>Conner, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+embryo+fibroblast+(MEF)+feeder+cell+preparation.">Mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) feeder cell preparation.</a> Curr Protoc Mol Biol. , (2001).</li><li>Ying, Q. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ground+state+of+embryonic+stem+cell+self-renewal.">The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal.</a> Nature. 453 (7194), 519-523 (2008).</li><li>Langmead, B., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+gapped-read+alignment+with+Bowtie+2.">Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (4), 357-359 (2012).</li><li>Zang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+clustering+approach+for+identification+of+enriched+domains+from+histone+modification+ChIP-Seq+data.">A clustering approach for identification of enriched domains from histone modification ChIP-Seq data.</a> Bioinformatics. 25 (15), 1952-1958 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model-based+analysis+of+ChIP-Seq+(MACS).">Model-based analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS).</a> Genome Biol. 9 (9), R137 (2008).</li><li>Liu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+model-based+Analysis+of+ChIP-Seq+(MACS)+to+analyze+short+reads+generated+by+sequencing+protein-DNA+interactions+in+embryonic+stem+cells.">Use model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS) to analyze short reads generated by sequencing protein-DNA interactions in embryonic stem cells.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1150, 81-95 (2014).</li><li>Kidder, B. L., Hu, G., Zhao, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-Seq:+technical+considerations+for+obtaining+high-quality+data.">ChIP-Seq: technical considerations for obtaining high-quality data.</a> Nat Immunol. 12 (10), 918-922 (2011).</li><li>Quail, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+large+genome+center's+improvements+to+the+Illumina+sequencing+system.">A large genome center's improvements to the Illumina sequencing system.</a> Nat Methods. 5 (12), 1005-1010 (2008).</li><li>Schmidl, C., Rendeiro, A. F., Sheffield, N. 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저자는 충돌의 관심을 선언합니다.

칩 Seq 글로벌 단백질 DNA 상호 작용의 위치를 평가 하는 유용한 방법입니다 (예., 녹음 방송 요인/히스톤 수정 효소/히스톤 수정 DNA) ES 세포, 새로 개발된 된 CARIP-Seq 프로토콜에 유용 하는 동안에 질의 게놈 넓은 협회 RNAs의 chromatin 성분. 칩 Seq는 ES 세포의 epigenetic 풍경과 다른 세포 유형 평가 하는 데 사용 되는 기본 도구입니다. 칩 Seq 및 CARIP-Seq 라이브러리의 품질이 크게 칩 급 항 체에 의존 ?...

배아 줄기 (ES) 세포 운명 결정 extracellular 신호 및 transcriptional-레 귤 레이 터, 히스톤 한정자 및 히스톤 꼬리의 사후 번역 수정 포함 하 여 호스트 간의 통신에 의해 통제 된다. 이러한 상호 작용 촉진 chromatin 접근성 및 두 가지 상태 중 하나로 chromatin의 포장: euchromatin 열리고 transcriptionally 활성 되 고 섬으로, 콤팩트 하 고 transcriptionally 일반적으로 비활성 이다. 녹음 방송 요인 DNA 시퀀스 특정 바인딩 선호도와 epigenetic 한정자 연결 대상 euchromatic 지구 유전자 발현 조절에 참여 하. 다음-세대 시퀀싱 방법, 칩 Seq1를 포함 하 여 ES 세포 자체 갱신 및 pluripotency2,3,4에 대 한 근본적인 게놈 넓은 transcriptional 네트워크 매핑 수단이 ,,56. 또한, RNA immunopreciation RNA-단백질 상호 작용의 다음-세대 시퀀싱 (RIP-Seq)7 평가 뒤 동안 DNA 의무적인 단백질 transcriptional 이벤트7, 를 규제 하는 RNAs 상호 작용 제안 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12, 몇 가지 연구 RNAs chromatin12또는 RNA와 히스톤 수정 사이 글로벌 상호 연관의 게놈 넓은 지역화를 조사 했습니다. 오래 비 코딩 RNAs (lncRNAs)는 있으면 chromatin 관련 단백질13,,1415의 활동을 규제 하는 RNAs의 한 클래스. 예를 들어 Xist epigenetic repressors16,17의 채용을 통해 하나의 X 염색체의 비활성화를 여성 포유류 세포에서 조절 하는 lncRNA 이다. 그러나, chromatin와 관련 된 RNAs의 전체 스펙트럼 크게 불명 하다. 여기, 우리는 새로운 프로토콜, chromatin 관련 RNA immunoprecipitation (CARIP)에 대 한 다음-세대 시퀀싱 (CARIP-Seq), 라이브러리 준비를 포함 하 여 ES 세포의 게놈 넓은 기준 chromatin 관련 RNAs를 식별 하기 위해 다음 설명 차세대 시퀀싱, 그리고 칩 Seq 매핑할 히스톤 수정, 녹음 방송 요인과 epigenetic 한정자의 글로벌 인. 달리 다른 RIP Seq 방법7, CARIP-Seq chromatin와 관련 된 RNAs의 직접 식별을 위해 허용 가교 및 쥡니다 단계를 포함 합니다. 함께, 칩 Seq 게놈 넓은 단백질 DNA 상호 작용을 식별 하는 강력한 도구, RNAs chromatin 구성 요소와 관련 된 CARIP-Seq는 조사 하는 강력한 방법.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mouse leukemia inhibitory factor (ESGRO LIF)</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td></td><td>10&lt;sup&gt;6 &lt;/sup&gt;or 10&lt;sup&gt;7 &lt;/sup&gt;units</td></tr><tr><td>GSK3&amp;beta; inhibitor CHIR99021 (GSK3i)</td><td>Stemgent</td><td></td><td>Solvent: DMSO 10mM</td></tr><tr><td>MEK inhibitor PD0325901 (MEKi)</td><td>Stemgent</td><td></td><td>Solvent: DMSO 10mM</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), high glucose</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11965092</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS (phosphate buffered saline)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10010031</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%), phenol red</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25200056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15140122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Mercaptoethanol (50 mM)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31350010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11140076</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EmbryoMax ES Cell Qualified Fetal Bovine Serum, 500 ml</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>ES-009-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EmbryoMax 0.1% Gelatin Solution</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>ES-006-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G7126-500G</td><td>1.25 M stock conentration in water</td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F8775-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TE (Tris EDTA) pH 8.0 1X</td><td>Quality Biological</td><td>351-011-131</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>93482-250ML-F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cOmplete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td><td>Roche</td><td>11697498001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate solution (20%)</td><td>Quality Biological</td><td>A611-0837-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Q125 sonifier</td><td>Qsonica</td><td>4422</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100 solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>93443-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium deoxycholate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>30970</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dynabeads Protein G for Immunoprecipitation</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10004D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dynabeads Protein A for Immunoprecipitation</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10002D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dynabeads Protein A/Protein G and Magnet Starter Pack</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10015D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lithium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L4408</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IGEPAL CA-630</td><td>Sigma</td><td>I8896</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNeasy Mini Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dynabeads mRNA Purification Kit (for mRNA purification from total RNA preps)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>61006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SuperScript Double-Stranded cDNA Synthesis Kit</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11917010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAquick PCR Purification Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>End-It DNA End-Repair Kit</td><td>Lucigen</td><td>ER81050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Klenow Fragment (3&#039;&amp;rarr;5&#039; exo-)</td><td>NEB</td><td>M0212L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dATP (10 mM)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>18252015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA ligase</td><td>NEB</td><td>M0202L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TrackIt 1 Kb Plus DNA Ladder</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10488085</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E-gel EX agarose gels, 2%</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>G402002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phusion high-fidelity 2X master mix with HF buffer</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>F531LPM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ChIPAb+ Trimethyl-Histone H3 (Lys4) - ChIP Validated Antibody</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>17-614</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Histone H3 (di methyl K4) antibody [Y47] - ChIP Grade (ab32356)</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab32356</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning Costar Flat Bottom Cell Culture Plates (6-well)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>720083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon Standard Tissue Culture Dishes (10cm)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>08772E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bioruptor pico</td><td>Diagenode</td><td>B01010001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qubit Flurometer 2.0</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>Q32851</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MinElute Reaction Cleanup Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MinElute Gel Extraction Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28604</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Histone H4 (tri methyl K20) antibody - ChIP Grade (ab9053)</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab9053</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Labquake rotator</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>400110Q</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Illumina HiSeq platform</td><td>Illumina</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TURBO DNase</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>AM2238</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

carip-seq and chip-seq: methods to identify chromatin-associated rnas and protein-dna interactions in embryonic stem cells

배아 줄기 (ES) 세포 자체 갱신 및 차별화 외부 신호 및 녹음 방송 요인, 후 레 귤 레이 터, 및 combinatorially 유전자에 영향을 주는 히스톤의 포스트 번역 수정 내장 네트워크에 의해 규율 됩니다. 근처 유전자의 표현 상태입니다. RNA도 chromatin 역학 및 유전자 발현을 조절 하는 다양 한 단백질 상호 작용을 보였다. Chromatin 관련 RNA immunoprecipitation (CARIP) 다음-세대 시퀀싱 (CARIP-Seq) 다음 RNAs chromatin 단백질, 뒤에 다음-세대 시퀀싱 (chromatin immunoprecipitation 동안과 관련 된 조사를 소설 방법입니다. ChIP-Seq) 히스톤, 녹음 방송 요인과 ES 세포에서 글로벌 규모에 epigenetic 한정자의 포스트 번역 상 수정 위치를 매핑하는 강력한 유전체학 기술입니다. 여기, 우리는 CARIP-Seq와 칩 Seq, 다음-세대 시퀀싱, 도서관 건축을 포함 하 여 ES 세포에서 글로벌 chromatin 관련 RNA 및 epigenomic 지도 생성 하기 위해 수행 하는 방법을 설명 합니다.

우리는 성공적으로 H3K4me3, H3K4me2, 및 KDM5B이 칩 Seq 프로토콜6을 사용 하 여 ES 세포에서의 게놈 넓은 바인딩 심문. ES 세포 급지대 무료 조건 (그림 1)에서 경작 그리고 십자가 위에서 설명한 대로. 쥡니다 했다 이후 칩 Seq 프로토콜의 3.2 단계에 설명 된 대로 수행 하 고 2 %agarose 젤 (그림 2)에서 DNA를 실행 하 여 평가...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about CARIP-Seq and ChIP-Seq: Methods to Identify Chromatin-Associated RNAs and Protein-DNA Interactions in Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

CARIP-Seq and ChIP-Seq: Methods to Identify Chromatin-Associated RNAs and Protein-DNA Interactions in Embryonic Stem Cells

여기, 우리는 칩 Seq를 수행 하는 방법을 설명 및 CARIP-Seq, 다음-세대 시퀀싱, 라이브러리 준비 등 글로벌 epigenomic 및 chromatin 관련 RNA 생성 하 ES 세포에 지도.

CARIP-Seq와 칩 Seq: Chromatin 관련 된 RNAs 및 배아 줄기 세포에 단백질 DNA 상호 작용을 식별 하는 방법

Embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal&#160;and differentiation is governed by extrinsic signals and intrinsic networks of transcription factors, ...

carip-seq-chip-seq-methods-to-identify-chromatin-associated-rnas

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.7K 조회수.  Wayne State University School of Medicine. 여기, 우리는 칩 Seq를 수행 하는 방법을 설명 및 CARIP-Seq, 다음-세대 시퀀싱, 라이브러리 준비 등 글로벌 epigenomic 및 chromatin 관련 RNA 생성 하 ES 세포에 지도.

비디오: CARIP-Seq and ChIP-Seq: Methods to Identify Chromatin-Associated RNAs and Protein-DNA Interactions in Embryonic Stem Cells

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq

The recruitment of chromatin regulators and the assignment of chromatin states to specific genomic loci are pivotal to cell fate decisions and tissue and organ formation during development. Determining the locations and levels of such chromatin features in vivo will provide valuable information about the spatio-temporal regulation of genomic elements, and will support aspirations to mimic embryonic tissue development in vitro. The most commonly used method for genome-wide and high-resolution profiling is chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq). This protocol outlines how yolk-rich embryos such as those of the frog Xenopus can be processed for ChIP-Seq experiments, and it offers simple command lines for post-sequencing analysis. Because of the high efficiency with which the protocol extracts nuclei from formaldehyde-fixed tissue, the method allows easy upscaling to obtain enough ChIP material for genome-wide profiling. Our protocol has been used successfully to map various DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors, signaling mediators, components of the transcription machinery, chromatin modifiers and post-translational histone modifications, and for this to be done at various stages of embryogenesis. Lastly, this protocol should be widely applicable to other model and non-model organisms as more and more genome assemblies become available.

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq

The question of how chromatin regulators and chromatin states affect the genome in vivo is key to our understanding of how early cell fate decisions are made in the developing embryo. ChIP-Seq&#8212;the most popular approach to investigate chromatin features at a global level&#8212;is outlined here for Xenopus embryos.

염색질 레귤레이터 및 미국에서의 게놈 전체의 스냅 샷<em&gt; 아프리카 발톱 개구리</em칩 서열 번호&gt; 태아

The recruitment of chromatin regulators and the assignment of chromatin states to specific genomic loci are pivotal to cell fate decisions and tissue and ...

연구

발생학

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genome-wide mapping of protein-DNA interactions is critical for understanding gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and other chromatin-resident processes. Formaldehyde crosslinking followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing (X-ChIP-seq) has been used to gain many valuable insights into genome biology. However, X-ChIP-seq has notable limitations linked to crosslinking and sonication. Native ChIP avoids these drawbacks by omitting crosslinking, but often results in poor recovery of chromatin-bound proteins. In addition, all ChIP-based methods are subject to antibody quality considerations. Enzymatic methods for mapping protein-DNA interactions, which involve fusion of a protein of interest to a DNA-modifying enzyme, have also been used to map protein-DNA interactions. We recently combined one such method, chromatin endogenous cleavage (ChEC), with high-throughput sequencing as ChEC-seq. ChEC-seq relies on fusion of a chromatin-associated protein of interest to micrococcal nuclease (MNase) to generate targeted DNA cleavage in the presence of calcium in living cells. ChEC-seq is not based on immunoprecipitation and so circumvents potential concerns with crosslinking, sonication, chromatin solubilization, and antibody quality while providing high resolution mapping with minimal background signal. We envision that ChEC-seq will be a powerful counterpart to ChIP, providing an independent means by which to both validate ChIP-seq findings and discover new insights into genomic regulation.

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We describe chromatin endogenous cleavage coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChEC-seq), a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-orthogonal method for mapping protein binding sites genome-wide with micrococcal nuclease (MNase) fusion proteins.

ChEC-seq와의 단백질 - DNA 상호 작용의 게놈 전체 매핑<em&gt; 사카로 마이 세스 세레 비시 애</em

Genome-wide mapping of protein-DNA interactions is critical for understanding gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and other chromatin-resident ...

유전학

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used technique for mapping the localization of post-translationally modified histones, histone variants, transcription factors, or chromatin-modifying enzymes at a given locus or on a genome-wide scale. The combination of ChIP assays with next-generation sequencing (i.e., ChIP-Seq) is a powerful approach to globally uncover gene regulatory networks and to improve the functional annotation of genomes, especially of non-coding regulatory sequences. ChIP protocols normally require large amounts of cellular material, thus precluding the applicability of this method to investigating rare cell types or small tissue biopsies. In order to make the ChIP assay compatible with the amount of biological material that can typically be obtained in vivo during early vertebrate embryogenesis, we describe here a simplified ChIP protocol in which the number of steps required to complete the assay were reduced to minimize sample loss. This ChIP protocol has been successfully used to investigate different histone modifications in various embryonic chicken and adult mouse tissues using low to medium cell numbers (5 x 104 - 5 x 105 cells). Importantly, this protocol is compatible with ChIP-seq technology using standard library preparation methods, thus providing global epigenomic maps in highly relevant embryonic tissues.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Here, we describe a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-seq library preparation protocol to generate global epigenomic profiles from low-abundance chicken embryonic samples.

낮은 풍부 배아 샘플 chromatin Immunoprecipitation (칩) 프로토콜

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used technique for mapping the localization of post-translationally modified histones, histone variants, ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated by transcription factors which bind genomic regulatory regions including enhancers and promoters of cardiac constitutive genes. DNA is wrapped around histones that are subjected to chemical modifications. Modifications of histones further lead to repressed, activated or poised gene transcription, thus bringing another level of fine tuning regulation of gene transcription. Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells) recapitulate within embryoid bodies (i.e., cell aggregates) or in 2D culture the early steps of cardiac development. They provide in principle enough material for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), a technology broadly used to identify gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a human cell model of cardiogenesis. At later stages of development, mouse embryonic tissues allow for investigating specific epigenetic landscapes required for determination of cell identity. Herein, we describe protocols of ChIP, sequential ChIP followed by PCR or ChIP-sequencing using ES cells, embryoid bodies and cardiac specific embryonic regions. These protocols allow to investigating the epigenetic regulation of cardiac gene transcription.

A fine tuning regulation of gene transcription underlies embryonic cell fate decision. Herein, we describe chromatin immunoprecipitation assays used to investigate epigenetic regulation of both cardiac differentiation of stem cells and cardiac development of mouse embryos.

배아 줄기 세포와 조직의 심장 차별화의 성적인 규정

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

인간 배아 줄기 세포에서 염색질의 Immunoprecipitation

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

생물학

High-Resolution Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions in Mouse Stem Cell-Derived Neurons using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Exonuclease (ChIP-Exo)

Identification of specific protein-DNA interactions on the genome is important for understanding gene regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is widely used to identify genome-wide binding locations of DNA-binding proteins. However, the ChIP-seq method is limited by its heterogeneity in length of sonicated DNA fragments and non-specific background DNA, resulting in low mapping resolution and uncertainty in DNA-binding sites. To overcome these limitations, the combination of ChIP with exonuclease digestion (ChIP-exo) utilizes 5&#8217; to 3&#8217; exonuclease digestion to trim the heterogeneously sized immunoprecipitated DNA to the protein-DNA crosslinking site. Exonuclease treatment also eliminates non-specific background DNA. The library-prepared and exonuclease-digested DNA can be sent for high-throughput sequencing. The ChIP-exo method allows for near base-pair mapping resolution with greater detection sensitivity and reduced background signal. An optimized ChIP-exo protocol for mammalian cells and next-generation sequencing is described below.

High-Resolution Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions in Mouse Stem Cell-Derived Neurons using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Exonuclease ChIP-Exo

Precise determination of protein-binding locations across the genome is important for understanding gene regulation. Here we describe a&#160;genomic mapping method that treats chromatin-immunoprecipitated DNA with exonuclease digestion (ChIP-exo) followed by high-throughput sequencing. This method detects protein-DNA interactions with near base-pair mapping resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio in mammalian neurons.

크롬 마틴 면역 침전 -엑소뉴클레아제 (ChIP-Exo)를 사용하여 마우스 줄기 세포 유래 뉴런에서 단백질 DNA 상호 작용의 고해상도 매핑

Identification of specific protein-DNA interactions on the genome is important for understanding gene regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled ...

RNA-Seq Analysis of Differential Gene Expression in Electroporated Chick Embryonic Spinal Cord

In ovo electroporation of the chick neural tube is a fast and inexpensive method for identification of gene function during neural development. Genome wide analysis of differentially expressed transcripts after such an experimental manipulation has the potential to uncover an almost complete picture of the downstream effects caused by the transfected construct. This work describes a simple method for comparing transcriptomes from samples of transfected embryonic spinal cords comprising all steps between electroporation and identification of differentially expressed transcripts. The first stage consists of guidelines for electroporation and instructions for dissection of transfected spinal cord halves from HH23 embryos in ribonuclease-free environment and extraction of high-quality RNA samples suitable for transcriptome sequencing. The next stage is that of bioinformatic analysis with general guidelines for filtering and comparison of RNA-Seq datasets in the Galaxy public server, which eliminates the need of a local computational structure for small to medium scale experiments. The representative results show that the dissection methods generate high quality RNA samples and that the transcriptomes obtained from two control samples are essentially the same, an important requirement for detection of differential expression genes in experimental samples. Furthermore, one example is provided where experimental overexpression of a DNA construct can be visually verified after comparison with control samples. The application of this method may be a powerful tool to facilitate new discoveries on the function of neural factors involved in spinal cord early development.

This video shows the basic steps for performing whole transcriptome analysis on dissected chick embryonic spinal cord samples after transfection with in ovo electroporation.

electroporation하여 병아리 배아 척수에서 차동 유전자 발현의 RNA-SEQ 분석

In ovo electroporation of the chick neural tube is a fast and inexpensive method for identification of gene function during neural development. Genome ...

신경과학

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This technique has been widely exploited in tissue culture cells, and to a lesser extent, in primary tissue. The application of ChIP to rodent embryonic tissue, especially at early times of development, is complicated by the limited amount of tissue and the heterogeneity of cell and tissue types in the embryo. Here we present a method to perform ChIP using a dissociated embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) embryo. Sheared chromatin from a single E8.5 embryo can be divided into up to five aliquots, which allows the investigator sufficient material for controls and for investigation of specific protein:chromatin interactions.
We have utilized this technique to begin to document protein:chromatin interactions during the specification of tissue-specific gene expression programs. The heterogeneity of cell types in an embryo necessarily restricts the application of this technique because the result is the detection of protein:chromatin interactions without distinguishing whether the interactions occur in all, a subset of, or a single cell type(s). However, examination of tissue-specific genes during or following the onset of tissue-specific gene expression is feasible for two reasons. First, immunoprecipitation of tissue specific factors necessarily isolates chromatin from the cell type where the factor is expressed. Second, immunoprecipitation of coactivators and histones containing post-translational modifications that are associated with gene activation should only be found at genes and gene regulatory sequences in the cell type where the gene is being or has been activated. The technique should be applicable to the study of most tissue-specific gene activation events.
In the example described below, we utilized E8.5 and E9.5 mouse embryos to examine factor binding at a skeletal muscle specific gene promoter. Somites, which are the precursor tissues from which the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs will form, are present at E8.5-9.54,5. Myogenin is a regulatory factor required for skeletal muscle differentiation 6-9. The data demonstrate that myogenin is associated with its own promoter in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Because myogenin is only expressed in somites at this stage of development 6,10, the data indicate that myogenin interactions with its own promoter have already occurred in skeletal muscle precursor cells in E8.5 embryos.

We demonstrate a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method to identify factor interactions at tissue-specific genes during or after the onset of tissue-specific gene expression in mouse embryonic tissue. This protocol should be widely applicable for the study of tissue-specific gene activation as it occurs during normal embryonic development.

초기 마우스 배아를 사용하는 조직 특정 유전자에 대한 염색질의 Immunoprecipitation 분석

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This ...

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)

ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) methods directly offer whole-genome coverage, where combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and massively parallel sequencing can be utilized to identify the repertoire of mammalian DNA sequences bound by transcription factors in vivo. "Next-generation" genome sequencing technologies provide 1-2 orders of magnitude increase in the amount of sequence that can be cost-effectively generated over older technologies thus allowing for ChIP-seq methods to directly provide whole-genome coverage for effective profiling of mammalian protein-DNA interactions.
For successful ChIP-seq approaches, one must generate high quality ChIP DNA template to obtain the best sequencing outcomes. The description is based around experience with the protein product of the gene most strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, namely the transcription factor transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2). This factor has also been implicated in various cancers.
Outlined is how to generate high quality ChIP DNA template derived from the colorectal carcinoma cell line, HCT116, in order to build a high-resolution map through sequencing to determine the genes bound by TCF7L2, giving further insight in to its key role in the pathogenesis of complex traits.

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing ChIP-seq

The combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and ultra-high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) can identify and map protein-DNA interactions in a given tissue or cell line. Outlined is how to generate a high quality ChIP template for subsequent sequencing, using experience with the transcription factor TCF7L2 as an example.

높은 처리량 시퀀싱을위한 고품질 염색질 면역 침전의 DNA 템플릿의 생성 (칩 SEQ)

ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) methods directly  offer whole-genome coverage, where combining chromatin immunoprecipitation  (ChIP) and massively parallel ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and silencing of genes mediate the response of plants to environmental signals and developmental cues. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms that control plant gene expression are essential to gain a deep understanding of how biological processes are regulated in plants. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique described here is a procedure to identify the DNA-binding sites of proteins in genes or genomic regions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The interactions with DNA of proteins of interest such as transcription factors, chromatin proteins or posttranslationally modified versions of histones can be efficiently analyzed with the ChIP protocol. This method is based on the fixation of protein-DNA interactions in vivo, random fragmentation of chromatin, immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes with specific antibodies, and quantification of the DNA associated with the protein of interest by PCR techniques. The use of this methodology in Arabidopsis has contributed significantly to unveil transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control a variety of plant biological processes. This approach allowed the identification of the binding sites of the Arabidopsis chromatin protein EBS to regulatory regions of the master gene of flowering FT. The impact of this protein in the accumulation of particular histone marks in the genomic region of FT was also revealed through ChIP analysis.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a powerful technique for the identification of DNA binding sites of Arabidopsis proteins in vivo. This procedure includes chromatin cross-linking and fragmentation, immunoprecipitation with selective antibodies against the protein of interest, and qPCR analysis of bound DNA. We describe a simple ChIP assay optimized for Arabidopsis plants.

애기 장대 단백질 DNA 상호 작용의 식별을위한 염색질 면역 침전 분석<em&gt; 생체</em

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and ...

CARIP-Seq와 칩 Seq: Chromatin 관련 된 RNAs 및 배아 줄기 세포에 단백질 DNA 상호 작용을 식별 하는 방법

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