우리는 사진에 대해 미셸 달 (밴 더 빌 트 대학교)를 감사 하 고 싶습니다. PA와 SSLB를 제공 하는 밴 더 빌 트 대학 지원 DGE-1445197에 의해 지원 됩니다.

<ol>
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저자는 공개 없다.

그것은 오래는 aposematic A. nerii 패턴 및 식물 방어와 특히 화학 격리18,37의 메커니즘을 제공할 수 있습니다 인식 하고있다. 다양 한 게놈 자료 최근 A. nerii10, A. nerii 모델에 사용 하는 생태 및 기능성 게놈 연구를 위한 새로운 기회를 제공 하 고 나왔다. 우리는 진딧물 식물 문화 및 분자 게놈 기법,이 종에 미래의 일 가...

Aphids는 전세계 다양 한 식물 가족에서 식민지 작고, hemimetabolous 곤충. 그들은 몇 가지 기능에 대 한 독특한 가장 주목할만 하 게 순환적인 단성 및 개별 polyphenisms, 그리고 그들의 의무 영양 공생 박테리아 또는 효 모 endosymbionts에서 누락 된 영양소를 공급 하는와 관련 된 그들의 복잡 한 라이프 사이클 그들의 다이어트 수액 공장1의입니다. 대부분 aphids 호스트 식물 전문가 인 하는 동안 일부 일반 종 중요 한 작물 해충, 상당한 경제 손상을 주는 작물에도 직접 또는 병원 균과 바이러스를 통해 그들은 벡터2. 곤충의에 대 한 주소 지정 질문에 대 한 게놈 리소스를 제공 하기 때문에 첫 번째 진딧물 게놈 2010 년 Acyrthosiphon pisum3, 완두콩 진딧물의 간행물 진딧물 생물학의 연구에 중요 한 이정표를 표시 그는 더 나은 제어 전략4으로 이어질 수 있는 포함 하 여 초 식 생활에 적응. 그 시간 이후 추가 게놈 자원 콩 진딧물 진딧물 glycines5, 주석된 게놈과 다른 진딧물 3 종 (Myzus에 대 한 공개적으로 사용 가능한 전체 게놈 자원으로 축적 cerasi (블랙 체리 진딧물), Myzus persicae (복숭아 감자 진딧물), Rhopalosiphum 다이빙 (조류 체리 귀리 진딧물)6. 귀중 한 데 노 보 transcriptomic 리소스 뿐만 아니라 다른 진딧물의 숫자에 대 한 사용할 수 있습니다 (e.g.,Aphis gossypii (목화 진딧물)7, Sitobion avenae (곡물 진딧물)8, Cinara pinitabulaeformis (소나무 진딧물)9, 진딧물 nerii (유-서양 협 죽도 진딧물)10).
Aphids는 또한 식물11식물 곤충 상호 작용 및 생활의 생태의 우리의 이해에 지속적인 기여를 했다. 한 지역은 어디 aphids 특히 중요 한 기여를 만든 호스트 공장 상호 작용의 화학 생태학에 대 한 우리의 이해에 있다. 초 식 곤충 익스프레스 다양 한 적응 극복 식물 방어, 그리고 일부도 선임 그들의 자신의 대 한 식물 방어에 대 한12,,1314혜택. 예를 들어 유 서양 협 죽도 진딧물, 진딧물 nerii는 밝은 노란색, 침략 진딧물 전세계 온대와 열 대 지역에서 발견 colonizes 유 가족 (협죽도과)에서 식물에는 이다. 가족 협죽도과 식물 진화 밀키 라텍스와 cardenolides, 양이온 캐리어 Na, K ATPase 바인딩할 고 일반 herbivores15, 에 효과적인 제 지로 알려진 심장 배당 체를 포함 하 여 다양 한 화학 방어 16. 유 전문가 cardenolides에 저항의 다양 한 모드를 표현 하 고 일부 선택적으로 또는 수 동적으로 축적 하거나 또는 다른 혜택17포식을 억제 하는 수단으로 그들의 조직에서 cardenolides를 수정. A. nerii 메커니즘 및 기능적 혜택 불분명10,18남아 있지만이 방법에서는, cardenolides 격리 하 생각 된다.
게놈 자원 닥을 감안할 때, A. nerii 모델 제공 합니다는 우수한 실험 독성 호스트 식물과 그들의 전문가 간의 항 암 치료-생태 상호 작용에 관련 된 분자 및 유전적 메커니즘의 연구에 대 한 herbivores를. 그것은, 일부 A. nerii 그 이후, cardenolides19의 격리에 초점을 맞춘의 초기 연구의 A. nerii 의 연구 제공 광범위 한 진화 및 생태 질문에 협조할 침략 적인 곤충20 및 초 밀도21에 상향식 및 하향식 규칙 사이 상호 작용의 유전자 구조를 포함 하 여. A. nerii 는 따라서 좋은 후보는 특히 광범위 한 곤충-식물 상호 작용의 연구에 대 한 실험 모델입니다. 중요 한 A. nerii 와 모든 연구의 성공 주의 문화가 이다 진딧물의 인구, 식물 aphids 의존의 문화를 포함, 뿐만 아니라 높은-품질-omic 데이터의 효율적인 생성. 우리의 목표는 둘 다를 통해 독자를 안내 하는. 생성 및 온실과 실험실, DNA 및 RNA 추출, microsatellite 분석, 드 노 보 transcriptome 어셈블리 및 주석, transcriptome 플랜트 및 진딧물 문화권의 유지 보수에 대 한 메서드는 아래에 설명 된 차동 식 분석 및 정량 확인의 차동 유전자 표현. 이러한 메서드는 A. nerii에 대 한 작성, 동안 진딧물 종의 다양 한 일반 재배, 추출, 및 분석 방법을 확장할 수 있습니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sun Gro Fafard Germination Mix</td><td>Hummert International</td><td>10-0952-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sun Gro Fafard 3B/ Metro Mix</td><td>Hummert International</td><td>10-0951-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2&quot; x 4&quot; Round Standard Pot</td><td>Anderson Pots</td><td>1503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DreamTaq DNA Polymerase</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>EP0701</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trizol</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>15596026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SuperScript&amp;reg; III First-Strand Synthesis kit</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>18080051</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>4367659</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

maintaining biological cultures and measuring gene expression in aphis nerii: a non-model system for plant-insect interactions

진 디는 다양 한 공생의 진화 및 polyphenisms의 개발에서 그들의 호스트 식물 들과 곤충의 상호 작용을 포위 하는 질문에 이르기까지 생물학 질문에 대 한 우수한 실험 모델. 게놈 자원 여러 진딧물 종, 사용할 수 있으며 진보와 함께 차세대 시퀀싱, transcriptomic 연구는 유전자 부족 비 모델 생물 확장 되 고. 또한, 진딧물 문화 분야에서 수집 하 고 생태 및 유전적 연구 사이의 격차를 해소 하는 organismal 분자 실험에 사용 하기 위해 실험실에서 양육 될 수 있습니다. 마지막으로, 많은 진 디는 그들의 기본 설정된 호스트 식물에 실험실에서 asexually genotypes 재현의 비교에 대 한 허용 하는 영원한, parthenogenic 라이프 사이클에서 유지 될 수. 진딧물 nerii, 유-서양 협 죽도 진딧물 organismal와 분자 실험을 사용 하 여 독성 식물 곤충 상호 작용을 공부 등 하나의 모델을 제공 합니다. 생성 및 온실과 실험실, DNA 및 RNA 추출, microsatellite 분석, 드 노 보 transcriptome 어셈블리 및 주석, transcriptome 차동 식에서 플랜트 및 진딧물 문화의 유지 보수 방법 분석 및 차동 표현한 유전자의 정량 확인 설명 하 고 여기 논의.

식물 문화: 씨앗은 계절에 따라 약 2 ~ 4 주 걸릴 것입니다, 그리고 큰 성장을 충분히 다시 화분그림 1(A). 다시 화분된 묘 진딧물 문화 (그림 1B)에 대 한 최적의 크기를 다른 2 ~ 4 주 걸릴 것입니다.
진딧물 문화: 성인 A. nerii 일?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions at JoVE.com

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

진딧물 진딧물 nerii 벌레 가족 (Apocyanaceae)에 높은 방어 식물에 colonizes 고 식물 곤충 상호 작용을 공부 하는 수많은 기회를 제공 합니다. 문화, 그리고 생성 및 분자의 분석 및 진딧물의 유지 보수에 대 한 프로토콜의 시리즈 제시 하는 여기, 그리고 A. nerii에 대 한-omic 데이터.

생물 학적 문화와 진딧물 nerii에 유전자 발현 측정 유지: 식물 곤충 상호 작용에 대 한 비-모델 시스템

Aphids are excellent experimental models for a variety of biological questions ranging from the evolution of symbioses and the development of polyphenisms ...

maintaining-biological-cultures-measuring-gene-expression-aphis-nerii

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

7.5K 조회수.  Vanderbilt University. 진딧물 진딧물 nerii 벌레 가족 (Apocyanaceae)에 높은 방어 식물에 colonizes 고 식물 곤충 상호 작용을 공부 하는 수많은 기회를 제공 합니다. 문화, 그리고 생성 및 분자의 분석 및 진딧물의 유지 보수에 대 한 프로토콜의 시리즈 제시 하는 여기, 그리고 A. nerii에 대 한-omic 데이터.

비디오: Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

Delivery of Nucleic Acids through Embryo Microinjection in the Worldwide Agricultural Pest Insect, Ceratitis capitata

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a pest species with extremely high agricultural relevance. This is due to its reproductive behavior: females damage the external surface of fruits and vegetables when they lay eggs and the hatched larvae feed on their pulp. Wild C. capitata populations are traditionally controlled through insecticide spraying and/or eco-friendly approaches, the most successful being the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). The SIT relies on mass-rearing, radiation-based sterilization and field release of males that retain their capacity to mate but are not able to generate fertile progeny. The advent and the subsequent rapid development of biotechnological tools, together with the availability of the medfly genome sequence, has greatly boosted our understanding of the biology of this species. This favored the proliferation of new strategies for genome manipulation, which can be applied to population control.
In this context, embryo microinjection plays a dual role in expanding the toolbox for medfly control. The ability to interfere with the function of genes that regulate key biological processes, indeed, expands our understanding of the molecular machinery underlying medfly invasiveness. Furthermore, the ability to achieve germ-line transformation facilitates the production of multiple transgenic strains that can be tested for future field applications in novel SIT settings. Indeed, genetic manipulation can be used to confer desirable traits that can, for example, be used to monitor sterile male performance in the field, or that can result in early life-stage lethality. Here we describe a method to microinject nucleic acids into medfly embryos to achieve these two main goals.

Delivery of Nucleic Acids through Embryo Microinjection in the Worldwide Agricultural Pest Insect, Ceratitis capitata

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a worldwide pest of agriculture. A deeper understanding of its biology is key to control medfly populations and thus reduce economic impact. Embryo microinjection is a fundamental tool allowing both germ-line transformation and reverse genetics studies in this species.

세계적인 농업 해충 곤충의 배아 미세 주입을 통해 핵산 배달,<em&gt; Ceratitis의 capitata</em

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a pest species with extremely high agricultural relevance. ...

연구

유전학

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative without tools to study gene function. The development and sharing of detailed protocols for the establishment of new model systems in laboratories, and for tools to carry out functional studies, is thus crucial for leveraging the power of genomics. Coleoptera (beetles) are the largest clade of insects and occupy virtually all types of habitats on the planet. In addition to providing ideal models for fundamental research, studies of beetles can have impacts on pest control as they are often pests of households, agriculture, and food industries. Detailed protocols for rearing and maintenance of D. maculatus laboratory colonies and for carrying out dsRNA-mediated interference in D. maculatus are presented. Both embryonic and parental RNAi procedures-including apparatus set up, preparation, injection, and post-injection recovery-are described. Methods are also presented for analyzing embryonic phenotypes, including viability, patterning defects in hatched larvae, and cuticle preparations for unhatched larvae. These assays, together with in situ hybridization and immunostaining for molecular markers, make D. maculatus an accessible model system for basic and applied research. They further provide useful information for establishing procedures in other emerging insect model systems.

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Here, we present protocols for rearing an intermediate-germ beetle, Dermestes maculatus (D. maculatus) in the lab. We also share protocols for embryonic and parental RNAi and methods for analyzing embryonic phenotypes to study gene function in this species.

양육 및 숨기기 비틀에 RNA 매개 유전자 최저를 두 번 좌초,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

Identification of Critical Conditions for Immunostaining in the Pea Aphid Embryos: Increasing Tissue Permeability and Decreasing Background Staining

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, with a sequenced genome and abundant phenotypic plasticity, has become an emerging model for genomic and developmental studies. Like other aphids, A. pisum propagate rapidly via parthenogenetic viviparous reproduction, where the embryos develop within egg chambers in an assembly-line fashion in the ovariole. Previously we have established a robust platform of whole-mount in situ hybridization allowing detection of mRNA expression in the aphid embryos. For analyzing the expression of protein, though, established protocols for immunostaining the ovarioles of asexual viviparous aphids did not produce satisfactory results. Here we report conditions optimized for increasing tissue permeability and decreasing background staining, both of which were problems when applying established approaches. Optimizations include: (1) incubation of proteinase K (1 &#181;g/ml, 10 min), which was found essential for antibody penetration in mid- and late-stage aphid embryos; (2) replacement of normal goat serum/bovine serum albumin with a blocking reagent supplied by a Digoxigenin (DIG)-based buffer set and (3) application of methanol rather hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for bleaching endogenous peroxidase; which significantly reduced the background staining in the aphid tissues. These critical conditions optimized for immunostaining will allow effective detection of gene products in the embryos of A. pisum and other aphids.

A protocol of whole-mount immunostaining on aphid embryos is presented, in which critical conditions for decreasing background staining and increasing tissue permeability are addressed. These conditions are specifically developed for effective detection of protein expression in the embryonic tissues of aphids.

완두콩 진딧물 태아의 면역 염색을위한 중요한 조건의 확인 : 조직 투과성을 증가 및 배경 염색을 감소

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, with a sequenced genome and abundant phenotypic plasticity, has become an emerging model for genomic and developmental ...

발생학

Rearing and Injection of Manduca sexta Larvae to Assess Bacterial Virulence

Manduca sexta, commonly known as the tobacco hornworm, is considered a significant agricultural pest, feeding on solanaceous plants including tobacco and tomato. The susceptibility of M. sexta larvae to a variety of entomopathogenic bacterial species1-5, as well as the wealth of information available regarding the insect's immune system6-8, and the pending genome sequence9 make it a good model organism for use in studying host-microbe interactions during pathogenesis. In addition, M. sexta larvae are relatively large and easy to manipulate and maintain in the laboratory relative to other susceptible insect species. Their large size also facilitates efficient tissue/hemolymph extraction for analysis of the host response to infection.
The method presented here describes the direct injection of bacteria into the hemocoel (blood cavity) of M. sexta larvae. This approach can be used to analyze and compare the virulence characteristics of various bacterial species, strains, or mutants by simply monitoring the time to insect death after injection. This method was developed to study the pathogenicity of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species, which typically associate with nematode vectors as a means to gain entry into the insect. Entomopathogenic nematodes typically infect larvae via natural digestive or respiratory openings, and release their symbiotic bacterial contents into the insect hemolymph (blood) shortly thereafter10. The injection method described here bypasses the need for a nematode vector, thus uncoupling the effects of bacteria and nematode on the insect. This method allows for accurate enumeration of infectious material (cells or protein) within the inoculum, which is not possible using other existing methods for analyzing entomopathogenesis, including nicking11 and oral toxicity assays12. Also, oral toxicity assays address the virulence of secreted toxins introduced into the digestive system of larvae, whereas the direct injection method addresses the virulence of whole-cell inocula.
The utility of the direct injection method as described here is to analyze bacterial pathogenesis by monitoring insect mortality. However, this method can easily be expanded for use in studying the effects of infection on the M. sexta immune system. The insect responds to infection via both humoral and cellular responses. The humoral response includes recognition of bacterial-associated patterns and subsequent production of various antimicrobial peptides7; the expression of genes encoding these peptides can be monitored subsequent to direct infection via RNA extraction and quantitative PCR13. The cellular response to infection involves nodulation, encapsulation, and phagocytosis of infectious agents by hemocytes6. To analyze these responses, injected insects can be dissected and visualized by microscopy13, 14.

Rearing and Injection of Manduca sexta Larvae to Assess Bacterial Virulence

The method described here utilizes direct injection of entomopathogenic bacteria into the hemocoel of Manduca sexta insect larvae. M. sexta is a commercially available and well-studied insect. Thus, this method represents a simple approach to analyzing host-bacterial interactions from the perspective of one or both partners.

의 양육 및 분사<em&gt; Manduca sexta</em박테리아 독성을 평가하기&gt; 애벌레

Manduca sexta, commonly known as the tobacco hornworm, is considered a significant agricultural pest, feeding on solanaceous plants including tobacco and ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Mass-Rearing and Molecular Studies in Tortricidae Pest Insects

Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), commonly known as tortrix or leafroller moths, comprises many agricultural and forestry pests, which cause serious agricultural losses. To understand the biology of such pest moths, fundamental techniques have been in high demand. Here, methods for mass-rearing, observations, and molecular studies are developed using two tea tortrix, Homona magnanima and Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Insects were mass-reared with sliced artificial diet and maintained by inbreeding for over 100 generations by considering their biological characteristics. Insects have various sex dimorphisms; hence it is difficult to distinguish the sex during the developing stages, which have prevented subsequent assays. The present work highlighted that the sex of tortricids larvae could be determined by observing testes or lactic-acetic orcein staining to visualize the female-specific W chromosome. Moreover, using the sex determination methods, the present study enabled nucleic acid extractions from sex determined embryos and application toward high throughput sequencing. These tips are applicable for other pest insects and will facilitate further morphological and genetic studies.

The present protocol describes the rearing method of tortricid pest insects in the laboratories. The procedures to distinguish insects' sex and extract nucleic acids for high throughput sequencing are established using two tortricid pests.

Tortricidae 해충 곤충의 대량 사육 및 분자 연구

Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), commonly known as tortrix or leafroller moths, comprises many agricultural and forestry pests, which cause serious agricultural ...

환경과학

RNAi-mediated Double Gene Knockdown and Gustatory Perception Measurement in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)

This video demonstrates novel techniques of RNA interference (RNAi) which downregulate two genes simultaneously in honey bees using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injections. It also presents a protocol of proboscis extension response (PER) assay for measuring gustatory perception.	
	RNAi-mediated gene knockdown is an effective technique downregulating target gene expression. This technique is usually used for single gene manipulation, but it has limitations to detect interactions and joint effects between genes. In the first part of this video, we present two strategies to simultaneously knock down two genes (called double gene knockdown). We show both strategies are able to effectively suppress two genes, vitellogenin (vg) and ultraspiracle (usp), which are in a regulatory feedback loop. This double gene knockdown approach can be used to dissect interrelationships between genes and can be readily applied in different insect species.	
	The second part of this video is a demonstration of proboscis extension response (PER) assay in honey bees after the treatment of double gene knockdown. The PER assay is a standard test for measuring gustatory perception in honey bees, which is a key predictor for how fast a honey bee's behavioral maturation is. Greater gustatory perception of nest bees indicates increased behavioral development which is often associated with an earlier age at onset of foraging and foraging specialization in pollen. In addition, PER assay can be applied to identify metabolic states of satiation or hunger in honey bees. Finally, PER assay combined with pairing different odor stimuli for conditioning the bees is also widely used for learning and memory studies in honey bees.

RNAi-mediated Double Gene Knockdown and Gustatory Perception Measurement in Honey Bees Apis mellifera

In this protocol, we describe two strategies that simultaneously suppress two genes (double gene knockdown) in honey bees. Then we present how to use the proboscis extension response (PER) assay to study the effect of double gene knockdown on honey bee gustatory perception.

꿀벌의 RNAi를 매개로 두 유전자 넉다운과 미각 지각 측정 (<em&gt; 아피스 mellifera</em&gt;)

This video demonstrates novel techniques of RNA  interference (RNAi) which downregulate two genes simultaneously in honey bees  using double-stranded RNA ...

신경과학

Culturing and Genetically Manipulating Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are obligate parasites of insects that live in the soil. The main characteristic of their life cycle is the mutualistic association with the bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively. The nematode parasites are able to locate and enter suitable insect hosts, subvert the insect immune response, and multiply efficiently to produce the next generation that will actively hunt new insect prey to infect. Due to the properties of their life cycle, entomopathogenic nematodes are popular biological control agents, which are used in combination with insecticides to control destructive agricultural insect pests. Simultaneously, these parasitic nematodes represent a research tool to analyze nematode pathogenicity and host anti-nematode responses. This research is aided by the recent development of genetic techniques and transcriptomic approaches for understanding the role of nematode secreted molecules during infection. Here, a detailed protocol on maintaining entomopathogenic nematodes and using a gene knockdown procedure is provided. These methodologies further promote the functional characterization of entomopathogenic nematode infection factors.

Entomopathogenic nematodes live in symbiosis with bacteria and together they successfully infect insects by undermining their innate immune system. To promote research on the genetic basis of nematode infection, methods for maintaining and genetically manipulating entomopathogenic nematodes are described.

Entomopathogenic Nematodes 배양 및 유전자 조작

Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are obligate parasites of insects that live in the soil. The main characteristic ...

Transient Expression and Cellular Localization of Recombinant Proteins in Cultured Insect Cells

Heterologous protein expression systems are used for the production of recombinant proteins, the interpretation of cellular trafficking/localization, and the determination of the biochemical function of proteins at the sub-organismal level. Although baculovirus expression systems are increasingly used for protein production in numerous biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications, nonlytic systems that do not involve viral infection have clear benefits but are often overlooked and underutilized. Here, we describe a method for generating nonlytic expression vectors and transient recombinant protein expression. This protocol allows for the efficient cellular localization of recombinant proteins and can be used to rapidly discern protein trafficking within the cell. We show the expression of four&#160;recombinant proteins in a commercially available insect cell line, including two aquaporin proteins from the insect Bemisia tabaci, as well as subcellular marker proteins specific for the cell plasma membrane and for intracellular lysosomes. All recombinant proteins were produced as chimeras with fluorescent protein markers at their carboxyl termini, which allows for the direct detection of the recombinant proteins. The double transfection of cells with plasmids harboring constructs for the genes of interest and a known subcellular marker allows for live cell imaging and improved validation of cellular protein localization.

Nonlytic insect cell expression systems are underutilized for production, cellular trafficking/localization, and recombinant protein functional analysis. Here, we describe methods to generate expression vectors and subsequent transient protein expression in commercially available lepidopteran cell lines. The co-localization of Bemisia tabaci aquaporins with subcellular fluorescent marker proteins is also presented.

배양 된 곤충 세포의 과도 표현 및 재조합 단백질의 세포 현지화

Heterologous protein expression systems are used for the production of recombinant proteins, the interpretation of cellular trafficking/localization, and ...

생물학

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can be released into the field to either reduce population sizes through incompatible matings or to transform populations with mosquitoes that are refractory to virus transmission. For these strategies to succeed, the mosquitoes released into the field from the laboratory must be competitive with native mosquitoes. However, maintaining mosquitoes in the laboratory can result in inbreeding, genetic drift and laboratory adaptation which can reduce their fitness in the field and may confound the results of experiments. To test the suitability of different Wolbachia infections for deployment in the field, it is necessary to maintain mosquitoes in a controlled laboratory environment across multiple generations. We describe a simple protocol for maintaining Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in the laboratory, which is suitable for both Wolbachia-infected and wild-type mosquitoes. The methods minimize laboratory adaptation and implement outcrossing to increase the relevance of experiments to field mosquitoes. Additionally, colonies are maintained under optimal conditions to maximize their fitness for open field releases.

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia are being released into natural populations to suppress the transmission of arboviruses. We describe methods to rear Ae. aegypti with Wolbachia infections in the laboratory for experiments and field release, taking precautions to minimize laboratory adaptation and selection.

Aedes aegypti 모기 감염 Wolbachia 유지

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, ...

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, host-symbiont interactions, speciation, and venom synthesis. Despite the availability of several molecular tools, including CRISPR/Cas9, functional genetic studies are still limited in this organism. The major limitation of applying CRISPR/Cas9 technology in N. vitripennis stems from the challenges of embryonic microinjections. Injections of embryos are particularly difficult in this organism and in general in many parasitoid wasps, due to small embryo size and the requirement of a host pupa for embryonic development. To address these challenges, Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex delivery into female&#160;ovaries by adult injection, rather than embryonic microinjection, was optimized, resulting in both somatic and heritable germline edits. The injection procedures were optimized in pupae and female wasps using either ReMOT Control (Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo) or BAPC (Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules). These methods are shown to be effective alternatives to embryo injection, enabling site-specific and heritable germline mutations.

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

Here, we describe methods for efficient pupal and adult injections in Nasonia vitripennis as accessible alternatives to embryo microinjection, enabling functional analysis of genes of interest using either RNA-silencing via RNA interference (RNAi) or gene knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.

나소니아 vitripennis에서 RNAi와 CRISPR 유전자 편집을위한 푸팔과 성인 주사

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, ...

생물 학적 문화와 진딧물 nerii에 유전자 발현 측정 유지: 식물 곤충 상호 작용에 대 한 비-모델 시스템

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세계적인 농업 해충 곤충의 배아 미세 주입을 통해 핵산 배달,

양육 및 숨기기 비틀에 RNA 매개 유전자 최저를 두 번 좌초,