Name: isolation, fixation, and immunofluorescence imaging of mouse adrenal glands
Uploaded: 2018-10-02T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Mohamad Zubair for his helpful suggestions and technical assistance in the establishment of this protocol. This work was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Research Grant 2R01-DK062027 (to G.D.H).

All methods were performed in accordance with institutionally approved protocols under the auspice of the University Committee on Use and Care of Animals at the University of Michigan.
1. Preparation for Surgery
<ol>
	<li>On the day prior to surgery, prepare 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA)/phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In case of frozen aliquots, proceed to thaw one and store at 4 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: 4% PFA is not stable for more than 48 h. 
	CAUTION: PFA is toxic, avoid contact with ski...

<ol>
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This protocol describes a method for the isolation of mouse adrenal glands together with the preparation and staining of sectioned paraffin-embedded mouse adrenals.
Compared to other protocols we tested, this immunofluorescence protocol has proven suitable for the majority of antibodies used in our laboratory. However, in certain cases it may require some adjustments to improve the staining results. One variable that can easily be modified and tested is the length of fixation. In our laborator...

Immunohistochemistry is a technique for detecting tissue components with the use of antibodies to specific cellular molecules and subsequent staining techniques to detect the conjugated antibodies1. This immunohistochemical procedure requires specific fixation and processing of tissues that are often empirically determined for the specific antigen, tissue and antibody utilized2. Fixation is crucial to preserve the &#34;original&#34; state of the tissue and thereby maintaining intact cellular and subcellular structures and expression patterns. Further processing and embedding procedures are required to prepare the tissue for sectioning into thin slices that are used for histologic studies involving immunohistochemistry.
Immunostaining can be performed with either chromogenic or fluorescent detection. Chromogenic detection requires the utilization of an enzyme to convert a soluble substrate into an insoluble colored product. While this enzyme can be conjugated to the antibody recognizing the antigen (primary antibody), it is more often conjugated to the antibody recognizing the primary antibody (i.e., the secondary antibody). This technique is highly sensitive; the colored product resulting from the enzymatic reaction is photostable and requires only a brightfield microscope for imaging. However, chromogenic immunostaining may not be suitable when trying to visualize two proteins that co-localize, since the deposition of one color can mask the deposition of the other one. In the case of co-staining, immunofluorescence has proven to be more advantageous. The advent of immunofluorescence is attributed to Albert Coons and colleagues, who developed a system to identify tissue antigens with antibodies marked with fluorescein and visualize them in the sectioned tissues under ultraviolet light3. Fluorescence detection is based on an antibody conjugated with a fluorophore that emits light after excitation. Because there are several fluorophores with emissions at different wavelengths (with no or little overlap), this detection method is ideal for the studies of multiple proteins.
The adrenal gland is a paired organ located above the kidney and characterized by two embryologically distinct components surrounded by a mesenchymal capsule. The outer adrenal cortex, derived from the mesonephric intermediate mesoderm, secretes steroid hormones while the inner medulla, derived from the neural crest, produces catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. The adrenal cortex is histologically and functionally divided in three concentric zones, with each zone secreting different classes of steroid hormones: the outer zona glomerulosa (zG) produces mineralocorticoids that regulate electrolyte homeostasis and intravascular volume; the middle zona fasciculata (zF), directly beneath the zG, secretes glucocorticoids that mediate the stress response through the mobilization of energy stores to increase plasma glucose; and the inner zona reticularis (zR), which synthesizes sex steroid precursors (i.e., dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS))4.
Some variation in adrenocortical zonation is present between species: for example, Mus musculus lacks the zR. The unique postnatal X-zone of M. musculus is a remnant of the fetal cortex characterized by small lipid-poor cells with acidophilic cytoplasms5. The X-zone disappears at puberty in male mice and after the first pregnancy in female mice, or gradually degenerates in not-bred females6,7. Moreover, the tortuosity and thickness of the zG exhibits marked variation between species as does organization of peripheral stem and progenitor cells in and adjacent to the zG. The rat, unlike other rodents, has a visible undifferentiated zone (zU) between the zG and zF that functions as a stem cell zone and/or a zone of transient amplifying progenitors. Whether the zU is unique to rats or simply a more prominently organized cluster of cells is unknown8,9.
Cells of the adrenal cortex contain lipid droplets that store cholesterol esters that serve as the precursor of all steroid hormones10,11.&#160; The term &#34;steroidogenesis&#34; defines the process of production of steroid hormones from cholesterol via a series of enzymatic reactions that involve the activity of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1), whose expression is a marker of steroidogenic potential. In the adrenal gland, Sf1 expression is present only in cells of the cortex12. An interesting study found the expression of endogenous biotin in adrenocortical cells with steroidogenic potential13. While this can be the cause of a higher background in biotin/streptavidin-based staining methods, due to the detection of endogenous biotin by antibody conjugated with streptavidin, this characteristic could be also employed to distinguish the steroidogenic cells from other populations within the adrenal gland, i.e., endothelial, capsular, and medulla cells.
Innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons, the adrenal medulla is characterized by basophilic cells with a granular cytoplasm containing epinephrine and norepinephrine. Medulla cells are named &#34;chromaffin&#34; due to the high content of catecholamines that form a brown pigment after oxidation14. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines and, in the adrenal gland, is expressed only in the medulla15.
Here we present a protocol for the isolation of mouse adrenal glands, their processing for embedding in paraffin and sectioning, and a method to perform immunofluorescence staining on adrenal sections in order to identify the cellular types constituting the adrenal cortex and medulla. This protocol is a standard in our laboratory for immunostaining with multiple antibodies routinely used in our research.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">24-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Nest Biotechnology Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0412B</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Disposable needles 25Gx5/8&#34;</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">26403</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Paraplast plus&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">McCormik scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">39502004</td>
			<td>Paraffin for tissue embedding</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Shandon biopsy cassettes II with attached lid</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1001097</td>
			<td>Cassettes for tissue processing</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">High Profile Microtome Blades</td>
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			<td>Disposable stainless steel blades</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Peel-a-way disposable plastic tissue embedding molds</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Polysciences Inc.</td>
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			<td>Truncated,22mm square top tapered to 12mm bottom</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-550-15</td>
			<td>75x25x1 mm</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Xylene</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">200 Proof Ethanol</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Certi-Pad Gauze pads&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Certified Safety Mfg, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">231-210</td>
			<td>3&#34;x3. Sterile latex free gauze pads</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">M.O.M kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Vector laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BMK-2202</td>
			<td>For detecting mouse primary antibodies on mouse tissue</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KimWipes</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Kimtech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">34155</td>
			<td>Wipes 4.4x8.4 inch</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Super PAP PEN</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">00-8899</td>
			<td>Pen to draw on slides</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscope cover glass&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-544-D</td>
			<td>Size: 22x50x1.5</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9542&#160;</td>
			<td>(Prepared in 20mg/mL stock)</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ProLong Gold antifade reagent</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Molecular Probes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P36930</td>
			<td>Mounting agent for immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">X-cite series 120Q</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Lumen Dynamics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Light source</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Coolsnap Myo</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Photometrics</td>
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			<td>Camera</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Optiphot-2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Microscope</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">microtome</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Americal Optical</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tissue embedder</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EG1150 H&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tissue processor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ASP300S</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Normal goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G9023</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mouse anti-TH</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MAB318</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rabbit anti-SF1</td>
			<td>Ab proteintech group (PTGlabs)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;custom made</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Alexa-488 Mouse IgG&#160; raised goat</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-545-003&#160;</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dylight-549 Rabbit IgG raised goat</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>111-505-003</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Citrate acid anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A940-500</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NIS-Elements Basic Research&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Software for imaging</td>
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isolation, fixation, and immunofluorescence imaging of mouse adrenal glands

Immunofluorescence is a well-established technique for detection of antigens in tissues with the employment of fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies and has a broad spectrum of applications. Detection of antigens allows for characterization and identification of multiple cell types. Located above the kidneys and encapsulated by a layer of mesenchymal cells, the adrenal gland is an endocrine organ composed by two different tissues with different embryological origins, the mesonephric intermediate mesoderm-derived outer cortex and the neural crest-derived inner medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes steroids (i.e., mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones), whereas the adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (i.e., adrenaline, noradrenaline). While conducting adrenal research, it is important to be able to distinguish unique cells with different functions. Here we provide a protocol developed in our laboratory that describes a series of sequential steps required for obtaining immunofluorescence staining to characterize the cell types of the adrenal gland. We focus first on the dissection of the mouse adrenal glands, the microscopic removal of periadrenal fat followed by the fixation, processing and paraffin embedding of the tissue. We then describe sectioning of the tissue blocks with a rotary microtome. Lastly, we detail a protocol for immunofluorescent staining of adrenal glands that we have developed to minimize both non-specific antibody binding and autofluorescence in order to achieve an optimal signal.

Figure 1&#160;represents a schematic of the entire protocol described above. Adrenal glands are harvested from mice, adjacent adipose tissue is removed under a dissecting microscope, and the adrenal are then fixed in 4% PFA. After this step, adrenals are processed and embedded in paraffin, and sectioned with a microtome to cut the organ into thin slices that are deposited on microscope slides. After drying of the sections, immunofluorescence is carried out an...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands at JoVE.com

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

Here we present a method to isolate adrenal glands from mice, fix the tissues, section them, and perform immunofluorescence staining.

Immunofluorescence is a well-established technique for detection of antigens in tissues with the employment of fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies and has ...

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Isolation of Mouse Peritoneal Cavity Cells

The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic ...

Isolation of Mouse Lung Dendritic Cells

Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens 1,2 as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses 3 in the ...

Hybridization in situ of Salivary Glands, Ovaries, and Embryos of Vector Mosquitoes

Hybridization in situ of Salivary Glands, Ovaries, and Embryos of Vector Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are vectors for a diverse set of pathogens including arboviruses, protozoan parasites and nematodes.  Investigation of transcripts and gene ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Popliteal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign ...

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

The lymphatic  vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that  maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and ...

Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa

Mucosal surfaces, including in the gastrointestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts, provide portals of entry for pathogens, such as viruses and ...

Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of ...

Isolation and Quantitative Evaluation of Brush Cells from Mouse Tracheas

Tracheal brush cells are cholinergic chemosensory epithelial cells poised to transmit signals from the airway lumen to the immune and nervous systems. ...