Name: use of a linear accelerator for conducting in vitro radiobiology experiments
Uploaded: 2019-05-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Linear Accelerator for Conducting In Vitro Radiobiology Experiments at JoVE.com

We thank the Cleveland Clinic Department of Radiation Oncology for use of the linear accelerators. We thank Dr. Jeremy Rich for his generous gift of glioma stem-like cells. This research was supported by the Cleveland Clinic.

1. Cell preparation for suspension cell culture
<ol>
	<li>Culture glioma stem-like cells in stem cell culture media at approximately 5 x 106 cell/10 cm plates in a cell culture incubator with 5% CO2, 95% relative humidity at 37 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: The cell culture condition is the same throughout all the procedures. The media used in the protocol are complete media.</li>
	<li>Two days before scheduled irradiation, collect glioma stem-like cells from the culture plate with a sterile 5 mL pipette ...

<ol>
	<li>Stupp, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiotherapy+plus+concomitant+and+adjuvant+temozolomide+for+glioblastoma.">Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (10), 987-996 (2005).</li><li>Stupp, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+radiotherapy+with+concomitant+and+adjuvant+temozolomide+versus+radiotherapy+alone+on+survival+in+glioblastoma+in+a+randomised+phase+III+study:+5-year+analysis+of+the+EORTC-NCIC+trial.">Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial.</a> The Lancet Oncology. 10 (5), 459-466 (2009).</li><li>Tao, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+imaging+in+upper+gastrointestinal+tumors+and+application+to+radiation+therapy.">Hypoxia imaging in upper gastrointestinal tumors and application to radiation therapy.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 9 (6), 1044-1053 (2018).</li><li>Gajiwala, S., Torgeson, A., Garrido-Laguna, I., Kinsey, C., Lloyd, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combination+immunotherapy+and+radiation+therapy+strategies+for+pancreatic+cancer-targeting+multiple+steps+in+the+cancer+immunity+cycle.">Combination immunotherapy and radiation therapy strategies for pancreatic cancer-targeting multiple steps in the cancer immunity cycle.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 9 (6), 1014-1026 (2018).</li><li>Liney, G. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+varying+dose-per-pulse+and+average+dose+rate+in+X-ray+beam+irradiation+on+cultured+cell+survival.">Effect of varying dose-per-pulse and average dose rate in X-ray beam irradiation on cultured cell survival.</a> Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 53 (4), 671-676 (2014).</li><li>Karan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiobiological+effects+of+altering+dose+rate+in+filter-free+photon+beams.">Radiobiological effects of altering dose rate in filter-free photon beams.</a> Physics in Medicine and Biology. 58 (4), 1075-1082 (2013).</li><li>Sarojini, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+combination+of+high+dose+rate+(10X+FFF/2400+MU/min/10+MV+X-rays)+and+total+low+dose+(0.5+Gy)+induces+a+higher+rate+of+apoptosis+in+melanoma+cells+in+vitro+and+superior+preservation+of+normal+melanocytes.">A combination of high dose rate (10X FFF/2400 MU/min/10 MV X-rays) and total low dose (0.5 Gy) induces a higher rate of apoptosis in melanoma cells in vitro and superior preservation of normal melanocytes.</a> Melanoma Research. 25 (5), 376-389 (2015).</li><li>Hao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+extra+high+on+glioma+stem-like+cells.">The effects of extra high on glioma stem-like cells.</a> PLoS One. 13 (8), 0202533 (2018).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation-induced+G2/M+arrest+rarely+occurred+in+glioblastoma+stem-like+cells.">Radiation-induced G2/M arrest rarely occurred in glioblastoma stem-like cells.</a> International Journal of Radiation Biology. 94 (4), 394-402 (2018).</li><li>Mcdermott, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Physics and Technology of Radiation Therapy. , (2010).</li><li>Lohse, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+high+dose+per+pulse+flattening+filter-free+beams+on+cancer+cell+survival.">Effect of high dose per pulse flattening filter-free beams on cancer cell survival.</a> Radiotherapy &amp; Oncology. 101 (1), 226-232 (2011).</li></ol>

Radiotherapy is an integral part of cancer management. Ongoing efforts seek to improve the efficacy and efficiency of radiation treatment. Advancements in linear accelerator technology have provided the opportunity to treat patients with unprecedented accuracy and safety. Because most patients are treated with high energy X-rays from linear accelerators, studies examining the biologic effects of a large range of dose rates performed on linear accelerators may be readily applied to patients. There have been several report...

Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for many types of cancer1,2,3,4. Extra high dose rate irradiation is relatively new in radiation therapy and is made possible by recent technological advances in linear accelerators5. Clinical advantages of extra high dose rate over standard dose rate irradiation include shortened treatment time and improved patient experience. Linear accelerators also provide a clinical setting for cell culture based radiation biology studies. The biological and therapeutic implications of radiation dose and dose rates have been a focus of interest of radiation oncologists and biologists for decades6,7,8. But, the radiobiology of extra high dose rate irradiation and flash irradiation - an extremely high dose rate of radiation - has yet to be thoroughly investigated.
Gamma ray irradiation is widely used in cell culture based radiation biology9,10,11. Radiation is achieved by gamma-rays emitted from decaying radioactive isotope sources, typically Cesium-137. Use of radioactive sources is highly regulated and often restricted. With source-based irradiation, it is challenging to test a wide range of dose rates, limiting its utility in the analysis of the biologic effects of clinical achievable dose rates12.
There have been several studies that illustrate both dose and dose rate effects12,13,14,15,16,17. In these studies, both gamma-irradiation generated from radioactive isotopes or X-rays generated from linear accelerators were used. A variety of cell lines representing lung cancer, cervical cancer, glioblastoma, and melanoma were used. Radiation effects on cell survival, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA damage were evaluated as readouts12,13,14,15,16,17. Here, we describe a method to define the biological effects of clinically relevant radiation dose and dose rates by delivering X-ray based radiation using a linear accelerator. These studies should be performed with close collaboration between the biologist, radiation oncologist and medical physicist.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:925px;" width="924">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Material</td>
			<td style="width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">glioma stem-like cell 4121</td>
			<td style="width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td>gift from Dr. Jeremy Rich</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">293 cells</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">CRL-1573</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:307px;">neuron stem cell culture media</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">21103049</td>
			<td>NeurobasalTM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">10569044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">16000044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Recombinant Human EGF Protein</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>236-EG-01M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Recombinant Human FGF basic</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>4114-TC-01M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">B-27&#8482; Supplement</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">11360070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">25030164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Tripsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:307px;">extracellular proten matrix</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">354277</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">MatrigelTM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Fisher chemical</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">A4094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">10 cm cell culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">T1110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">3.5 cm cell culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">USA Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">CC7682-3340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">22x22mm glass cover slip</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">electron microscopy sciences</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">72210-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">15 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">1159M36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">50 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">1158R10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">5 ml Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">14-955-233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">pipet aid</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">13-681-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">02-215-414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">5810R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Linear Accelerator</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Varian</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:307px;">water equivalent material</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Sun Nuclear corporation</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">557</td>
			<td>Solid waterTM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Reagent preparation</td>
			<td style="width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:307px;">DMEM media</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin G, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin in 500 ml DMEM media</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:307px;">stem cell culture media</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">10 ml B27 supplement, 20 &#181;g hFGF, 20 &#181;g hEGF, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin G, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin in 500 ml Neurobasal media</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of a linear accelerator for conducting in vitro radiobiology experiments

Radiation therapy remains one of the cornerstones of cancer management. For most cancers, it is the most effective, nonsurgical therapy to debulk tumors. Here, we describe a method to irradiate cancer cells with a linear accelerator. The advancement of linear accelerator technology has improved the precision and efficiency of radiation therapy. The biological effects of a wide range of radiation doses and dose rates continue to be an intense area of investigation. Use of linear accelerators can facilitate these studies using clinically relevant doses and dose rates.

To investigate the cell cycle effect of standard dose rate and extra high dose rate irradiation by a linear accelerator, three samples of glioma stem-like cells were prepared using this protocol and collected 24 h after irradiation17: one control sample that was not irradiated (Figure 2A), one sample irradiated with 400 MU/min (monitor unit, 4.2 Gy/min standard dose rate, Figure 2B) to 4 Gy, and another s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Linear Accelerator for Conducting In Vitro Radiobiology Experiments at JoVE.com

Use of a Linear Accelerator for Conducting In Vitro Radiobiology Experiments

Clinical linear accelerators can be used to determine biologic effects of a wide range of dose rates on cancer cells. We discuss how to set up a linear accelerator for cell-based assays and assays for cancer stem-like cells grown as tumorspheres in suspension and cell lines grown as adherent cultures.

Radiation therapy remains one of the cornerstones of cancer management. For most cancers, it is the most effective, nonsurgical therapy to debulk tumors. ...

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