우리는 흐름 세포측정 시설, ABSL2 시설 및 상하이 의 SPF 동물 시설의 직원들이 기술적 인 도움과 조언을 주셔서 감사합니다. 이 작품은 중국 과학 아카데미 (XDB29030103), 중국 국립 핵심 R & D 프로그램 (2016YFA0502202), 중국 국립 자연 과학 재단 (31570886)의 전략적 우선 순위 연구 프로그램에 의해 지원되었습니다.

<ol>
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K., Fish, E. N., Braciale, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LAPCs+promote+follicular+helper+T+cell+differentiation+of+Ag-primed+CD4++T+cells+during+respiratory+virus+infection.">LAPCs promote follicular helper T cell differentiation of Ag-primed CD4+ T cells during respiratory virus infection.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 209 (10), 1853-1867 (2012).</li><li>Leon, B., Bradley, J. E., Lund, F. E., Randall, T. D., Ballesteros-Tato, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FoxP3++regulatory+T+cells+promote+influenza-specific+Tfh+responses+by+controlling+IL-2+availability.">FoxP3+ regulatory T cells promote influenza-specific Tfh responses by controlling IL-2 availability.</a> Nature Communications. 5, 3495 (2014).</li><li>He, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+matrix+protein+1+promotes+follicular+helper+T+cell+differentiation+and+antibody+production.">Extracellular matrix protein 1 promotes follicular helper T cell differentiation and antibody production.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (34), 8621-8626 (2018).</li><li>Le&#243;n, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+TH2+development+by+CXCR5++dendritic+cells+and+lymphotoxin-expressing+B+cells.">Regulation of TH2 development by CXCR5+ dendritic cells and lymphotoxin-expressing B cells.</a> Nature Immunology. 13 (7), 681-690 (2012).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcription+factor+Foxp1+is+a+critical+negative+regulator+of+the+differentiation+of+follicular+helper+T+cells.">The transcription factor Foxp1 is a critical negative regulator of the differentiation of follicular helper T cells.</a> Nature Immunology. 15 (7), 667-675 (2014).</li><li>Bouvier, N. M., Lowen, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+for+Influenza+Virus+Pathogenesis+and+Transmission.">Animal Models for Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission.</a> Viruses. 2 (8), 1530-1563 (2010).</li><li>Miyauchi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+neutralizing+influenza+antibody+response+in+the+absence+of+T+follicular+helper+cells.">Protective neutralizing influenza antibody response in the absence of T follicular helper cells.</a> Nature Immunology. 17 (12), 1447-1458 (2016).</li><li>Rodriguez, L., Nogales, A., Martinez-Sobrido, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influenza+A+Virus+Studies+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Infection.">Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (127), (2017).</li><li>Kitano, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl6+protein+expression+shapes+pre-germinal+center+B+cell+dynamics+and+follicular+helper+T+cell+heterogeneity.">Bcl6 protein expression shapes pre-germinal center B cell dynamics and follicular helper T cell heterogeneity.</a> Immunity. 34 (6), 961-972 (2011).</li><li>Yusuf, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germinal+center+T+follicular+helper+cell+IL-4+production+is+dependent+on+signaling+lymphocytic+activation+molecule+receptor+(CD150).">Germinal center T follicular helper cell IL-4 production is dependent on signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor (CD150).</a> The Journal of Immunology. 185 (1), 190-202 (2010).</li><li>Sun, J., Dodd, H., Moser, E. K., Sharma, R., Braciale, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD4++T+cell+help+and+innate-derived+IL-27+induce+Blimp-1-dependent+IL-10+production+by+antiviral+CTLs.">CD4+ T cell help and innate-derived IL-27 induce Blimp-1-dependent IL-10 production by antiviral CTLs.</a> Nature Immunology. 12 (4), 327-334 (2011).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

높은 친화성 항체를 생성하기 위한 B 세포 도움을 제공하는 전문화한 역할 때문에 Tfh 세포는 백신 설계를 위한 새로운 전략을 제공하기 위하여 분화 및 조작의 기계장치에서 광범위하게 공부되었습니다. 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염은 활발한 Tfh 및 GC B 세포 반응을 유도하여 이 연구 분야에 적합한 모델이 됩니다. 본 논문에서, 우리는 비강 내 접종에 의한 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염의 프로토콜을 ?...

최근 10 년 동안, 수많은 연구는 새로 확인 된 CD4+ T 세포 서브 세트에 초점을 맞추고있다, Tfh 세포 하위 집합, 발아 센터 (GC) B 개발에 필수적인 역할에 대한. B세포 림프종 6(Bcl6)은 주로 유전자 억압자로 간주되는, Bcl6의 자궁외 발현이 Tfh 분화를 유도하기에 충분하다는 증거를 위해 Tfh 세포의 계보-정의 인자이며 Bcl6의 결핍으로 인해 Tfh 분화1,2,3이사라졌다. 다른 CD4+ T 도우미 서브세트가 염증 부위로 이동하여 이펙터 기능을 수행하는 것과 달리, Tfh 세포는 주로 비장 및 림프절의 B 세포 여포 영역에서 B 세포 도움을 제공한다. 공동 자극 분자 ICOS 및 CD40L, Tfh와 GC B 세포 사이의 상호 작용에 중요한 역할을한다. Tfh 분화 동안, ICOS는 코그네이트 B 세포로부터 필요한 신호를 전송하고 또한 B 세포 영역국소화4,5에대한 방관자 B 세포로부터 이동 신호를 수신 수용체 역할을한다. CD40L은 B 세포 증식 및 생존6을위한 Tfh 세포로부터의 신호 의 중재자이다. CD40L과 유사한 역할을 하는 또 다른 요인은 주로 Tfh 세포에 의해 분비되는 사이토카인 IL21이다. IL21은 GCB 세포의 개발 및 고친화항체의 생산을 직접 규제하지만 Tfh 분화에서의 역할은 여전히 논란의 여지가있는7,8. 현재 유동 세포 분석에서 Tfh 세포를 식별하는 데 가장 빈번하게 사용되는 PD-1 및 CXCR5는 이 하위 집합의 분화 및 기능에 중요한 역할을 합니다. CXCR5는 B 세포 여포 케모키인의 수용체이며 B 세포 여포9에서Tfh 세포의 국소화를 중재한다. PD-1은 이제 여포 유도 기능을 가질 뿐만 아니라 GC B 세포 친화 성숙 과정에서 중요한 신호를 전송하는 것으로 확인된다10. 이러한 사실 인정에 근거하여, 이 분자의 발현을 평가하는 것은 기본적으로 Tfh 세포의 성숙 그리고 기능을 반영할 수 있었습니다.
GC는 이차 림프구 기관에서 유도된 일시적인 미세 해부학 구조이며 Tfh 세포에 크게 의존하므로 Tfh 반응을 평가하기에 완벽한 판독값입니다. GC에서, 세포사화학 및 공동 자극 분자에 의해 매개되는 신호를 수신한 후, B 세포는고친화항체(11)를생성하기 위해 클래스 스위칭 및 체세포 초열의 대상이 된다. 차동 항체 클래스 스위칭은 INγ가 IgG2 급 스위칭12를유도하는 동안 IL4 및 IL21이 IgG1 급 스위칭을 유도하는 차동 사이토카인 틈새 시장에서 발생한다. 혈장 세포는 분비 항체의 생산자이며 말단 분화 세포입니다. Tfh 세포 같이, GC에 있는 B 세포의 발달은 많은 중요한 분자의 동적 발현과 연관됩니다. 현재 연구에 기초하여, GC B 세포는 B220+PNA+Fas+ 또는 B220+GL7+Fas+ 세포 및 혈장 세포로 식별 될 수있다, 자신의 전구체에 비해, B220의 표현을 다운 조절 및 UPregulate CD138 발현13. 더 구체적으로, 이들 특성은 유동 세포측정 및 면역형광 분석에서 검출될 수 있으므로 GC 반응의 적절한 평가가 된다.
강력한 세포 및 유머 반응은 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에서 유도되며, Tfh 및 Th1 세포가 CD4+ T 세포 반응14를지배하여 Tfh 세포 분화 연구를위한 완벽한 모델입니다. 인플루엔자 A/푸에르토리코/8/34 H1N1(PR8)은 일반적으로 사용되는 마우스 적응 균주이며, 이 연구에서 자주 사용된다14,15,16. 여기에서, 우리는 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에 있는 Tfh 연구 관련 분석의 몇몇 기본적인 프로토콜을 기술합니다: 1) PR8 바이러스의 비강 내 접종; 2) 항원 특이적 Tfh 세포, GC B 및 혈장 세포 및 유동 세포측정을 갖는 IL21 검출; 3) GC의 조직학적 시각화; 4) ELISA와 혈청에서 항원 특이적 항체 티터의 검출. 이 프로토콜은 Tfh 관련 연구 결과에 있는 새로운 연구원을 위한 필요한 기술을 제공합니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunostaining of Tfh cells, NP-specific Tfh cells and Bcl-6</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37% formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD16/32 mouse</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-0161-86</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC-conjugated-IAbNP311-325 MHC class II tetramer</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bcl-6 PE</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>358504</td>
			<td>clone:7D1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin-CXCR5</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-7185-82</td>
			<td>clone: SPRCL5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4 Percp-eFluor 710</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>46-0041-82</td>
			<td>clone:GK1.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD44 eVolve 605</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientifi</td>
			<td>83-0441-42</td>
			<td>clone:IM7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD44 FITC</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientifi</td>
			<td>11-0441-82</td>
			<td>clone:IM7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD62L FITC</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>553150</td>
			<td>clone:MEL-14</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICOS BV421</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>564070</td>
			<td>clone:7E.17G9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PD1 PE/Cy7</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>135216</td>
			<td>clone:29F.1A12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin BV421</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>563259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin PE</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>554081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intracelluar staining of IL21</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37% formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories</td>
			<td>109-605-098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brefeldin A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B6542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human FCc IL-21 receptor</td>
			<td>R&#38;D System</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ionomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I0634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Live/Dead Fixable Aqua Dead Cell staining kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L34966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin</td>
			<td>MP</td>
			<td>102855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GC B and plasma cells staining</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B220 APC</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17-0452-81</td>
			<td>clone:RA3-6B2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD138 PE</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>561070</td>
			<td>clone:281-2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD95 (FAS) PE/Cy7</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>557653</td>
			<td>clone:Jo2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgD eFluor 450</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>48-5993-82</td>
			<td>clone:11-26c</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PNA FITC</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L7381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Assay of HA-specific antibody titer with ELISA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PR8-HA</td>
			<td>Sino Biological</td>
			<td>11684-V08H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>SSBC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse Ig (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse IgM (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse IgG1 (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse IgG2b (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse IgG2c (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB Substrate Reagent Set</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555214</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 555-Goat-anti rat IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technology</td>
			<td>A21434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse IgD</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>405702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotinylated PNA</td>
			<td>Vector laboratories</td>
			<td>B-1075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dilute Alexa Fluor 488-streptavidin</td>
			<td>Life Technology</td>
			<td>S11223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>normal goat serum</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>0060-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pro-long gold antifade reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P3630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STREPTAVIDIN/BIOTIN blocking kit</td>
			<td>Vector laboratories</td>
			<td>SP-2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of t follicular helper cells and germinal center response during influenza a virus infection in mice

T 여포 도우미 (Tfh) 세포는 발아 센터 (GC) 개발 및 높은 친화도 항체의 생성에 대한 도움을 제공하는 데 전문화 된 독립적 인 CD4+ T 세포 하위 집합이다. 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에서, 강력한 Tfh 및 GC B 세포 반응은 Tfh 관련 연구를 위한 자격을 갖춘 마우스 모형을 부여하는 효과적인 바이러스 박멸을 촉진하기 위하여 유도됩니다. 이 논문에서, 우리는 마우스에 있는 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염 도중 기본적인 Tfh 관련 면역 반응의 검출에 있는 프로토콜을 기술했습니다. 이러한 프로토콜포함: 인플루엔자 바이러스의 비강 내 접종; 폴리클론 및 항원 특이적 Tfh 세포, GC B 세포 및 혈장 세포의 유동 세포 피진 및 분석; GC의 면역 형광 검출; 혈청에서 인플루엔자 바이러스 특이적 항체의 효소-연결된 면역흡혈구 분석(ELISA). 이러한 분석체는 기본적으로 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에서 Tfh 세포의 분화 및 기능을 정량화하여 분화 메커니즘 및 조작 전략을 해명하는 연구에 도움을 제공합니다.

인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에서 마우스 이환율의 특성화 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염 후, 마우스는 질병으로 인해 덜 활동적이고 식욕 부진이며, 이는 심각한 체중 감소에 의해 반영되며, 마우스 이환율을 모니터링하는 데 일반적으로 사용되는증상(19). 도 1에도시된 바와 같이, PR8 바이러스 감염 마우스는 6일째에 체중 감량을 시?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice at JoVE.com

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

이 논문은 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염의 마우스 모형에 있는 Tfh 및 GC B 반응을 평가하는 프로토콜을 기술합니다.

인플루엔자 A 바이러스 감염 중 T 여포 도우미 세포 및 발아 센터 반응 평가

T Follicular Helper (Tfh) cells are an independent CD4+&#160;T cell subset specialized in providing help for germinal center (GC) development and ...

evaluation-t-follicular-helper-cells-germinal-center-response-during

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

5.2K 조회수.  University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 이 논문은 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염의 마우스 모형에 있는 Tfh 및 GC B 반응을 평가하는 프로토콜을 기술합니다.

비디오: Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of infection with influenza virus alone. Instead, most individuals are thought to have succumbed to a secondary bacterial infection, predominately caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). The synergistic relationship between infections caused by influenza virus and the pneumococcus has subsequently been observed during the 1957 Asian influenza virus pandemic, as well as during seasonal outbreaks of the virus (reviewed in 1, 2). Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the mechanism(s) that may be involved in increased morbidity as a result of concurrent influenza A virus and S. pneumoniae infection. We have developed an infant murine model to reliably and reproducibly demonstrate the effects of influenza virus infection of mice colonised with S. pneumoniae. Using this protocol, we have provided the first insight into the kinetics of pneumococcal transmission between co-housed, neonatal mice using in vivo imaging 3.

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

A concurrent infection with influenza A virus is one of the factors implicated in the induction of invasive pneumococcal disease during asymptomatic Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage. Here we describe a mixed infection method using infant mice to investigate the synergism between these two respiratory pathogens.

사이 Synergism을 맡은 이후로 발광 생물 이미징을 사용하여 연쇄상 구균 pneumoniae</em유아 마우스에서>와 인플루엔자 바이러스

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in mice. Recently, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling was shown to be important for initial T cell priming and memory T cell development during WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection. In this study, two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) &#8211; were utilized to assess dendritic cells (DCs) and T cell functions. In the T cell priming assay, cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry following co-culture of DCs from both groups of mice with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) - labeled CD4+ T cells of OTII transgenic mice. This approach provided an accurate determination of the percentage of proliferating CD4+ T cells with significantly improved overall sensitivity than the traditional assays with radioactive reagents. A microcentrifuge tube system was used in both cell culture and cytokine staining procedures of the ICS protocol. Compared to the traditional tissue culture plate-based system, this modified procedure was easier to perform at biosafety level (BL) 3 facilities. Moreover, WNV- infected cells were treated with paraformaldehyde in both assays, which enabled further analysis outside BL3 facilities. Overall, these in vitro immunological assays can be used to efficiently assess cell-mediated immune responses during WNV infection.

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and intracellular cytokine staining were utilized to measure antigen presenting capacity of dendritic cells and antigen-specific T cell responses to a West Nile virus mutant infection in mice.

웨스트 나일 바이러스 돌연변이 균주의 감염에에서 MyD88 매개 세포 면역 반응의 생체 외 분석

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous emergence of new influenza virus strains due to mutation and re-assortment complicates the control of the virus and necessitates the permanent development of novel drugs and vaccines. The laboratory-based study of influenza requires a reliable and cost-effective method for the propagation of the virus. Here, a comprehensive protocol is provided for influenza A virus propagation in fertile chicken eggs, which consistently yields high titer viral stocks. In brief, serum pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs are incubated at 37 &#176;C and 55-60% humidity for 10 &#8211; 11 days. Over this period, embryo development can be easily monitored using an egg candler. Virus inoculation is carried out by injection of virus stock into the allantoic cavity using a needle. After 2 days of incubation at 37 &#176;C, the eggs are chilled for at least 4 hr at 4 &#176;C. The eggshell above the air sac and the chorioallantoic membrane are then carefully opened, and the allantoic fluid containing the virus is harvested. The fluid is cleared from debris by centrifugation, aliquoted and transferred to -80 &#176;C for long-term storage. The large amount (5-10 ml of virus-containing fluid per egg) and high virus titer which is usually achieved with this protocol has made the usage of eggs for virus preparation our favorable method, in particular for in vitro studies which require large quantities of virus in which high dosages of the same virus stock are needed.

Fertile chicken eggs are widely used to produce large amounts of human influenza A virus as they provide a convenient and cost-effective system to prove high yields of virus.

인간 백신 닭 계란에 인플루엔자 바이러스 전파

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous ...

Co-immunoprecipitation of the Mouse Mx1 Protein with the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions of proteins with other macromolecules in a complex sample is called co-immunoprecipitation. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to demonstrate and further investigate the interaction between the antiviral myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and one of its viral targets, the influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). The protocol starts with transfected mammalian cells, but it is also possible to use influenza A virus infected cells as starting material. After cell lysis, the viral NP protein is pulled-down with a specific antibody and the resulting immune-complexes are precipitated with protein G beads. The successful pull-down of NP and the co-immunoprecipitation of the antiviral Mx1 protein are subsequently revealed by western blotting. A prerequisite for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 with NP is the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in the cell lysis buffer. NEM alkylates free thiol groups. Presumably this reaction stabilizes the weak and/or transient NP&#8211;Mx1 interaction by preserving a specific conformation of Mx1, its viral target or an unknown third component. An important limitation of co-immunoprecipitation experiments is the inadvertent pull-down of contaminating proteins, caused by nonspecific binding of proteins to the protein G beads or antibodies. Therefore, it is very important to include control settings to exclude false positive results. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol can be used to study the interaction of Mx proteins from different vertebrate species with viral proteins, any pair of proteins, or of a protein with other macromolecules. The beneficial role of NEM to stabilize weak and/or transient interactions needs to be tested for each interaction pair individually.

This co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to study the interaction between the influenza A virus nucleoprotein and the antiviral Mx1 protein in human cells. The protocol emphasizes the importance of N-ethylmaleimide for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 and influenza A virus nucleoprotein.

인플루엔자 A 바이러스의 핵 단백질과 마우스 MX1 단백질의 공동 면역 침전

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions ...

Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry

Attachment to target cells followed by internalization are the very first steps of the life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV). We provide here a detailed protocol for measuring relative changes in the amount of viral particles that attach to A549 cells, a human lung epithelial cell line, as well as in the amount of particles that are internalized into the cell. We use biotinylated virus which can be easily detected following staining with Cy3-labeled streptavidin (STV-Cy3). We describe the growth, purification and biotinylation of A/WSN/33, a widely used IAV laboratory strain. Cold-bound biotinylated IAV particles on A549 cells are stained with STV-Cy3 and measured using flow cytometry. To investigate uptake of viral particles, cold-bound virus is allowed to internalize at 37 &#176;C. In order to differentiate between external and internalized viral particles, a blocking step is applied: Free binding spots on the biotin of attached virus on the cell surface are bound by unlabeled streptavidin (STV). Subsequent cell permeabilization and staining with STV-Cy3 then enables detection of internalized viral particles. We present a calculation to determine the relative amount of internalized virus. This assay is suitable to measure effects of drug-treatments or other manipulations on attachment or internalization of IAV.

We present a protocol describing a semi-quantitative method for measuring both, the attachment of influenza A virus to A549 cells, as well as the internalization of virus particles into the target cells by flow cytometry.

유동 세포 계측법에 의해 A549 세포의 부착 및 국제화 인플루엔자의 바이러스를 측정

Attachment to target cells followed by internalization are the very first steps of the life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV). We provide here a detailed ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They are key players in the innate immune system and play major roles in cancer biology. Neutrophils have been proposed as key mediators of malignant transformation, tumor progression, angiogenesis and in the modulation of the antitumor immunity; through their release of soluble factors or their interaction with tumor cells. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a fast and reliable method is coveted for in vitro isolation of neutrophils from human blood. Here, a density gradient separation method is demonstrated to isolate neutrophils as well as mononuclear cells from the blood. The procedure consists of layering the density gradient solution such as Ficoll carefully above the diluted blood obtained from patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), followed by centrifugation, isolation of mononuclear layer, separation of neutrophils from RBCsby dextran then lysis of residual erythrocytes. This method has been shown to isolate neutrophils &#8805; 90 % pure. To mimic the tumor microenvironment, 3-dimensional (3D) experiments were performed using basement membrane matrix such as Matrigel. Given the short half-life of neutrophils in vitro, 3D experiments with fresh human neutrophils cannot be performed. For this reason promyelocytic HL60 cells are differentiated along the granulocytic pathway using the differentiation inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and retinoic acid (RA). The aim of our experiments is to study the role of neutrophils on the sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents. However these methods can be generalized to study the interactions of neutrophils or neutrophil-like cells with a large range of cell types in different situations.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells. The isolation of neutrophils from human blood by density gradient separation method and the differentiation of human promyelocytic (HL60) cells along the granulocytic pathway are described here; to test their role on sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents.

호중구의 분리 및 분석 치료제에 림프종 세포 감도에서 자신의 역할을 확인하는 방법

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Acid-triggered molecular processes closely control cell entry of many viruses that enter through the endocytic system. In the case of influenza A virus (IAV), virus fusion with the endosomal membrane as well as the subsequent disassembly of the viral capsid, called uncoating, is governed by the ionic conditions inside endocytic vesicles. The early steps in the virus life cycle are hard to study because endosomes cannot be directly accessed experimentally, creating the need for an in vitro approach. Here, we describe a method based on velocity gradient centrifugation of purified virions through a two-layer glycerol gradient, which enables analysis of the IAV core and its stability. The gradient contains a non-ionic detergent (NP-40) in its lower layer to remove the viral membrane by solubilization as the virus sediments toward the bottom. At neutral pH, viral cores are pelleted as stable structures. The major core components, matrix protein (M1) and the viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs), can be clearly identified in the pellet fraction by SDS-PAGE. Decreasing the pH to 6.0 or lower in the bottom layer selectively removes M1 from the pellet followed by release of vRNPs at more acidic conditions. Viral protein bands on Coomassie-stained gels can be subjected to densitometric quantification to monitor intermediate states of IAV disassembly. Besides pH, other factors that influence viral core stability can be assessed, such as salt concentration and putative viral uncoating factors, simply by modifying the detergent-containing glycerol layer accordingly. Taken together, the presented technique allows highly reproducible and quantitative analysis of viral uncoating in vitro. It can be applied to other enveloped viruses that undergo complex uncoating processes.

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Disassembly of influenza A virus cores during virus entry into host cells is a multistep process. We describe an in vitro method to analyze the early stages of viral uncoating. In this approach, velocity gradient centrifugation is used to biochemically dissect the steps that initiate uncoating under defined conditions.

그라데이션 원심 분리에 의해 인플루엔자 A 바이러스 캡시드의 생체 외 분해에

Acid-triggered molecular processes closely control cell entry of many viruses that enter through the endocytic system. In the case of influenza A virus ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone considering direct medical and hospitalization expenses and work absenteeism2. Animal models are crucial in Influenza A virus (IAV) studies to evaluate viral pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, and the efficacy of current and/or novel vaccine approaches as well as antivirals. Mice are an advantageous small animal model because their immune system is evolutionarily similar to that found in humans, they are available from commercial vendors as genetically identical subjects, there are multiple strains that can be exploited to evaluate the genetic basis of infections, and they are relatively inexpensive and easy to manipulate. To recapitulate IAV infection in humans via the airways, mice are first anesthetized prior to intranasal inoculation with infectious IAVs under proper biosafety containment. After infection, the pathogenesis of IAVs is determined by monitoring daily the morbidity (body weight loss) and mortality (survival) rate. In addition, viral pathogenesis can also be evaluated by assessing virus replication in the upper (nasal mucosa) or lower (lungs) respiratory tract of infected mice. Humoral responses upon IAV infection can be rapidly evaluated by non-invasive bleeding and secondary antibody detection assays aimed at detecting the presence of total or neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe the common methods used to infect mice intranasally (i.n) with IAV and evaluate pathogenesis, humoral immune responses and protection efficacy.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.

감염 마우스 모델에서 인플루엔자 A 바이러스 연구

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Evaluation of Extracellular Vesicle Function During Malaria Infection

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, with P. falciparum being the most prevalent on the African continent and responsible for most malaria-related deaths globally. Several factors including parasite sequestration in tissues, vascular dysfunction, and inflammatory responses influence the evolution of the disease in malaria-infected people. P. falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing different kinds of cargo molecules that mediate pathogenesis and cellular communication between parasites and host. EVs are efficiently taken up by cells in which they modulate their function. Here we discuss strategies to address the role of EVs in parasite-host interactions. First, we describe a straightforward method for labeling and tracking EV internalization by endothelial cells, using a green cell linker dye. Second, we report a simple way to measure permeability across an endothelial cell monolayer by using a fluorescently labeled dextran. Finally, we show how to investigate the role of small non-coding RNA molecules in endothelial cell function.

In this work, we describe protocols to investigate the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes. In particular, we focus on the interactions of EVs with endothelial cells.

말라리아 감염 시 세포 외 기 기능의 평가

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, with P. falciparum being the most prevalent on the African continent and responsible ...

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and damaging the testes. During an infection with the ZIKV, immune cells have been shown to infiltrate into the tissues. However, the cellular mechanisms that define the protection and/or immunopathogenesis of these immune cells during a ZIKV infection are still largely unknown. Herein, we describe methods to evaluate the virus-specific T-cell functionality in these immunoprivileged organs of ZIKV-infected mice. These methods include a) a ZIKV infection and vaccine inoculation in Ifnar1-/- mice; b) histopathology, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assays to detect the virus infection and inflammation in the brain, testes, and spleen; c) the preparation of a tetramer of ZIKV-derived T-cell epitopes; d) the detection of ZIKV-specific T cells in the monocytes isolated from the brain, testes, and spleen. Using these approaches, it is possible to detect the antigen-specific T cells that have infiltrated into the immunoprivileged organs and to evaluate the functions of these T cells during the infection: potential immune protection via virus clearance and/or immunopathogenesis to exacerbate the inflammation. These findings may also help to clarify the contribution of T cells induced by the immunization against ZIKV.

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

A protocol to evaluate antigen-specific T-cell responses in the immunoprivileged organs of the Ifnar1-/- murine model for the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is described. This method is pivotal for investigating the cellular mechanisms of the protection and immunopathogenesis of ZIKV vaccines and is also valuable for their efficacy evaluation.

감염 된 Ifnar1/- 생쥐의 Immunoprivileged 장기에서 Zika 바이러스 관련 T 세포 응답의 평가

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and ...

인플루엔자 A 바이러스 감염 중 T 여포 도우미 세포 및 발아 센터 반응 평가

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사이 Synergism을 맡은 이후로 발광 생물 이미징을 사용하여 연쇄상 구균 pneumoniae와 인플루엔자 바이러스