우리는 흐름 세포측정 시설, ABSL2 시설 및 상하이 의 SPF 동물 시설의 직원들이 기술적 인 도움과 조언을 주셔서 감사합니다. 이 작품은 중국 과학 아카데미 (XDB29030103), 중국 국립 핵심 R & D 프로그램 (2016YFA0502202), 중국 국립 자연 과학 재단 (31570886)의 전략적 우선 순위 연구 프로그램에 의해 지원되었습니다.

<ol>
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저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

높은 친화성 항체를 생성하기 위한 B 세포 도움을 제공하는 전문화한 역할 때문에 Tfh 세포는 백신 설계를 위한 새로운 전략을 제공하기 위하여 분화 및 조작의 기계장치에서 광범위하게 공부되었습니다. 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염은 활발한 Tfh 및 GC B 세포 반응을 유도하여 이 연구 분야에 적합한 모델이 됩니다. 본 논문에서, 우리는 비강 내 접종에 의한 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염의 프로토콜을 ?...

최근 10 년 동안, 수많은 연구는 새로 확인 된 CD4+ T 세포 서브 세트에 초점을 맞추고있다, Tfh 세포 하위 집합, 발아 센터 (GC) B 개발에 필수적인 역할에 대한. B세포 림프종 6(Bcl6)은 주로 유전자 억압자로 간주되는, Bcl6의 자궁외 발현이 Tfh 분화를 유도하기에 충분하다는 증거를 위해 Tfh 세포의 계보-정의 인자이며 Bcl6의 결핍으로 인해 Tfh 분화1,2,3이사라졌다. 다른 CD4+ T 도우미 서브세트가 염증 부위로 이동하여 이펙터 기능을 수행하는 것과 달리, Tfh 세포는 주로 비장 및 림프절의 B 세포 여포 영역에서 B 세포 도움을 제공한다. 공동 자극 분자 ICOS 및 CD40L, Tfh와 GC B 세포 사이의 상호 작용에 중요한 역할을한다. Tfh 분화 동안, ICOS는 코그네이트 B 세포로부터 필요한 신호를 전송하고 또한 B 세포 영역국소화4,5에대한 방관자 B 세포로부터 이동 신호를 수신 수용체 역할을한다. CD40L은 B 세포 증식 및 생존6을위한 Tfh 세포로부터의 신호 의 중재자이다. CD40L과 유사한 역할을 하는 또 다른 요인은 주로 Tfh 세포에 의해 분비되는 사이토카인 IL21이다. IL21은 GCB 세포의 개발 및 고친화항체의 생산을 직접 규제하지만 Tfh 분화에서의 역할은 여전히 논란의 여지가있는7,8. 현재 유동 세포 분석에서 Tfh 세포를 식별하는 데 가장 빈번하게 사용되는 PD-1 및 CXCR5는 이 하위 집합의 분화 및 기능에 중요한 역할을 합니다. CXCR5는 B 세포 여포 케모키인의 수용체이며 B 세포 여포9에서Tfh 세포의 국소화를 중재한다. PD-1은 이제 여포 유도 기능을 가질 뿐만 아니라 GC B 세포 친화 성숙 과정에서 중요한 신호를 전송하는 것으로 확인된다10. 이러한 사실 인정에 근거하여, 이 분자의 발현을 평가하는 것은 기본적으로 Tfh 세포의 성숙 그리고 기능을 반영할 수 있었습니다.
GC는 이차 림프구 기관에서 유도된 일시적인 미세 해부학 구조이며 Tfh 세포에 크게 의존하므로 Tfh 반응을 평가하기에 완벽한 판독값입니다. GC에서, 세포사화학 및 공동 자극 분자에 의해 매개되는 신호를 수신한 후, B 세포는고친화항체(11)를생성하기 위해 클래스 스위칭 및 체세포 초열의 대상이 된다. 차동 항체 클래스 스위칭은 INγ가 IgG2 급 스위칭12를유도하는 동안 IL4 및 IL21이 IgG1 급 스위칭을 유도하는 차동 사이토카인 틈새 시장에서 발생한다. 혈장 세포는 분비 항체의 생산자이며 말단 분화 세포입니다. Tfh 세포 같이, GC에 있는 B 세포의 발달은 많은 중요한 분자의 동적 발현과 연관됩니다. 현재 연구에 기초하여, GC B 세포는 B220+PNA+Fas+ 또는 B220+GL7+Fas+ 세포 및 혈장 세포로 식별 될 수있다, 자신의 전구체에 비해, B220의 표현을 다운 조절 및 UPregulate CD138 발현13. 더 구체적으로, 이들 특성은 유동 세포측정 및 면역형광 분석에서 검출될 수 있으므로 GC 반응의 적절한 평가가 된다.
강력한 세포 및 유머 반응은 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에서 유도되며, Tfh 및 Th1 세포가 CD4+ T 세포 반응14를지배하여 Tfh 세포 분화 연구를위한 완벽한 모델입니다. 인플루엔자 A/푸에르토리코/8/34 H1N1(PR8)은 일반적으로 사용되는 마우스 적응 균주이며, 이 연구에서 자주 사용된다14,15,16. 여기에서, 우리는 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에 있는 Tfh 연구 관련 분석의 몇몇 기본적인 프로토콜을 기술합니다: 1) PR8 바이러스의 비강 내 접종; 2) 항원 특이적 Tfh 세포, GC B 및 혈장 세포 및 유동 세포측정을 갖는 IL21 검출; 3) GC의 조직학적 시각화; 4) ELISA와 혈청에서 항원 특이적 항체 티터의 검출. 이 프로토콜은 Tfh 관련 연구 결과에 있는 새로운 연구원을 위한 필요한 기술을 제공합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Immunostaining of Tfh cells, NP-specific Tfh cells and Bcl-6&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>37% formaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F1635</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-CD16/32 mouse</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-0161-86</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>APC-conjugated-IAbNP311-325 MHC class II tetramer</td><td>NIH</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bcl-6 PE</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>358504</td><td>clone:7D1</td></tr><tr><td>Biotin-CXCR5</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-7185-82</td><td>clone: SPRCL5</td></tr><tr><td>CD4 Percp-eFluor 710</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>46-0041-82</td><td>clone:GK1.5</td></tr><tr><td>CD44 eVolve 605</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifi</td><td>83-0441-42</td><td>clone:IM7</td></tr><tr><td>CD44 FITC</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifi</td><td>11-0441-82</td><td>clone:IM7</td></tr><tr><td>CD62L FITC</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>553150</td><td>clone:MEL-14</td></tr><tr><td>ICOS BV421</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>564070</td><td>clone:7E.17G9</td></tr><tr><td>PD1 PE/Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>135216</td><td>clone:29F.1A12</td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin BV421</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>563259</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin PE</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>554081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Intracelluar staining of IL21&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>37% formaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F1635</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories</td><td>109-605-098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brefeldin A</td><td>Sigma</td><td>B6542</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>human FCc IL-21 receptor</td><td>R&amp;amp;D System</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ionomycin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>I0634</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Live/Dead Fixable Aqua Dead Cell staining kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>L34966</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P1585</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saponin</td><td>MP</td><td>102855</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;GC B and plasma cells staining&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B220 APC</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>17-0452-81</td><td>clone:RA3-6B2</td></tr><tr><td>CD138 PE</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>561070</td><td>clone:281-2</td></tr><tr><td>CD95 (FAS) PE/Cy7</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>557653</td><td>clone:Jo2</td></tr><tr><td>IgD eFluor 450</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>48-5993-82</td><td>clone:11-26c</td></tr><tr><td>PNA FITC</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L7381</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Assay of HA-specific antibody titer with ELISA&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PR8-HA</td><td>Sino Biological</td><td>11684-V08H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>SSBC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti mouse Ig (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td><td>SouthernBiotech</td><td>5300-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti mouse IgM (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td><td>SouthernBiotech</td><td>5300-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti mouse IgG1 (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td><td>SouthernBiotech</td><td>5300-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti mouse IgG2b (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td><td>SouthernBiotech</td><td>5300-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti mouse IgG2c (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td><td>SouthernBiotech</td><td>5300-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TMB Substrate Reagent Set</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>555214</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Histology&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 555-Goat-anti rat IgG</td><td>Life Technology</td><td>A21434</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-mouse IgD</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>405702</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>biotinylated PNA</td><td>Vector laboratories</td><td>B-1075</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dilute Alexa Fluor 488-streptavidin</td><td>Life Technology</td><td>S11223</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>normal goat serum</td><td>SouthernBiotech</td><td>0060-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pro-long gold antifade reagent</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>P3630</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>STREPTAVIDIN/BIOTIN blocking kit</td><td>Vector laboratories</td><td>SP-2002</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

evaluation of t follicular helper cells and germinal center response during influenza a virus infection in mice

T 여포 도우미 (Tfh) 세포는 발아 센터 (GC) 개발 및 높은 친화도 항체의 생성에 대한 도움을 제공하는 데 전문화 된 독립적 인 CD4+ T 세포 하위 집합이다. 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에서, 강력한 Tfh 및 GC B 세포 반응은 Tfh 관련 연구를 위한 자격을 갖춘 마우스 모형을 부여하는 효과적인 바이러스 박멸을 촉진하기 위하여 유도됩니다. 이 논문에서, 우리는 마우스에 있는 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염 도중 기본적인 Tfh 관련 면역 반응의 검출에 있는 프로토콜을 기술했습니다. 이러한 프로토콜포함: 인플루엔자 바이러스의 비강 내 접종; 폴리클론 및 항원 특이적 Tfh 세포, GC B 세포 및 혈장 세포의 유동 세포 피진 및 분석; GC의 면역 형광 검출; 혈청에서 인플루엔자 바이러스 특이적 항체의 효소-연결된 면역흡혈구 분석(ELISA). 이러한 분석체는 기본적으로 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에서 Tfh 세포의 분화 및 기능을 정량화하여 분화 메커니즘 및 조작 전략을 해명하는 연구에 도움을 제공합니다.

인플루엔자 바이러스 감염에서 마우스 이환율의 특성화 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염 후, 마우스는 질병으로 인해 덜 활동적이고 식욕 부진이며, 이는 심각한 체중 감소에 의해 반영되며, 마우스 이환율을 모니터링하는 데 일반적으로 사용되는증상(19). 도 1에도시된 바와 같이, PR8 바이러스 감염 마우스는 6일째에 체중 감량을 시?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice at JoVE.com

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

이 논문은 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염의 마우스 모형에 있는 Tfh 및 GC B 반응을 평가하는 프로토콜을 기술합니다.

인플루엔자 A 바이러스 감염 중 T 여포 도우미 세포 및 발아 센터 반응 평가

T Follicular Helper (Tfh) cells are an independent CD4+&#160;T cell subset specialized in providing help for germinal center (GC) development and ...

evaluation-t-follicular-helper-cells-germinal-center-response-during

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

5.2K 조회수.  University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 이 논문은 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염의 마우스 모형에 있는 Tfh 및 GC B 반응을 평가하는 프로토콜을 기술합니다.

비디오: Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the infecting strain and rapid high-throughput screening of vast numbers of clinical samples is paramount to control the spread of pandemic infections. Current clinical diagnoses of influenza infections are based on serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction, direct specimen immunofluorescence and cell culture 1,2.
Here, we report the development of a novel diagnostic technique used to detect live influenza viruses. We used the mouse-adapted human A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus 3 to test the efficacy of this technique using MDCK cells 4. MDCK cells (104 or 5 x 103 per well) were cultured in 96- or 384-well plates, infected with PR8 and viral proteins were detected using anti-M2 followed by an IR dye-conjugated secondary antibody. M2 5 and hemagglutinin 1 are two major marker proteins used in many different diagnostic assays. Employing IR-dye-conjugated secondary antibodies minimized the autofluorescence associated with other fluorescent dyes. The use of anti-M2 antibody allowed us to use the antigen-specific fluorescence intensity as a direct metric of viral quantity. To enumerate the fluorescence intensity, we used the LI-COR Odyssey-based IR scanner. This system uses two channel laser-based IR detections to identify fluorophores and differentiate them from background noise. The first channel excites at 680 nm and emits at 700 nm to help quantify the background. The second channel detects fluorophores that excite at 780 nm and emit at 800 nm. Scanning of PR8-infected MDCK cells in the IR scanner indicated a viral titer-dependent bright fluorescence. A positive correlation of fluorescence intensity to virus titer starting from 102-105 PFU could be consistently observed. Minimal but detectable positivity consistently seen with 102-103 PFU PR8 viral titers demonstrated the high sensitivity of the near-IR dyes. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by comparing the mock-infected or isotype antibody-treated MDCK cells.
Using the fluorescence intensities from 96- or 384-well plate formats, we constructed standard titration curves. In these calculations, the first variable is the viral titer while the second variable is the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, we used the exponential distribution to generate a curve-fit to determine the polynomial relationship between the viral titers and fluorescence intensities. Collectively, we conclude that IR dye-based protein detection system can help diagnose infecting viral strains and precisely enumerate the titer of the infecting pathogens.

This method describes the use of Infrared dye based imaging system for detection of H1N1 in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of infected mice at a high sensitivity. This methodology can be performed in a 96- or 384-well plate, requires &lt;10 &mu;l volume of test material and has the potential for concurrent screening of multiple pathogens.

인플루엔자 바이러스에 대한 높은 처리량 검출 방법

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the physiological mechanisms that mediate immune responses to vaccines perhaps due to the overall success of vaccination, which has reduced interest into the molecular and physiological mechanisms of vaccine immunity. However, several important human pathogens including influenza virus still pose a challenge for vaccination, and may benefit from immune-based strategies. 
Although influenza reverse genetics has been successfully applied to the generation of live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), the addition of molecular tools in vaccine preparations such as tracer components to follow up the kinetics of vaccination in vivo, has not been addressed. In addition, the recent generation of mouse models that allow specific depletion of leukocytes during kinetic studies has opened a window of opportunity to understand the basic immune mechanisms underlying vaccine-elicited protection. Here, we describe how the combination of reverse genetics and chimeric mouse models may help to provide new insights into how vaccines work at physiological and molecular levels, using as example a recombinant, cold-adapted, live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We utilized laboratory-generated LAIVs harboring cell tracers as well as competitive bone marrow chimeras (BMCs) to determine the early kinetics of vaccine immunity and the main physiological mechanisms responsible for the initiation of vaccine-specific adaptive immunity. In addition, we show how this technique may facilitate gene function studies in single animals during immune responses to vaccines. We propose that this technique can be applied to improve current prophylactic strategies against pathogens for which urgent medical countermeasures are needed, for example influenza, HIV, Plasmodium, and hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola virus.

There is an overall lack of knowledge about how vaccines work. Here we propose the combined use of reverse genetics and bone marrow chimeric mice to gain insight into the early host immune responses to vaccines with a special focus on dendritic cells and T cell immunity.

키메라 마우스 모델에서 재조합 인플루엔자 백신의 비강 관리는 점막 면역을 연구하기 위해

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the ...

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Despite global coverage of intradermal BCG vaccination, tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Preclinical data have encouraged pulmonary tuberculosis vaccines as a promising strategy to prevent pulmonary disease, which is responsible for transmission. In this work, we describe the methodology used to demonstrate in the mouse model the benefits of intranasal BCG vaccination when compared to subcutaneous. Our data revealed greater protective efficacy following intranasal BCG administration. In addition, our results indicate that pulmonary vaccination triggers a higher immune response in lungs, including Th1 and Th17 responses, as well as an increase of immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in respiratory airways. Our data show correlation between protective efficacy and the presence of IL17-producing cells in lungs post-Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge, suggesting a role for this cytokine in the protective response conferred by pulmonary vaccination. Finally, we detail the global workflow we have developed to study respiratory vaccination in the mouse model, which could be extrapolated to other tuberculosis vaccines, apart from BCG, targeting the mucosal response or other pulmonary routes of administration such as the intratracheal or aerosol.

We herein detail the methodology followed to compare protective efficacy and lung immune response induced by intranasal and subcutaneous immunization with BCG in mouse model. Our results show the benefits of pulmonary vaccination and suggest a role for IL17-mediated response in vaccine-induced protection.

보호 효능 및 폐 면역 반응은 마우스에 피하 및 비강 BCG 관리에 따라

Despite global coverage of intradermal BCG vaccination, tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Preclinical data ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone considering direct medical and hospitalization expenses and work absenteeism2. Animal models are crucial in Influenza A virus (IAV) studies to evaluate viral pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, and the efficacy of current and/or novel vaccine approaches as well as antivirals. Mice are an advantageous small animal model because their immune system is evolutionarily similar to that found in humans, they are available from commercial vendors as genetically identical subjects, there are multiple strains that can be exploited to evaluate the genetic basis of infections, and they are relatively inexpensive and easy to manipulate. To recapitulate IAV infection in humans via the airways, mice are first anesthetized prior to intranasal inoculation with infectious IAVs under proper biosafety containment. After infection, the pathogenesis of IAVs is determined by monitoring daily the morbidity (body weight loss) and mortality (survival) rate. In addition, viral pathogenesis can also be evaluated by assessing virus replication in the upper (nasal mucosa) or lower (lungs) respiratory tract of infected mice. Humoral responses upon IAV infection can be rapidly evaluated by non-invasive bleeding and secondary antibody detection assays aimed at detecting the presence of total or neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe the common methods used to infect mice intranasally (i.n) with IAV and evaluate pathogenesis, humoral immune responses and protection efficacy.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.

감염 마우스 모델에서 인플루엔자 A 바이러스 연구

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and Fc-regions. Here, we describe how to measure the activation of Fc effector functions by monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza virus hemagglutinin with the use of a genetically engineered Jurkat cell line expressing an activating type 1 Fc-Fc&#947;R. Using this method, the contribution of specific Fc-Fc&#947;R interactions conferred by immunoglobulins can be determined using an in vitro assay.

We describe a method to measure the activation of Fc-mediated effector functions by antibodies that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin. This assay can also be adapted to assess the ability of monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal sera targeting other viral surface glycoproteins to induce Fc-mediated immunity.

독감 조류 특정 항 체에 의해 유도 된 Fc 중재 Effector 기능을 평가 하는 방법

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and ...

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and damaging the testes. During an infection with the ZIKV, immune cells have been shown to infiltrate into the tissues. However, the cellular mechanisms that define the protection and/or immunopathogenesis of these immune cells during a ZIKV infection are still largely unknown. Herein, we describe methods to evaluate the virus-specific T-cell functionality in these immunoprivileged organs of ZIKV-infected mice. These methods include a) a ZIKV infection and vaccine inoculation in Ifnar1-/- mice; b) histopathology, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assays to detect the virus infection and inflammation in the brain, testes, and spleen; c) the preparation of a tetramer of ZIKV-derived T-cell epitopes; d) the detection of ZIKV-specific T cells in the monocytes isolated from the brain, testes, and spleen. Using these approaches, it is possible to detect the antigen-specific T cells that have infiltrated into the immunoprivileged organs and to evaluate the functions of these T cells during the infection: potential immune protection via virus clearance and/or immunopathogenesis to exacerbate the inflammation. These findings may also help to clarify the contribution of T cells induced by the immunization against ZIKV.

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

A protocol to evaluate antigen-specific T-cell responses in the immunoprivileged organs of the Ifnar1-/- murine model for the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is described. This method is pivotal for investigating the cellular mechanisms of the protection and immunopathogenesis of ZIKV vaccines and is also valuable for their efficacy evaluation.

감염 된 Ifnar1/- 생쥐의 Immunoprivileged 장기에서 Zika 바이러스 관련 T 세포 응답의 평가

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and ...

Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) allows the observation of cell interactions in deep tissue in living animals, while minimizing the photobleaching generated during image acquisition. To date, different models for 2P-IVM of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs have been described. However, imaging of respiratory organs remains a challenge due to the movement associated with the breathing cycle of the animal.
Here, we describe a protocol to visualize in vivo immune cell interactions in the trachea of mice infected with influenza virus using 2P-IVM. To this purpose, we developed a custom imaging platform, which included the surgical exposure and intubation of the trachea, followed by the acquisition of dynamic images of neutrophils and dendritic cells (DC) in the mucosal epithelium. Additionally, we detailed the steps needed to perform influenza intranasal infection and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the trachea. Finally, we analyzed neutrophil and DC motility as well as their interactions during the course of a movie. This protocol allows for the generation of stable and bright 4D images necessary for the assessment of cell-cell interactions in the trachea.

In this study, we present a protocol to perform two-photon intravital imaging and cell interaction analysis in the murine tracheal mucosa after infection with influenza virus. This protocol will be relevant for researchers studying immune cell dynamics during respiratory infections.

영상 셀 상호 작용 Tracheal 점 막에서 2 광자 Intravital 현미경 검사 법을 사용 하 여 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염 중

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.

Here we present an elegant protocol for in vivo evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and host immune responses. This protocol can be adapted for vaccine models that study viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens.

호스트 병원 체 응답 및 쥐에 백신의 효능 평가

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an asymptomatic colonizer of the nasopharynx in most individuals but can progress to a pulmonary and systemic pathogen upon influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Advanced age enhances host susceptibility to secondary pneumococcal pneumonia and is associated with worsened disease outcomes. The host factors driving those processes are not well defined, in part due to a lack of animal models that reproduce the transition from asymptomatic colonization to severe clinical disease. 
This paper describes a novel mouse model that recreates the transition of pneumococci from asymptomatic carriage to disease upon viral infection. In this model, mice are first intranasally inoculated with biofilm-grown pneumococci to establish asymptomatic carriage, followed by IAV infection of both the nasopharynx and lungs. This results in bacterial dissemination to the lungs, pulmonary inflammation, and obvious signs of illness that can progress to lethality. The degree of disease is dependent on the bacterial strain and host factors. 
Importantly, this model reproduces the susceptibility of aging, because compared to young mice, old mice display more severe clinical illness and succumb to disease more frequently. By separating carriage and disease into distinct steps and providing the opportunity to analyze the genetic variants of both the pathogen and the host, this S. pneumoniae/IAV co-infection model permits the detailed examination of the interactions of an important pathobiont with the host at different phases of disease progression. This model can also serve as an important tool for identifying potential therapeutic targets against secondary pneumococcal pneumonia in susceptible hosts.

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

This paper describes a novel mouse model for the transition of pneumococcus from an asymptomatic colonizer to a disease-causing pathogen during viral infection. This model can be readily adapted to study polymicrobial and host-pathogen interactions during the different phases of disease progression and across various hosts.

바이러스 동시 감염 시 콜로니자에서 병원체로 Streptococcus pneumoniae 의 전환을 위한 마우스 모델은 연령 악화 질병을 요약합니다.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an asymptomatic colonizer of the nasopharynx in most individuals but can progress to a pulmonary and systemic ...

급성 LCMV 감염에서 Early Follicular Helper T-Cell Commitment의 해독

Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice

Follicular Helper T (TFH) cells are perceived as an independent CD4+ T cell lineage that assists cognate B cells in producing high-affinity antibodies, thus establishing long-term humoral immunity. During acute viral infection, the fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells is determined in the early infection phase, and investigations of the early-differentiated TFH cells are crucial in understanding T cell-dependent humoral immunity and optimizing vaccine design. In the study, using a mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and the TCR-transgenic SMARTA (SM) mouse with CD4+ T cells specifically recognizing LCMV glycoprotein epitope I-AbGP66-77, we described procedures to access the early fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells based on flow cytometry stainings. Furthermore, by exploiting retroviral transduction of SM CD4+ T cells, methods to manipulate gene expression in early-differentiated virus-specific TFH cells are also provided. Hence, these methods will help in studies exploring the mechanism(s) underlying the early commitment of virus-specific TFH cells.

저자 스포트라이트: 급성 LCMV 문제에서 TFH 세포 분화의 경로 규명

The current study showcases protocols for assessing the early fate commitment of virus-specific TFH cells and manipulating gene expression in these cells.

급성 LCMV에 감염된 마우스에서 바이러스 특이적 여포 도우미 CD4+ T 세포의 조기 분화에 접근

Follicular Helper T (TFH) cells are perceived as an independent CD4+ T cell lineage that assists cognate B cells in producing high-affinity antibodies, ...

인플루엔자 A 바이러스 감염 중 T 여포 도우미 세포 및 발아 센터 반응 평가

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