이 작품은 헬싱키 대학과 제인과 아토스 에르코 재단에 의해 지원되었다. S.H. 펠로우십을 위한 에라스무스+ EU 기금 감사합니다.

1. Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs 합성 
참고: 이 절차에서 Ag-Pd의 Pd mol%는 1%에 해당했으며 ZrO2의 Ag-PD 로딩은 3wt.%에 해당했습니다.
<ol><li>250mL 비커에 ZrO2 분말 1 g을 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>AgNO 3(aq) (0.0059 mol/L) 및 K2PdCl 4(aq)의 9.71mL(0.00031 mol/L) 용액의 50mL를 실온에서 격렬한 자기 교반(500rpm)에서 비커에 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>용해액 10mL(0.53M)를 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>혼합물을 20분 동안 격렬한 교반(500rpm) 아래에 보관하십시오.</li>
	<li>20분 후, 파이펫을 사용하여 1mL/분 의 속도로 새로 준비된 NaBH 4(aq) (0.035 M) 용액의 서스펜션 10mL에 추가합니다. 현탁액을 과정 전반에 걸쳐 교반 (500 rpm) 아래에 보관하십시오.</li>
	<li>혼합물을 실온에서 30 분 동안 저어 주세요.</li>
</ol>2. 촉매의 분리 및 정화
<ol><li>서스펜션을 원심분리튜브로 옮기고 10분 동안 3,260 x g에서 원심분리로 고체를 혼합물로부터 분리한다.</li>
	<li>파이펫으로 액체 상을 조심스럽게 제거하고 튜브에 15mL 의 산화물을 추가합니다.<ol>
<li>고체의 분산이 얻어지을 때까지 힘차게 흔들어 주세요. 좋은 분산이 이루어지지 않으면 튜브를 초음파 욕조에 5 분 동안 놓습니다.</li>
		<li>10 분 동안 3,260 x g에서 분산을 원심 분리합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>세정 단계(2.2. ~ 2.2.2.2.) 탈온화된 물을 사용하여 두 번 더 반복한 다음 물 대신 에탄올을 사용합니다.</li>
	<li>에탄올을 제거하고 오븐에서 12시간 동안 60°C에서 고체를 건조시다.</li>
	<li>다양한 현미경, 원소 및 분광 기술에 의해 준비된 Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NP를 특성화합니다.</li>
</ol>3. Ag /ZrO2 NPs의 합성 
참고: 이 절차에서 ZrO2의 Ag 로딩은 3wt.%에 해당합니다.
<ol><li>250mL 비커에 ZrO2 분말 1 g을 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>실온에서 격렬한 자기 교반(500rpm)의 비커에 AgNO 3(aq) (0.0059 mol/L) 용액의 50mL를 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>용해액 10mL(0.53M)를 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>혼합물을 20분 동안 격렬한 교반(500rpm) 아래에 보관하십시오.</li>
	<li>20분 후, 파이펫을 사용하여 1mL/분 의 속도로 새로 준비된 NaBH 4(aq) (0.035 M) 용액의 서스펜션 10mL에 추가합니다. 현탁액을 과정 전반에 걸쳐 교반 (500 rpm) 아래에 보관하십시오.</li>
	<li>혼합물을 실온에서 30 분 동안 저어 주세요.</li>
</ol>4. 촉매의 분리 및 정화
<ol><li>서스펜션을 원심분리튜브로 옮기고 10분 동안 3,260 x g에서 원심분리로 고체를 혼합물로부터 분리한다.</li>
	<li>파이펫으로 액체 상을 조심스럽게 제거하고 튜브에 15mL 의 산화물을 추가합니다.<ol>
<li>고체의 분산이 관찰될 때까지 힘차게 흔들어 주세요. 좋은 분산이 이루어지지 않으면 튜브를 초음파 욕조에 5 분 동안 놓습니다.</li>
		<li>10 분 동안 3,260 x g에서 분산을 원심 분리합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>탈온화된 물을 사용하여 세척 단계(4.2.~ 4.2.2.) 두 번 더 반복한 다음, 물 대신 에탄올을 사용한 다음 두 번 더 반복합니다.</li>
	<li>에탄올을 제거하고 오븐에서 12시간 동안 60°C에서 고체를 건조시다.</li>
	<li>준비된 Ag/ZrO2 NPs는 다양한 현미경, 원소 및 분광 기술을 특징으로 할 수 있습니다.</li>
</ol>5. LSPR 여기의 니트로벤젠 감소를 향한 플라스모닉 촉매 성능 조사(빛 조명)
<ol><li>마그네틱 교반 바와 함께 25mL 라운드 하단 플라스크에 촉매 30 mg을 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>이소프로필 알코올(IPA)에 니트로벤젠(0.03 mol/L)의 용액5mL을 원자로에 넣습니다.</li>
	<li>이어서 11.22 mg의 KOH 파우더(0.0002 mol)를 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>1 분 동안 아르곤 흐름으로 현탁액을 버블링하여 원자로를 제거합니다. 정화 직후 플라스크를 밀봉합니다.</li>
	<li>반응기를 온도 조절 자기 교반기(500rpm) 위에 70°C로 가열하는 오일 욕조에 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>광원으로 425 nm의 파장을 가진 4 개의 LED 램프를 사용하여 튜브를 방사하고, 0.5 W / cm2의광 강도를 갖는다. 램프에서 반응 플라스크까지의 거리는 7cm여야 합니다.</li>
	<li>격렬한 자기 교반 (500 rpm)에서 70 °C에서 2.5 h의 반응을 진행하게하십시오.</li>
	<li>그런 다음, 빛을 끄고, 반응기를 열고 주사기와 바늘을 사용하여 1mL 샘플을 수집한다. 0.45 μm 필터를 통해 걸러내고 촉매 미립자를 제거하고 가스 크로마토그래피 바이알로 제거합니다.</li>
</ol>6. LSPR 흥분의 부재에 대한 반응 (어두운 조건)
<ol><li>5에 설명된 것과 동일한 단계를 따르지만 가벼운 조사없이 수행하십시오. 반응 튜브를 알루미늄 호일로 감싸서 빛 노출을 방지합니다.</li>
</ol>7. 가스 크로마토그래피 (GC) 분석 준비
<ol><li>약 30mmol/L 니트로벤젠(NB), 30mmol/L의 안일린(AN), 아조벤젠(AB)의 30mmol/L이 포함된 IPA 용액을 준비한다.</li>
	<li>적합한 방법을 사용하여 솔루션의 GC 분석을 실행합니다. 열 온도 및 가스 흐름 프로그램을 변경하여 다양한 방법을 테스트할 수 있습니다. 선택한 메서드는 최소 보존 기간 동안 IPA, NB, AN 및 AB에 해당하는 피크를 분리할 수 있어야 합니다.</li>
	<li>이 방법을 선택하면 IPA에서 50mMM, 25mM, 10mM, 5mM 및 2.5mMM NB의 솔루션 세트와 동일한 농도의 IPA에서 AN 및 AB의 또 다른 솔루션 세트를 준비하십시오.</li>
	<li>준비된 솔루션에 대한 GC 분석을 실행합니다. 각 크로마토그램은 2개의 피크를 제시해야 합니다: 더 높은 것은 IPA에 해당하고 낮은 것은 NB, AN 또는 AB에 해당합니다. 각 크로마토그램에 대해 모든 피크의 보존 시간과 피크 영역을 기록합니다.</li>
	<li>각 샘플의 농도 대 피크 영역을 플로팅하여 NB, AN 및 AB의 교정 곡선을 추적합니다.</li>
</ol>8. GC 분석
<ol><li>5단계에서 수집된 샘플에 대한 GC 분석을 실행합니다. 및 6. 7.2 단계에 사용되는 동일한 메서드를 사용합니다. 및 7.4.</li>
	<li>각 크로마토그램에 대해 보존 시간과 피크 영역을 기록하고 이전에 플롯된 교정 곡선을 사용하여 샘플에서 NB, AN 및 AB의 농도를 결정합니다.</li>
	<li>방정식을 사용하여 니트로 벤젠 변환뿐만 아니라 애니라인과 아조벤젠 선택도를 계산합니다. <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/61712/61712eq1.jpg"> <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/61712/61712eq2.jpg"> <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/61712/61712eq3.jpg"> <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/61712/61712eq4.jpg">초기 NB 농도(0.03 mol/L), C NB, CAN,C AB는 각각 GC 분석에 의한 2.5시간 반응 후 NB, AN 및 AB 농도에 대응한다.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Dunn, P. J., Hii, K. K., Krische, M. J., Williams, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Sustainable Catalysis: Challenges and Pratices for the Pharmaceutical and Fine Chemical Industries. , (2013).</li><li>Tzouras, N. V., Stamatopoulos, I. K., Papastavrou, A. T., Liori, A. A., Vougioukalakis, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustainable+metal+catalysis+in+C-H+activation.">Sustainable metal catalysis in C-H activation.</a> Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 343, 25 (2017).</li><li>Polshettiwar, V., Varma, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Green+chemistry+by+nano-catalysis.">Green chemistry by nano-catalysis.</a> Green Chemistry. 12 (5), 743 (2010).</li><li>Rodrigues, T. S., da Silva, A. G. M., Camargo, P. H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanocatalysis+by+noble+metal+nanoparticles:+controlled+synthesis+for+the+optimization+and+understanding+of+activities.">Nanocatalysis by noble metal nanoparticles: controlled synthesis for the optimization and understanding of activities.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 7 (11), 5857-5874 (2019).</li><li>Linic, S., Christopher, P., Ingram, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmonic-metal+nanostructures+for+efficient+conversion+of+solar+to+chemical+energy.">Plasmonic-metal nanostructures for efficient conversion of solar to chemical energy.</a> Nature Materials. 10 (12), 911-921 (2011).</li><li>Nam, J. M., Liz-Marz&#225;n, L., Halas, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+Nanoplasmonics:+Emerging+Interdisciplinary+Research+Field+at+Crossroads+between+Nanoscale+Chemistry+and+Plasmonics.">Chemical Nanoplasmonics: Emerging Interdisciplinary Research Field at Crossroads between Nanoscale Chemistry and Plasmonics.</a> Accounts of Chemical Research. 52 (11), 2995-2996 (2019).</li><li>Brongersma, M. L., Halas, N. J., Nordlander, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmon-induced+hot+carrier+science+and+technology.">Plasmon-induced hot carrier science and technology.</a> Nature Nanotechnology. 10 (1), 25-34 (2015).</li><li>Smith, J. G., Faucheaux, J. A., Jain, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmon+resonances+for+solar+energy+harvesting:+A+mechanistic+outlook.">Plasmon resonances for solar energy harvesting: A mechanistic outlook.</a> Nano Today. 10 (1), 67-80 (2015).</li><li>Hartland, G. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+studies+of+dynamics+in+noble+metal+nanostructures.">Optical studies of dynamics in noble metal nanostructures.</a> Chemical Reviews. 111 (6), 3858-3887 (2011).</li><li>Kelly, K. L., Coronado, E., Zhao, L. L., Schatz, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+optical+properties+of+metal+nanoparticles:+The+influence+of+size,+shape,+and+dielectric+environment.">The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: The influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 107 (3), 668-677 (2003).</li><li>Hermoso, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triangular+metal+nanoprisms+of+Ag,+Au,+and+Cu:+Modeling+the+influence+of+size,+composition,+and+excitation+wavelength+on+the+optical+properties.">Triangular metal nanoprisms of Ag, Au, and Cu: Modeling the influence of size, composition, and excitation wavelength on the optical properties.</a> Chemical Physics. 423, 142-150 (2013).</li><li>Kumar, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rational+Design+and+Development+of+Lanthanide-Doped+NaYF4@CdS-Au-RGO+as+Quaternary+Plasmonic+Photocatalysts+for+Harnessing+Visible-Near-Infrared+Broadband+Spectrum.">Rational Design and Development of Lanthanide-Doped NaYF4@CdS-Au-RGO as Quaternary Plasmonic Photocatalysts for Harnessing Visible-Near-Infrared Broadband Spectrum.</a> ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 10 (18), 15565-15581 (2018).</li><li>Reddy, K. L., Kumar, S., Kumar, A., Krishnan, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wide+spectrum+photocatalytic+activity+in+lanthanide-doped+upconversion+nanophosphors+coated+with+porous+TiO2+and+Ag-Cu+bimetallic+nanoparticles.">Wide spectrum photocatalytic activity in lanthanide-doped upconversion nanophosphors coated with porous TiO2 and Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles.</a> Journal of Hazardous Materials. 367, 694-705 (2019).</li><li>Ingram, D. B., Linic, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+splitting+on+composite+plasmonic-metal/semiconductor+photoelectrodes:+Evidence+for+selective+plasmon-induced+formation+of+charge+carriers+near+the+semiconductor+surface.">Water splitting on composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photoelectrodes: Evidence for selective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers near the semiconductor surface.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (14), 5202-5205 (2011).</li><li>Linic, S., Aslam, U., Boerigter, C., Morabito, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photochemical+transformations+on+plasmonic+metal+nanoparticles.">Photochemical transformations on plasmonic metal nanoparticles.</a> Nature Materials. 14 (6), 567-576 (2015).</li><li>Aslam, U., Rao, V. G., Chavez, S., Linic, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+conversion+of+solar+to+chemical+energy+on+plasmonic+metal+nanostructures.">Catalytic conversion of solar to chemical energy on plasmonic metal nanostructures.</a> Nature Catalyst. 1, 656-665 (2018).</li><li>Araujo, T. P., Quiroz, J., Barbosa, E. C. M., Camargo, P. H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+plasmonic+catalysis+with+controlled+nanomaterials+based+on+catalytic+and+plasmonic+metals.">Understanding plasmonic catalysis with controlled nanomaterials based on catalytic and plasmonic metals.</a> Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science. 39, 110-122 (2019).</li><li>Gell&#233;, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+plasmon-enhanced+nanocatalysis+to+organic+transformations.">Applications of plasmon-enhanced nanocatalysis to organic transformations.</a> Chemical Reviews. , 986-1041 (2020).</li><li>Shaik, F., Peer, I., Jain, P. K., Amirav, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmon-Enhanced+Multicarrier+Photocatalysis.">Plasmon-Enhanced Multicarrier Photocatalysis.</a> Nano Letters. 18 (7), 4370-4376 (2018).</li><li>Quiroz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+Reaction+Selectivity+over+Hybrid+Plasmonic+Nanocatalysts.">Controlling Reaction Selectivity over Hybrid Plasmonic Nanocatalysts.</a> Nano Letters. 18, 7289-7297 (2018).</li><li>Peiris, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmonic+Switching+of+the+Reaction+Pathway:+Visible-Light+Irradiation+Varies+the+Reactant+Concentration+at+the+Solid-Solution+Interface+of+a+Gold-Cobalt+Catalyst.">Plasmonic Switching of the Reaction Pathway: Visible-Light Irradiation Varies the Reactant Concentration at the Solid-Solution Interface of a Gold-Cobalt Catalyst.</a> Angewandte Chemie - International Edition. 58 (35), 12032-12036 (2019).</li><li>Yu, S., Wilson, A. J., Heo, J., Jain, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmonic+Control+of+Multi-Electron+Transfer+and+C-C+Coupling+in+Visible-Light-Driven+CO2+Reduction+on+Au+Nanoparticles.">Plasmonic Control of Multi-Electron Transfer and C-C Coupling in Visible-Light-Driven CO2 Reduction on Au Nanoparticles.</a> Nano Letters. 18 (4), 2189-2194 (2018).</li><li>Yu, S., Jain, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmonic+photosynthesis+of+C+1+-C+3+hydrocarbons+from+carbon+dioxide+assisted+by+an+ionic+liquid.">Plasmonic photosynthesis of C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbons from carbon dioxide assisted by an ionic liquid.</a> Nature Communications. 10, 2022 (2019).</li><li>Zhang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Product+selectivity+in+plasmonic+photocatalysis+for+carbon+dioxide+hydrogenation.">Product selectivity in plasmonic photocatalysis for carbon dioxide hydrogenation.</a> Nature Communications. 8, 1-9 (2017).</li><li>Cort&#233;s, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+and+Bond+Selectivity+in+Plasmon-Induced+Photochemistry.">Efficiency and Bond Selectivity in Plasmon-Induced Photochemistry.</a> Advanced Optical Materials. 5 (15), 1700191 (2017).</li><li>de Freitas, I. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design-controlled+synthesis+of+IrO+2+sub-monolayers+on+Au+nanoflowers:+marrying+plasmonic+and+electrocatalytic+properties.">Design-controlled synthesis of IrO 2 sub-monolayers on Au nanoflowers: marrying plasmonic and electrocatalytic properties.</a> Nanoscale. , 23-27 (2020).</li><li>Zhang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Al-Pd+Nanodisk+Heterodimers+as+Antenna-Reactor+Photocatalysts.">Al-Pd Nanodisk Heterodimers as Antenna-Reactor Photocatalysts.</a> Nano Letters. 16 (10), 6677-6682 (2016).</li><li>Zhou, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-driven+methane+dry+reforming+with+single+atomic+site+antenna-reactor+plasmonic+photocatalysts.">Light-driven methane dry reforming with single atomic site antenna-reactor plasmonic photocatalysts.</a> Nature Energy. 5, 61-70 (2020).</li><li>Swearer, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterometallic+antenna-reactor+complexes+for+photocatalysis.">Heterometallic antenna-reactor complexes for photocatalysis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (32), 8916-8920 (2016).</li><li>Peiris, S., Sarina, S., Han, C., Xiao, Q., Zhu, H. -. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silver+and+palladium+alloy+nanoparticle+catalysts:+reductive+coupling+of+nitrobenzene+through+light+irradiation.">Silver and palladium alloy nanoparticle catalysts: reductive coupling of nitrobenzene through light irradiation.</a> Dalton Transactions. 46 (32), 10665-10672 (2017).</li><li>Rahm, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Library+of+Late+Transition+Metal+Alloy+Dielectric+Functions+for+Nanophotonic+Applications.">A Library of Late Transition Metal Alloy Dielectric Functions for Nanophotonic Applications.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 2002122, 02122 (2020).</li><li>Zhang, C., Chen, B. Q., Li, Z. Y., Xia, Y., Chen, Y. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+Plasmon+Resonance+in+Bimetallic+Core-Shell+Nanoparticles.">Surface Plasmon Resonance in Bimetallic Core-Shell Nanoparticles.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 119 (29), 16836-16845 (2015).</li><li>Liu, Z., Huang, Y., Xiao, Q., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+reduction+of+nitroaromatics+to+azoxy+compounds+on+supported+Ag-Cu+alloy+nanoparticles+through+visible+light+irradiation.">Selective reduction of nitroaromatics to azoxy compounds on supported Ag-Cu alloy nanoparticles through visible light irradiation.</a> Green Chemistry. 18 (3), 817-825 (2016).</li><li>Chaiseeda, K., Nishimura, S., Ebitani, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoparticles+supported+on+alumina+as+a+catalyst+for+surface+plasmon-enhanced+selective+reductions+of+nitrobenzene.">Gold nanoparticles supported on alumina as a catalyst for surface plasmon-enhanced selective reductions of nitrobenzene.</a> ACS Omega. 2 (10), 7066-7070 (2017).</li><li>Peiris, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal+nanoparticle+photocatalysts:+emerging+processes+for+green+organic+synthesis.">Metal nanoparticle photocatalysts: emerging processes for green organic synthesis.</a> Catalysis Science and Technology. 6 (2), 320-338 (2016).</li><li>Garc&#237;a-Garc&#237;a, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silver-Based+Plasmonic+Catalysts+for+Carbon+Dioxide+Reduction.">Silver-Based Plasmonic Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction.</a> ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 8 (4), 1879-1887 (2020).</li><li>Agrawal, A., Johns, R. W., Milliron, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+Localized+Surface+Plasmon+Resonances+in+Metal+Oxide+Nanocrystals.">Control of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Metal Oxide Nanocrystals.</a> Annual Review of Materials Research. 47 (1), 1-31 (2017).</li><li>Lounis, S. D., Runnerstrom, E. L., Llord&#233;s, A., Milliron, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defect+chemistry+and+Plasmon+physics+of+colloidal+metal+oxide+Nanocrystals.">Defect chemistry and Plasmon physics of colloidal metal oxide Nanocrystals.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (9), 1564-1574 (2014).</li><li>Rej, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determining+Plasmonic+Hot+Electrons+and+Photothermal+Effects+during+H2+Evolution+with+TiN-Pt+Nanohybrids.">Determining Plasmonic Hot Electrons and Photothermal Effects during H2 Evolution with TiN-Pt Nanohybrids.</a> ACS Catalysis. 10 (9), 5261-5271 (2020).</li><li>Barragan, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photochemistry+of+Plasmonic+Titanium+Nitride+Nanocrystals.">Photochemistry of Plasmonic Titanium Nitride Nanocrystals.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 123 (35), 21796-21804 (2019).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

이 방법에 기술된 연구 결과는 Pd의 본질적인 촉매 활성(또는 다른 촉매학적이지만 플라스모닉 금속이 아님)가 바이메탈 합금NPs(35)에서가시광선 조사를 통해 LSPR 여기를 통해 현저하게 향상될 수 있음을 보여준다. 이 경우 Ag(또는 다른 플라스모닉 금속)는 LSPR 여기를 통해 가시광선 조사로부터 에너지를 수확할 수 있습니다. LSPR 여기는 핫 충전 캐리어 (뜨거운 전자 및 구멍)와 국?...

금속 나노 입자 (NP)의 여러 응용 프로그램 중 촉매는 특별한주의를 기울일 자격이 있습니다. 촉매는 지속 가능한 미래에 중심적인 역할을 하여 에너지 소비 감소, 원료 의 활용 도성 및 더 깨끗한 반응 조건1,2,3,4를가능하게 합니다. 따라서 촉매의 진전은 화학 공정의 원자 효율을 향상시키고 더 깨끗하고 경제적으로 가능하며 환경 친화적으로 만드는 도구를 제공 할 수 있습니다. 은(Ag), 금(Au) 또는 구리(Cu)를 포괄하는 금속 은(Ag), 금(Au) 또는 구리(Cu)는 이러한 시스템이 국소화된 표면 플라스몬 공명(LSPR) 여기5,6,7,8을통해 나노스케일에서 빛과 상호 작용하는 독특한 방식으로 발생하는 가시적 범위에서 흥미로운 광학 적 특성을 표시할 수 있다. 플라스모닉 NPs라고불리는 이들 NPs에서 LSPR은 전자5,6,7,8의집단 운동과 함께 사건 광자(들어오는 전자파로부터)간의 공명 상호작용을 포함한다. 이러한 현상은 환경9,10,11의크기, 모양, 조성 및 유전체 상수에 의존하는 특징적인 주파수에서 일어난다. 예를 들어, Ag, Au 및 Cu의 경우 이러한 주파수는 눈에 보이는 것에서 가까운 IR까지 다양할 수 있으며, LSPR5,6,7,8,12,13을자극하기 위해 태양 에너지를 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 열어줍니다.
최근에는 플라스모닉 NPs에서 LSPR 암분이 분자변환5,14,15,16,17,18,19의선택성을 가속화하고 조절하는 데 기여할 수 있음을 입증하였다. 이것은 점서 촉매라는 필드를 낳았다, 가속에 빛에서 에너지를 사용하는 데 초점을 맞추고, 드라이브, 및 제어 화학 변환5,14,15, 16,17,18,19. 이러한 맥락에서, 플라스모닉 폰의 LSPR 여기가 LSPR 흥분 핫 캐리어라고 불리는 에너지 핫 전자와 구멍의 형성으로 이어질 수 있다는 것이 확립되었습니다. 이들 운반대는 전자 또는 진동활성화(15,16)를통해 흡착된 종과 상호 작용할 수 있다. 반응속도 증가 외에도, 이 과정은 또한 기존의 열화학적 중심 공정을 통해 접근할 수 없는 대체 반응 경로를 제공할 수 있으며, 반응 선택성20,21,22, 23,24,25에대한 제어를 위한 새로운 길을 열어줄 수있다. 중요한 것은, 플라스몬 붕괴가 열 방출로 이어질 수 있다는 점에 주목할 필요가 있으며, 이는 또한 반응 속도 속도 속도에 기여할 수 있는 NPs 부근의 온도 상승으로 이끌어 내는15,16.
이러한 흥미로운 기능으로 인해, 플라스모닉 촉매는 성공적으로 다양한 분자 변환을 향해 사용되었습니다18. 그럼에도 불구하고 중요한 과제는 여전히 남아 있습니다. Ag 및 Au와 같은 플라스모닉 NP는 가시및 거의 IR 범위에 우수한 광학 특성을 표시하지만, 촉매 특성은 변환 범위측면에서 제한됩니다. 즉, 몇 가지 변환에 대해 좋은 촉매 특성을 표시하지 않습니다. 또한 팔라듐(Pd) 및 백금(Pt)과 같은 촉매에 중요한 금속은 가시또는 거의 IR 범위에서 LSPR 흥분을 지원하지 않습니다. 이러한 격차를 해소하기 위해, 플라스모닉 및 촉매 금속을 포함하는 바이메탈 NP는 효과적인전략(20,26,27,28, 29)을나타낸다. 이러한 시스템에서 플라스모닉 금속은 LSPR을 통해 광 여기로부터 에너지를 수확하기 위해 안테나로 사용될 수 있으며, 이 금속은 촉매 금속에서 분자 변환을 구동, 가속 및 제어하는 데 사용됩니다. 따라서,이 전략은 우리가 기존의 플라스모닉 금속 NPs 를 넘어 플라스몬 촉매를 확장 할 수있습니다 20,26,27,28,29.
이 프로토콜은 ZrO2 (Ag-Pd/ZrO2)에서지원되는 바이메탈 실버 팔라듐 (Ag-Pd) 합금 NPs의 촉진 합성을 설명하며, 이는 플라스모닉 촉매를 위한 플라스모닉 촉매 시스템으로 작용할 수 있습니다. Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs는 ZrO2 지지대에서 해당 금속 전구체의 공동 함침에 의해 제조되었으며, 그 다음으로 동시 감소30이되었다. 이러한 접근법은 ZrO2 지지체의 표면에서 직접 크기(직경)의 약 10nm 정도의 바이메탈 NPs를 형성하게 되었다. NP는 Pd의 1mol%로 구성되어 촉매 금속의 활용도를 최소화하면서 결과 Ag-Pd NP의 광학 적 특성을 극대화하였다. 플라스모닉 촉매에서 Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs의 적용을 위한 프로토콜이 니트로벤젠의 감소를 위해 입증되었다. 우리는 LSPR 흥분을 위해 425 nm LED 조명을 고용했습니다. 가스 크로마토그래피는 어둡고 가벼운 조사 조건 하에서 환감 반응의 변환 및 선택성을 모니터링하기 위해 수행되었다. LSPR 흥분은 순전히 열 구동 조건에 비해 Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs에서 선택성을 제어하여 촉매 성능을 향상시켰습니다. 이 프로토콜에 기재된 방법은 가스 크로마토그래피와 결합된 간단한 광촉매 반응 설정을 기반으로 하며 광범위한 분자 변환 및 NPs 조성에 적응할 수 있다. 따라서,이 방법은 변환 및 반응 선택성, 다른 NP및 무수한 액체 상 변환의 관점에서, 광촉매 활성의 특성화를 가능하게한다. 우리는이 문서가 현장에서 이민자와 경험이 풍부한 과학자 모두에게 중요한 지침과 통찰력을 제공 할 것이라고 믿습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:727px;" width="726">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">2-Propanol (anhydrous, 99.5%)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">278475</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 67-63-0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Aniline (for synthesis)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">8.22256</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 62-53-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Azobenzene (98%)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">424633</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 103-33-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Honeywell</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">32221</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 64-17-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Hydrochloric acid (37%)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">PRLSMC310066</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 7647-01-0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">L-Lysine (crystallized, &#8805;98.0% (NT))</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">62840</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 56-87-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Nitric acid (65%)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">100456</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 7697-37-2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Nitrobenzene</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">8.06770</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 98-95-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Potassium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">10448990</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 1310-58-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Potassium tetrachloropalladate (II) (98%)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">205796</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 10025-98-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Silver nitrate (ACS reagent, &#8805;99.0%)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">209139</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 7761-88-8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Sodium borohydride (fine granular for synthesis)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">8.06373</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 16940-66-2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:427px;">Zirconium (IV) oxide (nanopowder, &#60;100 nm particle size (TEM))</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:114px;">544760</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">CAS Number 1314-23-4</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of silver-palladium alloyed nanoparticles for plasmonic catalysis under visible-light illumination

플라스모닉 나노입자(NPs)의 국소화된 표면 플라스몬 공명(LSPR)은 다양한 분자 변형의 선택성을 가속화하고 조절할 수 있다. 이는 이러한 범위에서 LSPR 흥분을 지원하는 플라스모닉 나노 입자가 촉매로 사용될 때 반응을 구동하고 제어하는 지속 가능한 입력으로 가시적이거나 가까운 IR 광을 사용할 가능성을 열어줍니다. 불행히도, 이것은 팔라듐 (PD)과 같은 여러 촉매 금속의 경우는 아닙니다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위한 한 가지 전략은 플라스모닉 및 촉매 금속을 함유한 바이메탈 EP를 사용하는 것입니다. 이 경우 플라스모닉 금속의 LSPR 여기는 촉매 성분에 의해 구동되는 변환을 가속화하고 제어하는 데 기여할 수 있다. 본 명세서에서 보고된 방법은 플라스모닉 촉매 제역할을 하는 ZrO 2(Ag-Pd/ZrO2)에서지원되는 바이메탈 실버 팔라듐(Ag-Pd) NPs의 합성에 초점을 맞추고 있다. NPs는 ZrO2 지지대에서 해당 금속 전구체의 공동 함침에 의해 제조되었고, 이어서 ZrO2 지지대에서 직접 바이메탈 EP의 형성으로 이어지는 동시 감소에 의해 제조되었다. Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs는 LED 램프에 의한 425 nm 조명 하에서 니트로벤젠을 감소시켜 플라스모닉 촉매로 사용되었다. 가스 크로마토그래피(GC)를 사용하여, 어둡고 가벼운 조사 조건 하에서 환원 반응의 변환 및 선택성을 모니터링할 수 있으며, 플라스모닉 메탈 Ag로 비플라스모닉 PD를 합금한 후 LSPR 흥분하에서 선택성을 향상된 촉매 성능과 제어할 수 있다. 이 기술은 광범위한 분자 변환 및 NPs 조성에 적응할 수 있으므로 변환 및 선택성 측면에서 다양한 유형의 촉매의 플라스모닉 촉매 활성의 특성화에 유용합니다.

도 1A는 순수 ZrO2 산화물(왼쪽)과 Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs(오른쪽)를 포함하는 고체 시료의 디지털 사진을 나타낸다. 이러한 색상 변경은 흰색(ZrO2)에서갈색(Ag-Pd/ZrO2)으로ZrO2 표면에서 Ag-Pd NPs의 증착에 대한 초기 질적 증거를 제공한다. 도 1B는 Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs(파란색 추적) 뿐만 아니라 ZrO2(블랙 트레이스) 및 Ag/ZrO<s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Silver-Palladium Alloyed Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Catalysis under Visible-Light Illumination at JoVE.com

Preparation of Silver-Palladium Alloyed Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Catalysis under Visible-Light Illumination

여기에 제시된 은 팔라듐(Ag-Pd) 합금 나노입자(NPs)의 합성을 위한 프로토콜이 ZrO 2(Ag-Pd/ZrO2)에서지원된다. 이 시스템은 가시광선 조사에서 에너지를 수확하여 분자 변환을 가속화하고 제어할 수 있도록 합니다. 이것은 Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs에 의해 촉매화된 빛 조사에서 니트로벤젠 감소에 의해 삽화됩니다.

가시광선 조명 아래 플라스모닉 촉매용 실버 팔라듐 합금 나노 입자 의 준비

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) can accelerate and control the selectivity of a variety of molecular ...

preparation-silver-palladium-alloyed-nanoparticles-for-plasmonic

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

5.4K 조회수.  University of Helsinki. 여기에 제시된 은 팔라듐(Ag-Pd) 합금 나노입자(NPs)의 합성을 위한 프로토콜이 ZrO 2(Ag-Pd/ZrO2)에서지원된다. 이 시스템은 가시광선 조사에서 에너지를 수확하여 분자 변환을 가속화하고 제어할 수 있도록 합니다. 이것은 Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs에 의해 촉매화된 빛 조사에서 니트로벤젠 감소에 의해 삽화됩니다.

비디오: Preparation of Silver-Palladium Alloyed Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Catalysis under Visible-Light Illumination

Gyroid Nickel Nanostructures from Diblock Copolymer Supramolecules

Nanoporous metal foams possess a unique combination of properties - they are catalytically active, thermally and electrically conductive, and furthermore, have high porosity, high surface-to-volume and strength-to-weight ratio. Unfortunately, common approaches for preparation of metallic nanostructures render materials with highly disordered architecture, which might have an adverse effect on their mechanical properties. Block copolymers have the ability to self-assemble into ordered nanostructures and can be applied as templates for the preparation of well-ordered metal nanofoams. Here we describe the application of a block copolymer-based supramolecular complex - polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine)(pentadecylphenol) PS-b-P4VP(PDP) - as a precursor for well-ordered nickel nanofoam. The supramolecular complexes exhibit a phase behavior similar to conventional block copolymers and can self-assemble into the bicontinuous gyroid morphology with two PS networks placed in a P4VP(PDP) matrix. PDP can be dissolved in ethanol leading to the formation of a porous structure that can be backfilled with metal. Using electroless plating technique, nickel can be inserted into the template&#39;s channels. Finally, the remaining polymer can be removed via pyrolysis from the polymer/inorganic nanohybrid resulting in nanoporous nickel foam with inverse gyroid morphology.

This article describes the preparation of well-ordered nickel nanofoams via electroless metal deposition onto nanoporous templates obtained from self-assembled diblock copolymer based supramolecules.

디 블록 공중 합체의 초분자에서 Gyroid 니켈 나노 구조

Nanoporous metal foams possess a unique combination of properties - they are catalytically active, thermally and electrically conductive, and furthermore, ...

연구

화학

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

전자 레인지를 이용한 산 - 촉매 반응을 통해 실리카 나노 입자의 제조

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

Synthesis of Immunotargeted Magneto-plasmonic Nanoclusters

Magnetic and plasmonic properties combined in a single nanoparticle provide a synergy that is advantageous in a number of biomedical applications including contrast enhancement in novel magnetomotive imaging modalities, simultaneous capture&#160;and detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs),&#160;and multimodal molecular imaging combined with photothermal therapy of cancer cells. These applications have stimulated significant interest in development of protocols for synthesis of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles with optical absorbance in the near-infrared (NIR) region and a strong magnetic moment. Here, we present a novel protocol for synthesis of such hybrid nanoparticles that is based on an oil-in-water microemulsion method. The unique feature of the protocol described herein is synthesis of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles of various sizes from primary blocks which also have magneto-plasmonic characteristics. This approach yields nanoparticles with a high density of magnetic and plasmonic functionalities which are uniformly distributed throughout the nanoparticle volume. The hybrid nanoparticles can be easily functionalized by attaching antibodies through the Fc moiety leaving the Fab portion that is responsible for antigen binding available for targeting.

Here, we describe a protocol for synthesis of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles with a strong magnetic moment and a strong near-infrared (NIR) absorbance. The protocol also includes antibody conjugation to the nanoparticles through the Fc moiety for various biomedical applications which require molecular specific targeting.

Immunotargeted의 합성 자기 - 플라즈 모닉 나노 클러스터

Magnetic and plasmonic properties combined in a single nanoparticle provide a synergy that is advantageous in a number of biomedical applications ...

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under appropriate conditions. The glycan nanoparticles are useful carriers for protein factors, which facilitate the in vivo delivery of the proteins and sustain their retention in the targeted tissue. The glycan polyelectrolyte complexes are also ideal for protein delivery, as the incorporation is carried out in aqueous solution, which reduces the likelihood of inactivation of the proteins. Proteins with a heparin-binding site adhere to dextran sulfate readily, and are, in turn, stabilized by the binding. These particles are also less inflammatory and toxic when delivered in vivo. In the protocol described below, SDF-1&#945; (Stromal cell-derived factor-1&#945;), a stem cell homing factor, is first mixed and incubated with dextran sulfate. Chitosan is added to the mixture to form polyelectrolyte complexes, followed by zinc sulfate to stabilize the complexes with zinc bridges. The resultant SDF-1&#945;-DS-CS particles are measured for size (diameter) and surface charge (zeta potential). The amount of the incorporated SDF-1&#945; is determined, followed by measurements of its in vitro release rate and its chemotactic activity in a particle-bound form.

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&amp;#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

The objective of this protocol is to incorporate SDF-1&#945;, a stem cell homing factor, into dextran sulfate-chitosan nanoparticles. The resultant particles are measured for their size and zeta potential, as well as the content, activity, and in vitro release rate of SDF-1&#945; from the nanoparticles.

SDF-1α-키토산 덱스 트란 황산 나노 입자의 제조 및 특성

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under ...

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like oligomeric clusters of these yellow nanoparticles of narrow size distribution are synthesized under ambient conditions via two methods. The delay-time method controls the number of subunits in the oligoclusters by varying the time between the addition of HAuCl4 to alkaline solution and the subsequent addition of reducing agent, NaSCN. The yellow oligoclusters produced range in size from ~3 to ~25 nm. This size range can be further extended by an add-on method utilizing hydroxylated gold chloride (Na+[Au(OH4-x)Clx]-) to auto-catalytically increase the number of subunits in the as-synthesized oligocluster nanoparticles, providing a total range of 3 nm to 70 nm. The crude oligocluster preparations display narrow size distributions and do not require further fractionation for most purposes. The oligoclusters formed can be concentrated &#62;300 fold without aggregation and the crude reaction mixtures remain stable for weeks without further processing. Because these oligomeric clusters can be concentrated before derivatization they allow expensive derivatizing agents to be used economically. In addition, we present two models by which predictions of particle size can be made with great accuracy.

We describe a simple method for producing highly stable oligomeric clusters of gold nanoparticles via the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The oligoclusters have a narrow size distribution and can be produced with a wide range of sizes and surface coats.

주변 조건에 따라 금 나노 입자의 안정 올리고머 클러스터의 크기 제어 합성을위한 간단한 방법

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

가시광 광촉매 페 릴렌 사용 관능 비닐 모노머의 원자 이동 라디칼 중합

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately 200 different odorant compounds in addition to vanillin. The natural extraction of vanillin (from the orchid Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla tahitiensis and Vanilla pompon) represents only 1% of the worldwide production and since this process is expensive and very long, the rest of the production of vanillin is synthesized. Many biotechnological approaches can be used for the synthesis of vanillin from lignin, phenolic stilbenes, isoeugenol, eugenol, guaicol, etc., with the disadvantage of harming the environment since these processes use strong oxidizing agents and toxic solvents. Thus, eco-friendly alternatives on the production of vanillin are very desirable and thus, under current investigation. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are a new class of highly crystalline materials that recently have been used for catalysis. HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3, BTC = 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylate) is a very well known PCP which has been extensively studied as a heterogeneous catalyst. Here, we report a synthetic strategy for the production of vanillin by the oxidation of trans-ferulic acid using HKUST-1 as a catalyst.

The conversion of trans-ferulic acid to vanillin was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis. HKUST-1 was employed in this synthesis and the essential step in the catalytic process was the generation of unsaturated metal sites. Thus, when the catalyst was activated under vacuum, full vanillin conversion (yield of 95%) was obtained.

HKUST 바닐린-1의 합성에 대해 불균일 촉매로서

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Photoredox 촉매를 사용하여 가시 광선 중재 분산 중합에 의해 웜 형상 미셀 손쉬운 합성

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared according to the methodology developed by surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). In this framework, catalytic cycles can be determined by isolating crucial intermediates. All air-sensitive materials are handled under inert atmosphere (using gloveboxes or a Schlenk line) or high vacuum lines (HVLs, &#60;10-5 mbar). The preparation of SiO2-700 (silica dehydroxylated at 700 &#176;C) and subsequent applications (the grafting of complexes and catalytic runs) requires the use of HVLs and double-Schlenk techniques. Several well-known characterization methods are used, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), and state-of-the-art dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP-SENS). FTIR and elemental microanalysis permit scientists to establish the grafting and its stoichiometry. 1H and 13C SSNMR allows the structural determination of the hydrocarbon ligands coordination sphere. DNP SENS is an emerging powerful technique in solid characterization for the detection of poorly sensitive nuclei (15N, in our case). SiO2-700 is treated with about one equivalent of the metal precursor compared to the amount of surface silanol (0.30 mmol&#183;g-1) in pentane at room temperature. Then, volatiles are removed, and the powder samples are dried under dynamic high vacuum to afford the desired materials [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(&#951;2&#960;-MeNCH2)(&#951;1-NMe2)(&#951;1-HNMe2)]. After a thermal treatment under high vacuum, the grafted complex is converted into metal imido silica complex [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)]. [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] effectively promotes the metathesis of imines, using the combination of two imine substrates, N-(4-phenylbenzylidene)benzylamine, or N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-4-fluoroaniline, with N-benzylidenetert-butylamine as substrates. A significantly lower conversion is observed with the blank runs; thus, the presence of the imido group in [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is correlated to the catalytic performance.

A new group IV metal catalyst for imine metathesis is prepared by grafting amine metal complex onto dehydroxylated silica. Surface metal fragments are characterized using FT-IR, elemental microanalysis, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Further dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy experiments complement the determination of the coordination sphere.

표면 유기 금속 화학의 방법론을 사용하여 실리카 지원 촉매에 의해 이민 대사

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared ...

Performing Spectroscopy on Plasmonic Nanoparticles with Transmission-Based Nomarski-Type Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is a powerful imaging tool that is most commonly employed for imaging microscale objects using visible-range light. The purpose of this protocol is to detail a proven method for preparing plasmonic nanoparticle samples and performing single particle spectroscopy on them with DIC microscopy. Several important steps must be followed carefully in order to perform repeatable spectroscopy experiments. First, landmarks can be etched into the sample substrate, which aids in locating the sample surface and in tracking the region of interest during experiments. Next, the substrate must be properly cleaned of debris and contaminants that can otherwise hinder or obscure examination of the sample. Once a sample is properly prepared, the optical path of the microscope must be aligned, using Kohler Illumination. With a standard Nomarski style DIC microscope, rotation of the sample may be necessary, particularly when the plasmonic nanoparticles exhibit orientation-dependent optical properties. Because DIC microscopy has two inherent orthogonal polarization fields, the wavelength-dependent DIC contrast pattern reveals the orientation of rod-shaped plasmonic nanoparticles. Finally, data acquisition and data analyses must be carefully performed. It is common to represent DIC-based spectroscopy data as a contrast value, but it is also possible to present it as intensity data. In this demonstration of DIC for single particle spectroscopy, the focus is on spherical and rod-shaped gold nanoparticles.

The goal of this protocol is to detail a proven approach for the preparation of plasmonic nanoparticle samples and for performing single particle spectroscopy on them with differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy.