이 작품은 ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02, LabEx Cell'n'Scale ANR-11-LBX-0038 및 Institut de 컨버전스 Q-life ANR-17-CONV-0005에 의해 지원되었습니다. CJ는 인스티투트 큐리의 지원을 받고 있습니다. 프랑스 국립연구청(ANR)은 ANR-12-BSV2-0007 및 ANR-17-CE13-0021, 인스티투트 국립 뒤암(INCA) 교부금 2014-PL BIO-11-ICR-1, 그리고 퐁당 부어 라 레쉐메디컬(FRM) 교부금 DEQ2010.30.16. MMM은 퐁도크 알츠하이머 보조금 FR-16055p에 의해 지원되며, 프랑스 알츠하이머 는 AAP SM을 부여 2019 n ° 2023. JAS는 마리 Skłodowska-Curie 보조금 협정 No 675737에 따라 유럽 연합의 호라이즌 2020 연구 및 혁신 프로그램에 의해 지원되었으며, FRM 보조금 FDT201904008210. SB는 FRM 보조금 FDT201805005465에 의해 지원되었다.
우리는 Janke 연구소의 모든 구성원, 특히 J. 수프론뿐만 아니라 G. 라키치 (Institut MICALIS, AgroParisTech) 및 A. Gautreau (에콜 폴리 테크닉대학)의 프로토콜 설립 기간 동안 도움을 주셔서 감사합니다. 우리는 마우스 사육과 관리에 도움을 준 Institut Curie의 동물 시설에 감사드립니다.
J. 프랑켈과 M. 넬슨에 의해 개발 된 항체 12G10은 NICHD의 후원하에 개발된 개발 연구 하이브리드 종 은행에서 얻어졌고 아이오와 대학에 의해 유지되었습니다.

<ol>
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저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

여기에 설명된 방법은 세포주 및 단일 마우스 뇌에서 중량으로 고품질의 조립 능력이 있는 튜룰린을 신속하게 생성하는 플랫폼을 제공한다. 그것은 오랜 년 동안 분야에서 사용되는 소 뇌에서 튜룰린 정제의 금 표준 프로토콜을 기반으로16,17. 접근법의 한 가지 특별한 장점은 HeLa S3 세포의 현탁액 배양을 사용하는 것입니다. 이는 프로토콜이 임의의 세?...

마이크로튜브는 많은 세포 프로세스에서 중요한 역할을 합니다. 그(것)들은 세포에게 그들의 모양을 주고, 염색체 분리를 위한 메이오제 및 미토Tic 스핀들을 만들고, 세포내 수송을 위한 트랙역할을 합니다. 이러한 다양한 기능을 수행하기 위해 마이크로 튜버는 다른 방식으로 자신을 구성합니다. 이 분야의 흥미로운 질문 중 하나는 구조적으로 진화적으로 보존된 마이크로투블러가 조직과 기능의 이 과다에 적응할 수 있도록 하는 분자 메커니즘을 이해하는 것입니다. 한 가지 잠재적 메커니즘은'튜룰린코드'1,2,3로알려진 개념에 의해 정의되는 마이크로투부의 다양화이다. tubulin 코드는 두 가지 주요 구성 요소를 포함: α-및 β-tubulin 유전자 제품의 차동 통합 (tubulin 등색형) 마이크로 튜부 및 튜룰린 번역 후 수정 (PTM).
1970년대 부터 진화하는 빛 현미경 기술과 결합된 체외 재헌법 실험은 미세투부의 특성에 대한 중요한 발견의 길을 열어주었습니다: 동적 불안정4 및 러닝머신5,그리고 그들의 다른메커니즘및 기능6,7,7,9,11,12,13, 14,14,15. 지금까지 수행된 거의 모든 체외 실험은 중합및 중합제의 반복주기를 사용하여 뇌 조직에서 정제된튜룰린(tubulin)에기초해 왔다16,17. 뇌 조직에서 정제하는 것은 대량(보통 그램 양)으로 고품질 튜룰린을 얻는 이점을 부여하지만, 뇌 조직에서 정제된 튜룰린이 다른 튜룰린 동종형의 혼합물이며 많은 튜룰린 PTM이 풍부하기 때문에 한 가지 중요한 단점은 이질성입니다. 이러한 이질성은 마이크로튜블러 특성 및 기능의 제어에서 특정 튜룰린 PTM 또는 동소형의 역할을 묘사하는 것을 불가능하게 합니다. 따라서, 조절된 튜룰린 PTM 및 균질동형 조성물을 가진 조립 유능한 튜룰린을 생산하는 것은 튜룰린 코드의 분자 메커니즘을 해결하는 데 필수적이다.
최근에는 효모 Stu2p의 마이크로투블러 결합 TOG(종양 과잉 발현 유전자) 도메인을 이용한 친화성 크로마토그래피에 의한 튜블러린을 정화하는 접근법이개발되었다. 이 방법에서, 세포 또는 조직의 조잡한 용해의 튜룰린은 주어진, 심지어 아주 작은, 샘플의 전체 tubulin 풀의 분석을 허용하는 매트릭스 고정 TOG 도메인에 결합하는 컬럼을 통해 전달된다. 재조합 튜룰린을 정화하기 위한 대망의 접근법도 최근 몇 년 동안 설명되어 있습니다. 그것은 α 및 β-tubulin 유전자를 포함하는 bi-cistronic 벡터가 곤충세포(19)에서발현되는 바쿨로바이러스 시스템을 기반으로 한다. 그러나, 이 방법은 매우 번거롭고 시간이 많이 소요되며, 따라서 주로 체외에서 튜룰린 돌연변이20 및 튜룰린 동소형21,22,23의 충격을 연구하기 위해 사용됩니다.
현재 프로토콜에서, 우리는 잘 확립되고 널리 사용되는 중합체-중합화 접근법을 세포주 또는 마우스 뇌조직(24)으로부터다른 수준의 변형으로 튜룰린을 생성하는 청사진으로 사용하는 방법을 설명한다. 이 절차에서, 튜룰린은 수용성(4°C의 튜룰린 이머)과 중합형(구아노신 5'-triphosphate[GTP]의 존재시 30°C의 마이크로튜블러)를 순환한다. 각 형태는 원심분리의 연속단계를 통해 분리된다: 튜룰린 조광기는 감기(4°C) 스핀 후 상부체에 남아 있는 반면, 마이크로튜부는 30°C에서 펠릿화된다. 더욱이, 하나의 중합 단계는 높은 piperazine-N,N-fis(2-에탄설포닉산) (PIPES) 농도에서 수행되며, 이는 마이크로투부에서 마이크로튜버 관련 단백질을 제거할 수 있게 해주며, 따라서, 최종 적으로 정제된 튜룰린으로부터 수행된다. 정지 또는 부착 배양으로 성장 한 HeLa S3 세포로부터 정제 된 Tubulin은 임의의 튜룰린 PTM이 거의 없으며 최근 시험관 내 재분학 실험25,26,27,28에서사용되어 왔다. 우리는 더 하나의 마우스 뇌에서 튜룰린을 정화하는 방법을 적응했다, 이는 튜룰린 등색형 및 PTM의 변화와 마우스 모델의 큰 숫자에 사용할 수 있습니다.
프로토콜에서, 우리는 먼저 원료의 생성을 설명 (세포 질량 또는 뇌 조직), 그것의 lysis(도 1A),튜룰린 중합 및 비합화의 연속 단계 다음 튜룰린정화(도 1B). 우리는 정제된 튜룰린의순도(도 2A, B)및 수량(도3A, B)을평가하는 과정을 더 설명한다. 상기 방법은 튜룰린정제(도 4B)에앞서 세포내 변형 효소를 과발현함으로써 선택된 PTM으로 농축된 튜룰린을 생성하도록 조정할 수 있다. 대안적으로, 튜룰린 변형 효소는 정화 과정에서 튜룰린에 첨가될 수 있다. 마지막으로, 해당 튜룰린 변형효소(도 4B)29에서부족한 쥐의 뇌로부터 특정 동소형 또는 PTM이 부족한 튜룰린을 정화할 수 있다.
여기서 설명하는 방법에는 두 가지 주요 장점이 있습니다: (i) 비교적 짧은 시간에 충분히 많은 양의 튜룰린을 생산할 수 있으며, (ii) 특정 튜룰린 동형 조성물 또는 PTM을 사용하여 고품질의 순수 튜룰린을 생성합니다. 이 원고의 관련 비디오에서는 이 절차와 관련된 몇 가지 중요한 단계를 강조합니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1&#160;M MgCl2&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#M1028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-L cell culture vessels</td>
			<td>Techne F7610&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for spinner cultures. Never stir the empty spinner bottles. When spinner bottles are in the cell culture incubator, always keep the lateral valves of spinner bottles slightly open to facilitate the equilibration of media with incubator&#8217;s atmosphere. After use, fill the spinner bottles immediately with tap water to avoid drying of remaining cells on the bottle walls. Wash the bottles with deionised water, add app 200 ml of deionised water and autoclave. Under a sterile cell culture hood remove the water and allow the bottles to dry completely, still under the hood, for several hours. Never use detergents for cleaning the spinner bottles because any trace amounts of the detergent can be deleterious to the cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5- and 2-ml tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14-ml round-bottom tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15-cm-diameter sterile culture dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15-ml screw-cap tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#M3148</td>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol is toxic and should be used under the hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#A8456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40% Acrylamide&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad&#160;</td>
			<td>#161-0140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-, 10- 20-ml syringes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-ml, 10-ml, 25-ml sterile pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-ml screw-cap tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium persulfate (APS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#A3678</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha-tubulin antibody, 12G10&#160;</td>
			<td>Developed by J. Frankel and M. Nelson, obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, developed under the auspices of the NICHD, and maintained by the University of Iowa</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>dilution: 1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-glutamylated tubulin antibody, GT335&#160;</td>
			<td>AdipoGen&#160;</td>
			<td>#AG-20B-0020</td>
			<td>dilution: 1/20,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aprotinin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#A1153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balance (0.1 &#8211; 10 g)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beckman 1-l polypropylene bottles&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For collecting spinner cultures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beckman Avanti J-26 XP centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For collecting spinner cultures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological stirrer&#160;</td>
			<td>Techne MCS-104L&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Installed in the cell culture incubator (for spinner cultures), 25 rpm for Hela S3 and HEK 293 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bis N,N&#8217;-Methylene-Bis-Acrylamide&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad&#160;</td>
			<td>#161-0201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blender IKA Ultra-Turrax&#174;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For lysing brain tissue, use 5-mm probe, with the machine set at power 6 or 7. Blend the brain tissue 2-3 times for 15 s on ice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#1.08122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboxypeptidase A (CPA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#C9268</td>
			<td>Concentration: 1.7&#160;U/&#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture hood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture incubator set at 37&#176;C, 5% CO2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>&#160;Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#D8418</td>
			<td>DMSO can enhance cell and skin permeability of other compounds. Avoid contact and use skin and eye protection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>#41965062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT, DL-Dithiothreitol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#D9779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>#EU0007-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#E3889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolute&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical&#160;</td>
			<td>#E/0650DF/15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#F7524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>French pressure cell press&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo electron corporation</td>
			<td>&#160;#FA-078A</td>
			<td>with a #FA-032 cell; for lysing big amounts of cells. Set at medium ratio, and the gauge pressure of 1,000 psi (corresponds to 3,000 psi inside the disruption chamber).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>&#160;VWR Chemicals&#160;</td>
			<td>#24388.295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#G8898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GTP&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#G8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating block&#160;</td>
			<td>Stuart&#160;</td>
			<td>#SBH130D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hela cells&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ATCC&#174; CCL-2&#8482;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hela S3 cells&#160;</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC&#174; CCL-2.2&#8482;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid (HCl )</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>#20252.290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>With fluorescence if cell transfection is to be verified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR&#160;</td>
			<td>#20842.298</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>jetPEI</td>
			<td>Polyplus&#160;</td>
			<td>#101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JLA-8.1000 rotor&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For collecting spinner cultures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOH&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#P1767</td>
			<td>KOH is corrosive and causes burns; use eye and skin protection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>#25030123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory centrifuge for 50-ml tubes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>4-16 K&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leupeptin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#L2884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid nitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-pipettes p2.5, p10, p20, p100, p200 and p1000 and corresponding tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropestles</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>#0030 120.973</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse brain tissue&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Animal care and use for this study were performed in accordance with the recommendations of the European Community (2010/63/UE). Experimental procedures were specifically approved by the ethics committee of the Institut Curie CEEA-IC #118 (authorization no. 04395.03 given by National Authority) in compliance with the international guidelines.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needles 18G X 1 &#189;&#8221; (1.2 X 38 mm</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>#18G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needles 20G X 1 &#189;&#8221; (0.9 X 38 mm</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>#20G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needles 21G X 4 &#190;&#8221; (0.8 X 120 mm</td>
			<td>B.Braun</td>
			<td>#466 5643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>#14190169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>#15140130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH-meter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#P7626</td>
			<td>PMSF powder is hazardous. Use skin and eye protection when preparing PMSF solutions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIPES&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#P6757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette-boy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotors</td>
			<td>Beckman 70.1 Ti; TLA-100.3; and TLA 55</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS-PAGE electrophoresis equipment&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad&#160;</td>
			<td>#1658001FC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS, Sodium dodecyl sulphate&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR&#160;</td>
			<td>#442444H</td>
			<td>For preparing Laemmeli buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS, Sodium dodecyl sulphate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#L5750</td>
			<td>For preparing &#39;TUB&#39; SDS-PAGE gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator&#160;</td>
			<td>Branson</td>
			<td>#101-148-070</td>
			<td>Used for lysing cells grown as adherent cultures. Use 6.5 mm diameter probe, set the sonicator at &#8220;Output control&#8221; 1, &#8220;Duty cycle&#8221; 10% and time depending on the cell type used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabletop centrifuge for 1.5 ml tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5417R&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEMED, N, N, N&#8242;, N&#8242;-Tetramethylethylenediamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#9281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichostatin A (TSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#T8552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#T9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma base (Tris)</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>#T1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>#15090046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotors&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>TLA-55, TLA-100.3 and 70.1 Ti rotors</td>
			<td>Set at 4&#176;C or 30&#176;C based on the need of the experiment&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>#357448&#160;</td>
			<td>for using with TLA-55 rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>#349622</td>
			<td>for using with TLA-100.3 rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>#355631&#160;</td>
			<td>for using with 70.1 Ti rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuges</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>Optima L80-XP (or equivalent) and Optima MAX-XP (or equivalent)</td>
			<td>Set at 4&#176;C or 30&#176;C based on the need of the experiment&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex mixer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath equipped with floaters or tube holders</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Set at 30&#176;C&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

purification of tubulin with controlled posttranslational modifications and isotypes from limited sources by polymerization-depolymerization cycles

미세 투외 세포 골격의 연구의 한 가지 중요한 측면은 체외 재구성 실험에서 미세 tubule 행동의 조사입니다. 그(것)들은 역학과 같은 microtubules의 본질적인 속성의 분석및 microtubule 관련 단백질 (MAPs)와의 상호 작용을 허용합니다. "tubulin 코드"는 마이크로 튜블러 특성 및 기능의 조절자로서 다양한 튜룰린 동종 형 및 다양한 번역 후 변형 (PTM)을 가리키는 새로운 개념입니다. 튜룰린 코드의 분자 메커니즘을 탐구하려면 특정 동종 및 PTM을 사용하여 정제 된 튜룰린을 사용하여 체외 재구성 실험을 수행하는 것이 중요합니다.
현재까지, 이것은 널리 체외 실험에서 사용되는 뇌 튜룰린으로 기술적으로 도전했다, 많은 PTM을 항구하고 정의 된 동종 조성을 가지고. 따라서, 우리는 중합 및 비합화 주기의 고전적인 접근 방식을 사용하여, 다른 소스와 다른 등류 조성 및 제어 된 PTM로 튜룰린을 정화하기 위해이 프로토콜을 개발했다. 선호도 정화에 기초한 기존 방법에 비해, 이러한 접근법은 중합또는 중합화에 내성이 있는 튜룰린이 연속정화 단계에서 버려짐에 따라 순수하고 중합화능력이 있는 튜룰린을 산출한다.
우리는 현탁액또는 부착 배양으로 성장한 세포주에서 튜룰린의 정제를 설명하고 단일 마우스 뇌에서 설명합니다. 이 방법은 먼저 서스펜션 및 부착 설정 모두에서 세포 질량의 생성을 설명하고, 용해 단계, 중합-폴리머화 주기에 의한 튜룰린 정화의 연속적인 단계를 설명한다. 우리의 방법은 관련 단백질과의 마이크로 튜부 및 마이크로 튜블러 상호 작용의 본질적인 특성에 대한 튜룰린 코드의 영향을 다루는 실험에 사용할 수있는 tubulin을 산출합니다.

이 방법의 주요 목표는 정제 된 구성 요소와 함께 반복 된 체외 실험을 수행하기에 충분한 수량으로 고품질의 조립 능력이있는 튜룰린을 생산하는 것입니다. 이 튜룰린에서 조립된 마이크로튜블러는 동적 또는 안정적인 마이크로튜부를 이용한 총 내부 반사 형광(TIRF) 현미경 기술, 미세투부역학, MAP 또는 분자 모터와의 상호 작용 및모터(25)에의한 힘 발생을 테스트하는 실험에서...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Tubulin with Controlled Posttranslational Modifications and Isotypes from Limited Sources by Polymerization-Depolymerization Cycles at JoVE.co

Purification of Tubulin with Controlled Posttranslational Modifications and Isotypes from Limited Sources by Polymerization-Depolymerization Cycles

이 프로토콜은 중합 및 중합 주기를 사용하여 배양 된 세포 또는 단일 마우스 뇌와 같은 중소 규모의 소스에서 튜룰린 정제를 설명합니다. 정제 된 튜룰린은 특정 동종형으로 풍부해지거나 특정 번역 후 변형을 가지며 체외 재관체 검사에서 미세 tubule 역학 및 상호 작용을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

중합-비합화 주기에 의해 제한된 소스에서 제어 된 번역 후 수정 및 동형으로 투불린의 정화

One important aspect of studies of the microtubule cytoskeleton is the investigation of microtubule behavior in in vitro reconstitution experiments. They ...

purification-tubulin-with-controlled-posttranslational-modifications

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

5.0K 조회수.  Institut Curie. 이 프로토콜은 중합 및 중합 주기를 사용하여 배양 된 세포 또는 단일 마우스 뇌와 같은 중소 규모의 소스에서 튜룰린 정제를 설명합니다. 정제 된 튜룰린은 특정 동종형으로 풍부해지거나 특정 번역 후 변형을 가지며 체외 재관체 검사에서 미세 tubule 역학 및 상호 작용을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Purification of Tubulin with Controlled Posttranslational Modifications and Isotypes from Limited Sources by Polymerization-Depolymerization Cycles

Directed Protein Packaging within Outer Membrane Vesicles from Escherichia coli: Design, Production and Purification

An increasing interest in applying synthetic biology techniques to program outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are leading to some very interesting and unique applications for OMV where traditional nanoparticles are proving too difficult to synthesize. To date, all Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to produce OMV demonstrating packaging of a variety of cargo that includes small molecules, peptides, proteins and genetic material. Based on their diverse cargo, OMV are implicated in many biological processes ranging from cell-cell communication to gene transfer and delivery of virulence factors depending upon which bacteria are producing the OMV. Only recently have bacterial OMV become accessible for use across a wide range of applications through the development of techniques to control and direct packaging of recombinant proteins into OMV. This protocol describes a method for the production, purification, and use of enzyme packaged OMV providing for improved overall production of recombinant enzyme, increased vesiculation, and enhanced enzyme stability. Successful utilization of this protocol will result in the creation of a bacterial strain that simultaneously produces a recombinant protein and directs it for OMV encapsulation through creating a synthetic linkage between the recombinant protein and an outer membrane anchor protein. This protocol also details methods for isolating OMV from bacterial cultures as well as proper handling techniques and things to consider when adapting this protocol for use for other unique applications such as: pharmaceutical drug delivery, medical diagnostics, and environmental remediation.

Directed Protein Packaging within Outer Membrane Vesicles from Escherichia coli: Design, Production and Purification

A protocol for the production, purification, and use of enzyme packaged outer membrane vesicles (OMV) providing for enhanced enzyme stability for implementation across diverse applications is presented.

에서 외부 막 소포 내에서 감독 단백질 포장<em&gt; 대장균</em&gt; : 디자인, 생산 및 정제

An increasing interest in applying synthetic biology techniques to program outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are leading to some very interesting and unique ...

연구

생화학

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues

N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modifications of RNA are diverse and ubiquitous amongst eukaryotes. They occur in mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and microRNA. Recent studies have revealed that these reversible RNA modifications affect RNA splicing, translation, degradation, and localization. Multiple physiological processes, like circadian rhythms, stem cell pluripotency, fibrosis, triglyceride metabolism, and obesity are also controlled by m6A modifications. Immunoprecipitation/sequencing, mass spectrometry, and modified northern blotting are some of the methods commonly employed to measure m6A modifications. Herein, we present a northeastern blotting technique for measuring m6A modifications. The current protocol provides good size separation of RNA, better accommodation and standardization for various experimental designs, and clear delineation of m6A modifications in various sources of RNA. While m6A modifications are known to have a crucial impact on human physiology relating to circadian rhythms and obesity, their roles in other (patho)physiological states are unclear. Therefore, investigations on m6A modifications have immense possibility to provide key insights into molecular physiology.

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues

A modified northern blotting method for measuring N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications in RNA is described. The current method can detect modifications in diverse RNAs and controls under various experimental designs.

RNA 측정 방법<em&gt; N</em<sup&gt; 6</sup세포와 조직에서&gt; -methyladenosine 수정

N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modifications of RNA are diverse and ubiquitous amongst eukaryotes. They occur in mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and microRNA. Recent studies ...

Tandem Affinity Purification of Protein Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

The purification of active protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes is crucial for the characterization of enzymatic activities and de novo identification of novel subunits and post-translational modifications. Bacterial systems allow for the expression and purification of a wide variety of single polypeptides and protein complexes. However, this system does not enable the purification of protein subunits that contain post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation and acetylation), and the identification of novel regulatory subunits that are only present/expressed in the eukaryotic system. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel, robust, and efficient tandem affinity purification (TAP) method using STREP- and FLAG-tagged proteins that facilitates the purification of protein complexes with transiently or stably expressed epitope-tagged proteins from eukaryotic cells. This protocol can be applied to characterize protein complex functionality, to discover post-translational modifications on complex subunits, and to identify novel regulatory complex components by mass spectrometry. Notably, this TAP method can be applied to study protein complexes formed by eukaryotic or pathogenic (viral and bacterial) components, thus yielding a wide array of downstream experimental opportunities. We propose that researchers working with protein complexes could utilize this approach in many different ways.

We describe here a novel, robust, and efficient tandem affinity purification (TAP) method for the expression, isolation, and characterization of protein complexes from eukaryotic cells. This protocol could be utilized for the biochemical characterization of discrete complexes as well as the identification of novel interactors and post-translational modifications that regulate their function.

진핵 세포에서 단백질 복합체의 탠덤 선호도 정화

The purification of active protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes is crucial for the characterization of enzymatic activities and de novo ...

Differential Scanning Calorimetry &#8212; A Method for Assessing the Thermal Stability and Conformation of Protein Antigen

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is an analytical technique that measures the molar heat capacity of samples as a function of temperature. In the case of protein samples, DSC profiles provide information about thermal stability, and to some extent serves as a structural &#8220;fingerprint&#8221; that can be used to assess structural conformation. It is performed using a differential scanning calorimeter that measures the thermal transition temperature (melting temperature; Tm) and the energy required to disrupt the interactions stabilizing the tertiary structure (enthalpy; &#8710;H) of proteins. Comparisons are made between formulations as well as production lots, and differences in derived values indicate differences in thermal stability and structural conformation. Data illustrating the use of DSC in an industrial setting for stability studies as well as monitoring key manufacturing steps are provided as proof of the effectiveness of this protocol. In comparison to other methods for assessing the thermal stability of protein conformations, DSC is cost-effective, requires few sample preparation steps, and also provides a complete thermodynamic profile of the protein unfolding process.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry &amp;#8212; A Method for Assessing the Thermal Stability and Conformation of Protein Antigen

Differential scanning calorimetry measures the thermal transition temperature(s) and total heat energy required to denature a protein. Results obtained are used to assess the thermal stability of protein antigens in vaccine formulations.

시차 주사 열량 - 단백질 항원의 열 안정성과 형태를 평가하기위한 방법

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is an analytical technique that measures the molar heat capacity of samples as a function of temperature. In the ...

Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications

Intermediate filaments (IFs), together with actin filaments and microtubules, form the cytoskeleton &#8211; a critical structural element of every cell. Normal functioning IFs provide cells with mechanical and stress resilience, while a dysfunctional IF cytoskeleton compromises cellular health and has been associated with many human diseases. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) critically regulate IF dynamics in response to physiological changes and under stress conditions. Therefore, the ability to monitor changes in the PTM signature of IFs can contribute to a better functional understanding, and ultimately conditioning, of the IF system as a stress responder during cellular injury. However, the large number of IF proteins, which are encoded by over 70 individual genes and expressed in a tissue-dependent manner, is a major challenge in sorting out the relative importance of different PTMs. To that end, methods that enable monitoring of PTMs on IF proteins on an organism-wide level, rather than for isolated members of the family, can accelerate research progress in this area. Here, we present biochemical methods for the isolation of the total, detergent-soluble, and detergent-resistant fraction of IF proteins from 9 different mouse tissues (brain, heart, lung, liver, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, kidney, and spleen). We further demonstrate an optimized protocol for rapid isolation of IF proteins by using lysing matrix and automated homogenization of different mouse tissues. The automated protocol is useful for profiling IFs in experiments with high sample volume (such as in disease models involving multiple animals and experimental groups). The resulting samples can be utilized for various downstream analyses, including mass spectrometry-based PTM profiling. Utilizing these methods, we provide new data to show that IF proteins in different mouse tissues (brain and liver) undergo parallel changes with respect to their expression levels and PTMs during aging.

In this method, we present biochemical procedures for rapid and efficient isolation of intermediate filament (IF) proteins from multiple mouse tissues. Isolated IFs can be used to study changes in post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry and other biochemical assays.

노화 관련 post-translational 수정을 공부하기 위해 여러 마우스 조직에서 중간 필라멘트 단백질의 분리

Intermediate filaments (IFs), together with actin filaments and microtubules, form the cytoskeleton &#8211; a critical structural element of every cell. ...

Purification of Hepatocytes and Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells from Mouse Liver Perfusion

This protocol demonstrates a method for obtaining high yield and viability for mouse hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) suitable for culturing or for obtaining cell lysates. In this protocol, the portal vein is used as the site for catheterization, rather than the vena cava, as this limits contamination of other possible cell types in the final liver preparation. No special instrumentation is required throughout the procedure. A water bath is used as a source of heat to maintain the temperature of all the buffers and solutions. A standard peristaltic pump is used to drive the fluid, and a refrigerated table-top centrifuge is required for the centrifugation procedures. The only limitation of this technique is the placement of the catheter within the portal vein, which is challenging on some of the mice in the 18 - 25 g size range. An advantage of this technique is that only one vein is utilized for the perfusion and the access to the vein is quick, which minimizes ischemia and reperfusion of the liver that reduces hepatic cell viability. Another advantage to this protocol is that it is easy to distinguish live from dead hepatocytes by eyesight due to the difference in cellular density during the centrifugation steps. Cells from this protocol may be used in cell culture for any downstream application as well as processed for any biochemical assessment.

The goal of this protocol is to obtain high viability and high yield of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells from liver. This is accomplished by perfusing the liver with a type IV collagenase solution via the portal vein, followed by differential centrifugation to obtain hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells.

Hepatocytes에서 마우스 간 사인 내 피 세포의 정화 관류

This protocol demonstrates a method for obtaining high yield and viability for mouse hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) suitable for ...

Profiling Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Dependent Post-translational Modifications and Identification of Significant Alterations

Ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like (ubl) dependent post-translational modifications of proteins play fundamental biological regulatory roles within the cell by controlling protein stability, activity, interactions, and intracellular localization. They enable the cell to respond to signals and to adapt to changes in its environment. Alterations within these mechanisms can lead to severe pathological situations such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. The aim of the technique described here is to establish ub/ubls dependent PTMs profiles, rapidly and accurately, from cultured cell lines. The comparison of different profiles obtained from different conditions allows the identification of specific alterations, such as those induced by a treatment for example. Lentiviral mediated cell transduction is performed to create stable cell lines expressing a two-tags (6His and Flag) version of the modifier (ubiquitin or a ubl such as SUMO1 or Nedd8). These tags permit the purification of ubiquitin and therefore of ubiquitinated proteins from the cells. This is done through a two-step purification process: The first one is performed in denaturing conditions using the 6His tag, and the second one in native conditions using the Flag tag. This leads to a highly specific and pure isolation of modified proteins which are subsequently identified and semi-quantified by liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology. Easy informatics analysis of MS data using Excel software enables the establishment of PTM profiles by eliminating background signals. These profiles are compared between each condition in order to identify specific alterations which will then be studied more specifically, starting with their validation by standard biochemistry techniques.

This protocol aims at establishing ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-likes (Ubls) specific proteomes in order to identify alterations of these kind of post-translational modifications (PTMs), associated with a specific condition such as a treatment or a phenotype.

유비퀴틴 및 유비퀴틴과 같은 종속 적 번역 후 수정 및 중대한 변경 식별 프로파일링

Ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like (ubl) dependent post-translational modifications of proteins play fundamental biological regulatory roles within the ...

Cell Fractionation of U937 Cells by Isopycnic Density Gradient Purification

This protocol describes a method to obtain subcellular protein fractions from mammalian cells using a combination of detergents, mechanical lysis, and isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. The major advantage of this procedure is that it does not rely on the sole use of solubilizing detergents to obtain subcellular fractions. This makes it possible to separate the plasma membrane from other membrane-bound organelles of the cell. This procedure will facilitate the determination of protein localization in cells with a reproducible, scalable, and selective method. This method has been successfully used to isolate cytosolic, nuclear, mitochondrial, and plasma membrane proteins from the human monocyte cell line, U937. Although optimized for this cell line, this procedure may serve as a suitable starting point for the subcellular fractionation of other cell lines. Potential pitfalls of the procedure and how to avoid them are discussed as are alterations that may need to be considered for other cell lines.

This fractionation protocol will allow researchers to isolate cytoplasmic, nuclear, mitochondrial, and membrane proteins from mammalian cells. The latter two subcellular fractions are further purified via isopycnic density gradient.

아이소피크닉 밀도 구배 정제에 의한 U937 세포의 세포 분획

This protocol describes a method to obtain subcellular protein fractions from mammalian cells using a combination of detergents, mechanical lysis, and ...

Extraction and Purification of FAHD1 Protein from Swine Kidney and Mouse Liver

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1 (FAHD1) is the first identified member of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes, acting as oxaloacetate decarboxylase in mitochondria. This article presents a series of methods for the extraction and purification of FAHD1 from swine kidney and mouse liver. Covered methods are ionic exchange chromatography with fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), preparative and analytical gel filtration with FPLC, and proteomic approaches. After total protein extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation and ionic exchange chromatography were explored, and FAHD1 was extracted via a sequential strategy using ionic exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. This representative approach may be adapted to other proteins of interest (expressed at significant levels) and modified for other tissues. Purified protein from tissue may support the development of high-quality antibodies, and/or potent and specific pharmacological inhibitors.

This protocol describes how to extract fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1 (FAHD1) from swine kidney and mouse liver. The listed methods may be adapted to other proteins of interest and modified for other tissues.

돼지 신장과 마우스 간에서 FAHD1 단백질의 추출 및 정제

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1 (FAHD1) is the first identified member of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes, acting as ...

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

Ubiquitination is a type of posttranslational modification that regulates not only the stability but also the localization and function of a substrate protein. The ubiquitination process occurs intracellularly in eukaryotes and regulates almost all basic cellular biological processes. Purification of ubiquitinated proteins aids the investigation of the role of ubiquitination in controlling the function of substrate proteins. Here, a step-by-step procedure to purify ubiquitinated proteins in mammalian cells is described with the p53 tumor suppressor protein as an example. Ubiquitinated p53 proteins were purified under stringent nondenaturing and denaturing conditions. Total cellular Flag-tagged p53 protein was purified with anti-Flag antibody-conjugated agarose under nondenaturing conditions. Alternatively, total cellular His-tagged ubiquitinated protein was purified using nickel-charged resin under denaturing conditions. Ubiquitinated p53 proteins in the eluates were successfully detected with specific antibodies. Using this procedure, the ubiquitinated forms of a given protein can be efficiently purified from mammalian cells, facilitating studies on the roles of ubiquitination in regulating protein function.

The protocol describes a step-by-step method to purify ubiquitinated proteins from mammalian cells using the p53 tumor suppressor protein as an example. Ubiquitinated p53 proteins were purified from cells under stringent nondenaturing and denaturing conditions.

포유류 세포에서 유비퀴틴화된 p53 단백질의 정제

Ubiquitination is a type of posttranslational modification that regulates not only the stability but also the localization and function of a substrate ...