This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant R01DK117872 awarded to OO and the Larry L Hillblom Foundation Fellowship awarded to RCZ.

All procedures involving animal subjects have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of California, San Diego.
1. Making the drug-peanut butter pellet
<ol>
	<li>Calculate the amount of drug needed to make the desired dose of drug in a pellet of peanut butter and scale to the size of the batch required for an experiment. Importantly, pellets can be kept at -80 &#176;C, depending on drug stability.</li>
	<li>Pulverize the drug tablets using a mortar and pestle.</li>
	<li>Weigh the calculated amount peanut butter required by placing it in a weigh boat on a tared scale.</li>
	<li>Place the peanut butter over a beaker of warm water until melted.</li>
	<li>Add the required amount of pulverized drug into the melted peanut and mix thoroughly.</li>
	<li>Allow the drug-peanut butter mixture to cool so that it can be easily placed into the rubber molds.</li>
	<li>Place the peanut butter-drug mix into a mold. The one used here is a rubber corticosterone pellet mold and creates approximately ~100 mg peanut butter pellets. Adjustment of the ratio of drug to peanut butter may be necessary to ensure palatability.</li>
	<li>Repeat these steps with peanut butter alone to make placebo pellets.</li>
	<li>Freeze the mold at -20 &#176;C or -80 &#176;C (depending on drug stability) to allow the peanut butter to harden until use.</li>
</ol>
2. Mouse setup
<ol>
	<li>Singly house mice in standard mouse cages. Line with highly absorbent paper bedding and enrichment, including paper towels and housing dome. This paper bedding facilitates accurate food intake measurements by allowing quantification of spilled food from feces and bedding. 
	NOTE: ENsure IACUC approval for singly housing mice has been obtained.</li>
	<li>Provide ad libitum food and water and allow the mice to acclimate to the housing for approximately 3 days.</li>
</ol>
3. Training to self-dosing of drug-peanut butter
<ol>
	<li>Plan and select the optimum time of the day for the drug administration.</li>
	<li>Fast the mice for 24 hours and ensure that IACUC approval has been received for the chosen fasting duration.</li>
	<li>Take the mold out the freezer, let the rubber mold soften so that the pellets can be easily extruded out of the mold. All training can be completed using placebo control pellets.</li>
	<li>Place a placebo control peanut butter pellet on the wall of the cage approximately 1.5 inches from the base. On the first day, it may take approximately 1 hour for the mouse to consume the peanut butter pellet due to novelty.</li>
	<li>After the training session provide ad libitum access to food and water.</li>
	<li>On the following day, place the peanut butter pellet on the wall of the cage in the same location for further training on non-fasted mice.</li>
	<li>Repeat the training in fed mice for approximately 3 days. The time taken to consume the peanut butter will be less than 30 minutes by the third day of training.</li>
</ol>
4. Experiment
<ol>
	<li>Randomize mice to treatment groups based on body weight so the groups have the same average body weight before treatment.</li>
	<li>Plan to administer the peanut butter pills (treatment or placebo) to the mice at the same time they were trained to receive the peanut butter pellets.</li>
	<li>Weigh the food and mouse and record the values.</li>
	<li>Ensure that the peanut butter pills (treatment or placebo) are placed at the same location in the cage as established during training.</li>
	<li>Continue the dosing procedure daily for the duration of the experiment.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>de Meijer, V. E., Le, H. D., Meisel, J. A., Puder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repetitive+orogastric+gavage+affects+the+phenotype+of+diet-induced+obese+mice.">Repetitive orogastric gavage affects the phenotype of diet-induced obese mice.</a> Physiology and Behavior. 100 (4), 387-393 (2010).</li><li>Perez-Gomez, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phenotypic+Caenorhabditis+elegans+screen+identifies+a+selective+suppressor+of+antipsychotic-induced+hyperphagia.">A phenotypic Caenorhabditis elegans screen identifies a selective suppressor of antipsychotic-induced hyperphagia.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 5272 (2018).</li><li>Corbett, A., McGowin, A., Sieber, S., Flannery, T., Sibbitt, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+reliable+voluntary+oral+administration+of+a+fixed+dosage+(mg/kg)+of+chronic+daily+medication+to+rats.">A method for reliable voluntary oral administration of a fixed dosage (mg/kg) of chronic daily medication to rats.</a> Laboratory Animal. 46 (4), 318-324 (2012).</li><li>Teixeira-Santos, L., Albino-Teixeira, A., Pinho, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+alternative+method+for+oral+drug+administration+by+voluntary+intake+in+male+and+female+mice.">An alternative method for oral drug administration by voluntary intake in male and female mice.</a> Laboratory Animal. 55 (1), 76-80 (2021).</li><li>Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+voluntary+oral+administration+of+drugs+in+mice.">Method for voluntary oral administration of drugs in mice.</a> STAR Protocols. 2 (1), 100330 (2021).</li><li>Cope, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risperidone+alters+food+intake,+core+body+temperature,+and+locomotor+activity+in+mice.">Risperidone alters food intake, core body temperature, and locomotor activity in mice.</a> Physiology and Behaviour. 96 (3), 457-463 (2009).</li><li>Barton, B. B., Segger, F., Fischer, K., Obermeier, M., Musil, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+weight-gain+caused+by+antipsychotics:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Update on weight-gain caused by antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Expert Opinion in Drug Safety. 19 (3), 295-314 (2020).</li><li>Cope, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antipsychotic+drug-induced+weight+gain:+development+of+an+animal+model.">Antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain: development of an animal model.</a> International Journal of Obesity. 29 (6), 607-614 (2005).</li><li>Domecq, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+review:+Drugs+commonly+associated+with+weight+change:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Clinical review: Drugs commonly associated with weight change: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 100 (2), 363-370 (2015).</li><li>Wei, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+D2+receptor+signaling+modulates+pancreatic+beta+cell+circadian+rhythms.">Dopamine D2 receptor signaling modulates pancreatic beta cell circadian rhythms.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 113, 104551 (2020).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

When conducting this protocol, it is important to be consistent with the accuracy of the measurements of food intake and body weight and the timing of drug administration throughout the study. While this self-administration method requires a significant training phase, this is particularly important to acclimate the mice to the novelty of the peanut butter and ensure mice consume the drug at the time given. Once established, it also offers great experimental flexibility and can be modified and adapted to deliver drugs at...

The goal of this method is to deliver drugs in mice via a non-invasive, minimally stressful procedure. Preclinical studies in mice often rely on stressful, invasive routes of drug administration that can have significant impacts on metabolic parameters. For example, repetitive daily oral gavage can significantly decrease caloric intake and weight gain in mice1. In addition, oral gavage can be technically challenging and has the potential to cause injuries. As an alternative, mice can self-administer compounds that are mixed in their food or dissolved in their drinking water 2. However, this approach has a major limitation, which is, it relies on the natural circadian timing of food or water intake. Furthermore, drug stability or solubility in water can be major issues when chronically delivered in this way. To overcome these limitations, drugs can be mixed with highly palatable foods, such as cookie dough 3, jelly 4,5 or peanut butter 6 to encourage self-administration in mice at a specified time. This approach has the advantage of facilitating drug delivery with minimal stress compared with an injection or daily gavage1. This procedure can be adapted to deliver a wide variety of drugs to mice. This protocol demonstrates the process of drug preparation, training, followed by drug delivery in highly palatable food. As an example, this method is used to administer the antipsychotic drug risperidone to C57BL/6J female mice. Risperidone is well known to have potent hyperphagic and weight gain effects in patients 7 that is well modelled in rodents 6,8. This system of administration facilitates a highly translational model that could be used to study a wide variety of drugs and their effects on pathways regulating food intake and body weight 9.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C57B6/J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Labs, Sacramento, CA, USA</td>
			<td>664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>corticosterone pellet mold</td>
			<td>Ted Pella Inc, Redding, CA, USA</td>
			<td>106A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse igloo</td>
			<td>VWR, Visalia, CA, USA</td>
			<td>89067-850</td>
			<td>cage enrichment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>peanut butter</td>
			<td>Jif Peanut Butter, Orrville, OH, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Creamy peanut butter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pestle and mortar</td>
			<td>VWR, Visalia, CA, USA</td>
			<td>470148-960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>risperidone</td>
			<td>Patriot Pharmaceuticals, Horsham, PA, USA</td>
			<td>50458-593-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rodent chow</td>
			<td>LabDiet, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>5001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>weigh boat</td>
			<td>VWR, Visalia, CA, USA</td>
			<td>10803-148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>weighing scale</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland</td>
			<td>MS104TS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wypall paper X60</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark, Corinth, MS, USA</td>
			<td>34865-05</td>
			<td>absorbent paper bedding</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

self-administration of drugs in mouse models of feeding and obesity

Preclinical studies in mice often rely on invasive protocols, such as injections or oral gavage, to deliver drugs. These stressful routes of administration have significant effects on important metabolic parameters including food intake and body weight. Although an attractive option to circumvent this is to compound the drug in rodent food or dissolve it in water, these approaches also have limitations as they are affected by drug stability at room temperature for extended periods of time, the drug's solubility in water, and that the dosing is highly dependent on timing of food or water intake. The constant availability of the drug also limits translational relevance on how drugs are administered to patients. To overcome these limitations, drugs can be mixed with highly palatable food, such as peanut butter, allowing mice to self-administer compounds. Mice reliably and reproducibly consume the drug/peanut butter pellet in a short time frame. This approach facilitates a delivery approach with minimal stress compared with an injection or gavage. This protocol demonstrates the approach of drug preparation, animal acclimatization to placebo delivery, and drug delivery. The implications of this approach are discussed in studies related to timing of drug administration and the circadian rhythm.

In the example presented here, peanut butter was used to deliver risperidone to mice daily for 14 days.
This study shows the chronic delivery of risperidone via this method facilitates highly reproducible increase in food intake and body weight compared with control (Figure 1a,b). In addition, this delivery method results in highly consistent data compared with alternative, more stressful delivery approaches such as intraperitoneal injections (<st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity at JoVE.com

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity

The overall goal of this procedure is to describe a method for self-administration of drugs that can be used in mouse models of feeding and obesity.

Preclinical studies in mice often rely on invasive protocols, such as injections or oral gavage, to deliver drugs. These stressful routes of ...

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4.0K 조회수.  University of California San Diego. The overall goal of this procedure is to describe a method for self-administration of drugs that can be used in mouse models of feeding and obesity. 