Raz Zarivach is supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant no. 163/22). Tomer Eli Ben Yosef and Arie Moran are supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant no. 2047/20). We would like to thank Daniel Gitler and his group at Ben-Gurion University for their cooperation, support, and expertise.

1. Cell transfection
<ol>
	<li>Culture HEK293T cells in Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, and 1x penicillin/streptomycin (see Table of Materials) in a humidified incubator at 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 until confluence on a 10 cm plate (8.8 x 106 total cells).</li>
	<li>Place one 13 mm coverslip in each of the wells of a 12-well plate. Dilute 0.44 x 106 trypsinized cells from step 1.1 in...

Investigating Zinc Transport Mechanism in Mammalian Cells with FluoZin-3 Assay

<ol>
	<li>Lindskog, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+mechanism+of+carbonic+anhydrase.">Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase.</a> Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 74 (1), 1-20 (1997).</li><li>Rutherford, J. C., Bird, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-responsive+transcription+factors+that+regulate+iron,+zinc,+and+copper+homeostasis+in+eukaryotic+cells.">Metal-responsive transcription factors that regulate iron, zinc, and copper homeostasis in eukaryotic cells.</a> Eukaryotic Cell. 3 (1), 1-13 (2004).</li><li>Maret, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zinc+Biochemistry:+From+a+single+zinc+enzyme+to+a+key+element+of+life.">Zinc Biochemistry: From a single zinc enzyme to a key element of life.</a> Advances in Nutrition. 4 (1), 82-91 (2013).</li><li>Kimura, T., Kambe, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functions+of+metallothionein+and+ZIP+and+ZnT+transporters:+An+overview+and+perspective.">The functions of metallothionein and ZIP and ZnT transporters: An overview and perspective.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 17 (3), 336 (2016).</li><li>Kambe, T., Hashimoto, A., Fujimoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+understanding+of+ZIP+and+ZnT+zinc+transporters+in+human+health+and+diseases.">Current understanding of ZIP and ZnT zinc transporters in human health and diseases.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 71 (17), 3281-3295 (2014).</li><li>Kambe, T., Tsuji, T., Hashimoto, A., Itsumura, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+physiological,+biochemical,+and+molecular+roles+of+zinc+transporters+in+zinc+homeostasis+and+metabolism.">The physiological, biochemical, and molecular roles of zinc transporters in zinc homeostasis and metabolism.</a> Physiological Reviews. 95 (3), 749-784 (2015).</li><li>Hara, T., Yoshigai, E., Ohashi, T., Fukada, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zinc+transporters+as+potential+therapeutic+targets:+An+updated+review.">Zinc transporters as potential therapeutic targets: An updated review.</a> Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 148 (2), 221-228 (2022).</li><li>Kambe, T., Taylor, K. M., Fu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zinc+transporters+and+their+functional+integration+in+mammalian+cells.">Zinc transporters and their functional integration in mammalian cells.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 296, 100320 (2021).</li><li>Huang, L., Tepaamorndech, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+SLC30+family+of+zinc+transporters+-+A+review+of+current+understanding+of+their+biological+and+pathophysiological+roles.">The SLC30 family of zinc transporters - A review of current understanding of their biological and pathophysiological roles.</a> Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 34 (2), 548-560 (2013).</li><li>Lovell, M. A., Smith, J. L., Xiong, S., Markesbery, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+zinc+transporter+protein-1+(ZnT-1)+in+the+brain+of+subjects+with+mild+cognitive+impairment,+early,+and+late-stage+Alzheimer's+disease.">Alterations in zinc transporter protein-1 (ZnT-1) in the brain of subjects with mild cognitive impairment, early, and late-stage Alzheimer's disease.</a> Neurotoxicity Research. 7 (4), 265-271 (2005).</li><li>Lyubartseva, G., Smith, J. L., Markesbery, W. R., Lovell, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+of+zinc+transporter+proteins+ZnT-1,+ZnT-4+and+ZnT-6+in+preclinical+Alzheimer's+disease+brain.">Alterations of zinc transporter proteins ZnT-1, ZnT-4 and ZnT-6 in preclinical Alzheimer's disease brain.</a> Brain Pathology. 20 (2), 343-350 (2010).</li><li>Tsuda, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+zinc+transporter+gene,+ZnT-1,+is+induced+after+transient+forebrain+ischemia+in+the+gerbil.">Expression of zinc transporter gene, ZnT-1, is induced after transient forebrain ischemia in the gerbil.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (17), 6678-6684 (1997).</li><li>Palmiter, R. d., Findley, S. d. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+and+functional+characterization+of+a+mammalian+zinc+transporter+that+confers+resistance+to+zinc.">Cloning and functional characterization of a mammalian zinc transporter that confers resistance to zinc.</a> The EMBO Journal. 14 (4), 639-649 (1995).</li><li>Cotrim, C. A., Jarrott, R. J., Martin, J. L., Drew, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+structural+overview+of+the+zinc+transporters+in+the+cation+diffusion+facilitator+family.">A structural overview of the zinc transporters in the cation diffusion facilitator family.</a> Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology. 75 (4), 357-367 (2019).</li><li>Shapiro, S. S., Wilk, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analysis+of+variance+test+for+normality+(complete+samples).">An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples).</a> Biometrika. 52 (3-4), 591-611 (1965).</li><li>Mann, H. B., Whitney, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+a+test+of+whether+one+of+two+random+variables+is+stochastically+larger+than+the+other.">On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other.</a> The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 18 (1), 50-60 (1947).</li><li>Darling, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Kolmogorov-Smirnov,+Cramer-von+Mises+tests.">The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer-von Mises tests.</a> The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 28 (4), 823-838 (1957).</li><li>Zhao, J., Bertoglio, B. A., Gee, K. R., Kay, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+zinc+indicator+FluoZin-3+is+not+perturbed+significantly+by+physiological+levels+of+calcium+or+magnesium.">The zinc indicator FluoZin-3 is not perturbed significantly by physiological levels of calcium or magnesium.</a> Cell Calcium. 44 (4), 422-426 (2008).</li><li>Gee, K. R., Zhou, Z. -. L., Ton-That, D., Sensi, S. L., Weiss, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+zinc+in+living+cells.:+A+new+generation+of+sensitive+and+selective+fluorescent+probes.">Measuring zinc in living cells.: A new generation of sensitive and selective fluorescent probes.</a> Cell Calcium. 31 (5), 245-251 (2002).</li><li>Sensi, S. L., Ton-That, D., Weiss, J. H., Rothe, A., Gee, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+mitochondrial+fluorescent+zinc+sensor.">A new mitochondrial fluorescent zinc sensor.</a> Cell Calcium. 34 (3), 281-284 (2003).</li><li>Hessels, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=eZinCh-2:+A+versatile,+genetically+encoded+FRET+sensor+for+cytosolic+and+intraorganelle+Zn2++imaging.">eZinCh-2: A versatile, genetically encoded FRET sensor for cytosolic and intraorganelle Zn2+ imaging.</a> ACS Chemical Biology. 10 (9), 2126-2134 (2015).</li><li>S&#225;nchez-Mart&#237;n, R. M., Cuttle, M., Mittoo, S., Bradley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microsphere-based+real-time+calcium+sensing.">Microsphere-based real-time calcium sensing.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (33), 5472-5474 (2006).</li><li>Namdarghanbari, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction+of+the+zinc+sensor+FluoZin-3+with+Zn7-metallothionein:+Inquiry+into+the+existence+of+a+proposed+weak+binding+site.">Reaction of the zinc sensor FluoZin-3 with Zn7-metallothionein: Inquiry into the existence of a proposed weak binding site.</a> Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 104 (3), 224-231 (2010).</li><li>Devinney, M. J., Reynolds, I. J., Dineley, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+detection+of+intracellular+free+calcium+and+zinc+using+fura-2FF+and+FluoZin-3.">Simultaneous detection of intracellular free calcium and zinc using fura-2FF and FluoZin-3.</a> Cell Calcium. 37 (3), 225-232 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

The above-described method allows for the direct measurement of the intracellular zinc concentration with high temporal resolution. Compared to other methods, this method involving monitoring changes in intracellular Zn2+ can substantially decrease background noise. In addition, the dye&#39;s selectivity for zinc eliminates potential cross-interactions with other metal cations18,19. Finally, its lack of immediate cytotoxicity enables the testing of liv...

Zinc is an essential trace element in the cellular milieu. It incorporates one-third of all proteins and is involved in various cellular processes, such as catalysis1, transcription2, and structural motifs3. However, despite being redox-inert, high zinc concentrations are toxic to the cell, which is why no mammalian organism has survived without the presence of mechanisms regulating zinc homeostasis. In mammals, three mechanisms are responsible for this process: (1) metallothioneins, which are cytosolic cysteine-rich proteins that bind zinc at a high affinity, thus preventing excess free cytosolic zinc4; (2) Zrt/Irt-like proteins (ZIPs), which are zinc transporters responsible for zinc influx into the cytosol through the plasma membrane or from intracellular organelles4,5,6,7,8; and (3) ZnTs, which are a mammalian subset of the ubiquitous cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family and are zinc transporters, as they extrude zinc from the cytosol across the plasma membrane or into the intracellular organelles4,5,6,7,8,9. Due to the importance of zinc to cellular metabolism, it is vital to understand cellular zinc dynamics.
Previous methods to assess zinc dynamics depended on assessing the expression levels of mRNA under different zinc conditions by correlating them with cellular zinc measurements of fixed tissues or cells10,11,12. These methods include chemical detection and immunohistochemistry staining. However, these methods yield only indirect measures and, thus, determine only an offline correlation between intracellular zinc concentration and the expression of zinc transporters. Consequently, these methods cannot infer any parameters requiring high temporal resolution.
A more direct measurement of Zn2+ transport uses radioactive isotopes of zinc13. This method relies on the measurement of radiolabeled Zn2+ to monitor zinc transport and its kinetics. However, due to the importance of zinc to cellular homeostasis, multiple cellular processes regulate intracellular zinc concentration. Among these are extracellular binding and several transport systems that work in concert to maintain tight control of intracellular Zn2+ levels. The combination of these processes creates considerable background noise, which makes it difficult to test individual zinc-related transport functions.
This article demonstrates a method to directly monitor the zinc transport rate by measuring the intracellular free zinc concentration using a zinc-specific fluorescent dye, FluoZin-3. The dye has high specificity for Zn2+ and little interference from other divalent cations, such as calcium. In addition, in its ester form, it enters the cells by nonionic diffusion and is then trapped due to the activity of intracellular di-esterase. Thus, its fluorescence is correlated primarily with the free cytosolic zinc concentration. These experiments were conducted to study the structure-function relationship of zinc transporter 1 (ZnT1), a member of the ZnT family.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm plate</td>
			<td>greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>664160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>665180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>13 mm coverslips</td>
			<td>Superior Marienfeld</td>
			<td>111530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22 mm cover slides</td>
			<td>Superior Marienfeld</td>
			<td>101050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well culture plate</td>
			<td>greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>657160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>bioWorld</td>
			<td>22070008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride anhydrous, granular</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1016</td>
			<td>Concentration in Ringer solution: 1 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Glentham Life Science</td>
			<td>GC6947</td>
			<td>Concentration in Ringer solution: 10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dubelco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Media (DMEM)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>01-055-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eclipse Ti inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>TI-DH</td>
			<td>Discontinued. Replaced by Eclipse Ti2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>SH30088.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine tweezers</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>0203-55-PS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluozin-3AM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>F24195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HyClone Penicillin-Streptomycin 100x solution</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>SV30010&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination system</td>
			<td>CoolLED</td>
			<td>pE-4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>03-020-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.05833</td>
			<td>Concentration in Ringer solution: 0.8 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N[2-Hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N&#39;-[2-ethanesulfonic acid] (HEPES)</td>
			<td>Formedium</td>
			<td>HEPES10</td>
			<td>Concentration in Ringer solution: 10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neo 5.5 sCMOS camera</td>
			<td>ANDOR</td>
			<td>DC-152Q-FI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements imaging software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>AR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pluronic acid F-127</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>540025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pottasium chloride</td>
			<td>Bio-Lab</td>
			<td>163823</td>
			<td>Concentration in Ringer solution: 5.4 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyrithione</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3261</td>
			<td>Concentration in Ringer zinc solution: 7 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone Grease Kit</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>W4 64-0378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Bio-Lab</td>
			<td>190305</td>
			<td>Concentration in Ringer solution: 120 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc sulfate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Concentration in Ringer zinc solution: 7 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>31665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterizing mammalian zinc transporters using an in vitro zinc transport assay

Transition metals such as Zn2+ ions must be tightly regulated due to their cellular toxicity. Previously, the activity of Zn2+ transporters was measured indirectly by determining the expression level of the transporter under different concentrations of Zn2+. This was done by utilizing immunohistochemistry, measuring mRNA in the tissue, or determining the cellular Zn2+ levels. With the development of intracellular Zn2+ sensors, the activities of zinc transporters are currently primarily determined by correlating changes in intracellular Zn2+, detected using fluorescent probes, with the expression of the Zn2+ transporters. However, even today, only a few labs monitor dynamic changes in intracellular Zn2+ and use it to measure the activity of zinc transporters directly. Part of the problem is that out of the 10 zinc transporters of the ZnT family, except for ZnT10 (transports manganese), only zinc transporter 1 (ZnT1) is localized at the plasma membrane. Therefore, linking the transport activity to changes in the intracellular Zn2+ concentration is hard. This article describes a direct way to determine the zinc transport kinetics using an assay based on a zinc-specific fluorescent dye, FluoZin-3. This dye is loaded into mammalian cells in its ester form and then trapped in the cytosol due to cellular di-esterase activity. The cells are loaded with Zn2+ by utilizing the Zn2+ ionophore pyrithione. The ZnT1 activity is assessed from the linear part of the reduction in fluorescence following the cell washout. The fluorescence measured at an excitation of 470 nm and emission of 520 nm is proportional to the free intracellular Zn2+. Selecting the cells expressing ZnT1 tagged with the mCherry fluorophore allows for monitoring only the cells expressing the transporter. This assay is used to investigate the contribution of different domains of ZnT1 protein to the transport mechanism of human ZnT1, a eukaryotic transmembrane protein that extrudes excess zinc from the cell.

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Zinc Regulation Through ZnT1 Functionality 

Characterizing Mammalian Zinc Transporters Using an In Vitro Zinc Transport Assay

My research focuses on the structure-function relationship of mammalian zinc transporters, with special emphasis on the regulation mechanism. Due to the importance of zinc ion to cellular function, it is challenging to obtain accurate measurement of cellular zinc dynamics. Our protocol addresses the low signal-to-noise ratio and low temporal resolution of zinc dynamics.This method allows testing of zinc influx across the cell membrane, with high temporal resolution and considerably less background noise and cross-interactions by other divalent cations. We found that the unstructured extension of the mammalian transporter ZnT1 one C-terminal domain is not involved in the zinc transport function. This allows researchers to focus on other domains of the ZnT1 protein for zinc transport regulation.

ZnT1 is a mammalian zinc transporter located on the cell plasma membrane13. It is a member of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) protein family that extrudes zinc from the cytosol to the extracellular millieu14. ZnT1 has a two-domain architecture: the transmembrane domain, which transports the ions across the membrane, and a C-terminal domain14. Unlike other known CDF proteins, ZnT1 has an extended unstructured C-terminal domain (USCTD). The role...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring Cellular Zinc Regulation Through ZnT1 Functionality at JoVE.com

Zinc transport has proven challenging to measure due to the weak causal links to protein function and the low temporal resolution. This protocol describes a method for monitoring, with high temporal resolution, Zn2+ extrusion from living cells by utilizing a Zn2+ sensitive fluorescent dye, thus providing a direct measure of Zn2+ efflux.

Transition metals such as Zn2+ ions must be tightly regulated due to their cellular toxicity. Previously, the activity of Zn2+ transporters was measured ...

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763 조회수.  Ben-Gurion University. 저의 연구는 포유류 아연 수송체의 구조-기능 관계에 초점을 맞추고 있으며, 특히 조절 메커니즘에 중점을 두고 있습니다. 세포 기능에 대한 아연 이온의 중요성으로 인해 세포 아연 역학을 정확하게 측정하는 것은 어렵습니다. 당사의 프로토콜은 낮은 신호 대 잡음비와 아연 역학의 낮은 시간 분해능을 해결합니다.이 방법을 사용하면 세포막을 가로지르는 아연 유입을...