<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>기침 과민증을 위한 구연산 유발 마우스 모델

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<li>Plevkova, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Animal+models+of+cough%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Respir+Physiol+Neurobiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Animal models of cough.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 290, 103656(2021).</li>
<li>Smith, J. A., Hilton, E. C. Y., Saulsberry, L., Canning, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Antitussive+effects+of+memantine+in+guinea+pigs%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chest%22%5BJournal%5D)">Antitussive effects of memantine in guinea pigs.</a> Chest. 141 (4), 996-1002 (2012).</li>
<li>Hewitt, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pharmacology+of+bradykinin-evoked+coughing+in+guinea+pigs%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Pharmacol+Exp+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pharmacology of bradykinin-evoked coughing in guinea pigs.</a> J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 357 (3), 620-628 (2016).</li>
<li>Zhong, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Antitussive+activity+of+the+Schisandra+chinensis+fruit+polysaccharide+%28SCFP-1%29+in+guinea+pigs+models%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Ethnopharmacol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Antitussive activity of the Schisandra chinensis fruit polysaccharide (SCFP-1) in guinea pigs models.</a> J Ethnopharmacol. 194, 378-385 (2016).</li>
<li>Zhong, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+Schisandra+chinensis+extracts+on+cough+and+pulmonary+inflammation+in+a+cough+hypersensitivity+guinea+pig+model+induced+by+cigarette+smoke+exposure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Ethnopharmacol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of Schisandra chinensis extracts on cough and pulmonary inflammation in a cough hypersensitivity guinea pig model induced by cigarette smoke exposure.</a> J Ethnopharmacol. 165, 73-82 (2015).</li>
<li>Wei, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+Shiwei+longdanhua+formula+on+LPS-induced+airway+mucus+hypersecretion%2C+cough+hypersensitivity%2C+oxidative+stress+and+pulmonary+inflammation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biomed+Pharmacother%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of Shiwei longdanhua formula on LPS-induced airway mucus hypersecretion, cough hypersensitivity, oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation.</a> Biomed Pharmacother. 163, 114793(2023).</li>
<li>Chen, L., Lai, K., Lomask, J. M., Jiang, B., Zhong, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Detection+of+mouse+cough+based+on+sound+monitoring+and+respiratory+airflow+waveforms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">Detection of mouse cough based on sound monitoring and respiratory airflow waveforms.</a> PLoS One. 8 (3), e59263(2013).</li>
<li>Gibson, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Treatment+of+unexplained+chronic+cough%3A+Chest+guideline+and+expert+panel+report%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chest%22%5BJournal%5D)">Treatment of unexplained chronic cough: Chest guideline and expert panel report.</a> Chest. 149 (1), 27-44 (2016).</li>
<li>Nakaji, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Airway+remodeling+associated+with+cough+hypersensitivity+as+a+consequence+of+persistent+cough%3A+An+experimental+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Respir+Investig%22%5BJournal%5D)">Airway remodeling associated with cough hypersensitivity as a consequence of persistent cough: An experimental study.</a> Respir Investig. 54 (6), 419-427 (2016).</li>
<li>Xu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Association+of+cough+hypersensitivity+with+tracheal+trpv1+activation+and+neurogenic+inflammation+in+a+novel+guinea+pig+model+of+citric+acid-induced+chronic+cough%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Int+Med+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Association of cough hypersensitivity with tracheal trpv1 activation and neurogenic inflammation in a novel guinea pig model of citric acid-induced chronic cough.</a> J Int Med Res. 46 (7), 2913-2924 (2018).</li>
<li>Iwata, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mechanical+stimulation+by+postnasal+drip+evokes+cough%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mechanical stimulation by postnasal drip evokes cough.</a> PLoS One. 10 (11), e0141823(2015).</li>
<li>Chen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Establishment+of+a+mouse+model+with+all+four+clinical+features+of+eosinophilic+bronchitis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Sci+Rep%22%5BJournal%5D)">Establishment of a mouse model with all four clinical features of eosinophilic bronchitis.</a> Sci Rep. 10 (1), 10557(2020).</li>
<li>Zhang, C., Lin, R. L., Hong, J., Khosravi, M., Lee, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cough+and+expiration+reflexes+elicited+by+inhaled+irritant+gases+are+intensified+in+ovalbumin-sensitized+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol+Regul+Integr+Comp+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cough and expiration reflexes elicited by inhaled irritant gases are intensified in ovalbumin-sensitized mice.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 312 (5), R718-R726 (2017).</li>
<li>Amato, A., Becci, A., Beolchini, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Citric+acid+bioproduction%3A+The+technological+innovation+change%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Crit+Rev+Biotechnol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Citric acid bioproduction: The technological innovation change.</a> Crit Rev Biotechnol. 40 (2), 199-212 (2020).</li>
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</ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.9% normal saline</td><td>Biosharp</td><td>BL158A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Capsaicin</td><td>Cayman chemical</td><td>92350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citric Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C2404</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Guangzhou chemical reagent factory</td><td>GSHB15-AR-0.5L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>First-strand cDNA synthesis kit</td><td>TransGen Biotech</td><td>AT341</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methacholine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A2251</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-invasive whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system</td><td>DSI</td><td>601-1400-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pentobarbital sodium</td><td>Merk</td><td>P3761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PerfectStart Green qPCR SuperMix</td><td>TransGen Biotech</td><td>AQ601</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td><td>Meilunbio</td><td>MA0015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Real-time&amp;nbsp;quantitative&amp;nbsp;PCR&amp;nbsp;detecting&amp;nbsp;system</td><td>Bio-rad&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CFX&amp;nbsp; Connect</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TRIzol reagent</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15596026CN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween-80</td><td>Solarbio</td><td>T8360-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic nebulizer</td><td>Yuwell</td><td>402AI</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

establishment of a mouse model with cough hypersensitivity via inhalation of citric acid

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: 만성 기침 및 기침 과민증의 메커니즘 조사: 치료 연구 발전을 위한 비용 효율적이고 유전적으로 수정 가능한 도구

구연산 흡입을 통한 기침 과민증을 가진 Mouse Model 구축

Cough is one of the most common symptoms of many respiratory diseases. Chronic cough significantly impacts quality of life and imposes a considerable ...

establishment-mouse-model-with-cough-hypersensitivity-via-inhalation

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Medicine

Establishment of a Mouse Model with Cough Hypersensitivity via Inhalation of Citric Acid

443 조회수.  Guangzhou Medical University. 이 프로토콜은 기침 과민증을 가진 마우스 모델의 개발을 설명하며, 이는 만성 기침의 메커니즘을 연구하기 위한 이상적인 모델 역할을 할 수 있습니다.

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: 만성 기침 및 기침 과민증의 메커니즘 조사: 치료 연구 발전을 위한 비용 효율적이고 유전적으로 수정 가능한 도구

MRI Mapping of Cerebrovascular Reactivity via Gas Inhalation Challenges

The brain is a spatially heterogeneous and temporally dynamic organ, with different regions requiring different amount of blood supply at different time. Therefore, the ability of the blood vessels to dilate or constrict, known as Cerebral-Vascular-Reactivity (CVR), represents an important domain of vascular function. An imaging marker representing this dynamic property will provide new information of cerebral vessels under normal and diseased conditions such as stroke, dementia, atherosclerosis, small vessel diseases, brain tumor, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. In order to perform this type of measurement in humans, it is necessary to deliver a vasoactive stimulus such as CO2 and/or O2 gas mixture while quantitative brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) are being collected. In this work, we presented a MR compatible gas-delivery system and the associated protocol that allow the delivery of special gas mixtures (e.g., O2, CO2, N2, and their combinations) while the subject is lying inside the MRI scanner. This system is relatively simple, economical, and easy to use, and the experimental protocol allows accurate mapping of CVR in both healthy volunteers and patients with neurological disorders. This approach has the potential to be used in broad clinical applications and in better understanding of brain vascular pathophysiology. In the video, we demonstrate how to set up the system inside an MRI suite and how to perform a complete experiment on a human participant.

Non-invasive imaging of the brain vasculature&#8217;s ability to dilate or constrict may allow a better understanding of cerebrovascular pathophysiology in various neurological diseases. The present report describes a reproducible and patient-comfortable protocol to perform vascular reactivity imaging in humans using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

가스 흡입 도전을 통해 뇌 혈관 반응성의 MRI 매핑

The brain is a spatially heterogeneous and temporally dynamic organ, with different regions requiring different amount of blood supply at different time. ...

연구

의학

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. Females are disproportionately afflicted by UTI: 50% of all women will have a UTI in their lifetime. Additionally, 20-40% of these women who have an initial UTI will suffer a recurrence with some suffering frequent recurrences with serious deterioration in the quality of life, pain and discomfort, disruption of daily activities, increased healthcare costs, and few treatment options other than long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of community acquired UTI. Catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) is the most common hospital acquired infection accounting for a million occurrences in the US annually and dramatic healthcare costs. While UPEC is also the primary cause of CAUTI, other causative agents are of increased significance including Enterococcus faecalis. Here we utilize two well-established mouse models that recapitulate many of the clinical characteristics of these human diseases. For UTI, a C3H/HeN model recapitulates many of the features of UPEC virulence observed in humans including host responses, IBC formation and filamentation. For CAUTI, a model using C57BL/6 mice, which retain catheter bladder implants, has been shown to be susceptible to E. faecalis bladder infection. These representative models are being used to gain striking new insights into the pathogenesis of UTI disease, which is leading to the development of novel therapeutics and management or prevention strategies.

The ability to model urinary tract infections (UTI) is crucial in order to be able to understand bacterial pathogenesis and spawn the development of novel therapeutics. This work&#8217;s goal is to demonstrate mouse models of experimental UTI and catheter associated UTI that recapitulate and predict findings seen in humans.

마우스 모델의 설립 및 요로 감염 및 CAUTI의 특성

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. ...

Establishment of a Clinic-based Biorepository

The incidence of skin cancer (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma) has been increasing over the past several years. It is expected that there will be a parallel demand for cutaneous tumor samples for biomedical research studies. Tissue availability, however, is limited due the cost of establishing a biorepository and the lack of protocols available for obtaining clinical samples that do not interfere with clinical operations. A protocol was established to collect and process cutaneous tumor and associated blood and saliva samples that has minimal impact on routine clinical procedures on the date of a Mohs surgery. Tumor samples are collected and processed from patients undergoing their first layer of Mohs surgery for biopsy-proven cutaneous malignancies by the Mohs histotechnologist. Adjacent normal tissue is collected at the time of surgical closure. Additional samples that may be collected are whole-blood and buccal swabs. By utilizing tissue samples that are normally discarded, a biorepository was generated that offers several key advantages by being based in the clinic versus the laboratory setting. These include a wide range of collected samples; access to de-identified patient records, including pathology reports; and, for the typical donor, access to additional samples during follow-up visits.

Cutaneous tumors are often discarded following Mohs micrographic surgery. A protocol is described here that enables clinical support staff to effectively process and store cutaneous tumor (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma) samples for downstream laboratory applications without interfering with clinical operations.

클리닉 기반 생물 저장소의 설립

The incidence of skin cancer (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma) has been increasing over the past several years. It is ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Mouse Model for Chronic Pancreatitis via Bile Duct TNBS Infusion

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease involving pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, glandular atrophy, abdominal pain and other symptoms. Several rodent models have been developed to study CP, of which the bile duct 2,4,6 -trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) infusion model replicates the features of neuropathic pain seen in CP. However, bile duct drug infusion in mice is technically challenging. This protocol demonstrates the procedure of bile duct TNBS infusion for generation of a CP mouse model. TNBS was infused into the pancreas through the ampulla of Vater in the duodenum. This protocol optimized drug volume, surgical techniques, and drug handling during the procedure. TNBS-treated mice showed features of CP as reflected by bodyweight and pancreas weight reductions, changes in pain-associated behaviors, and abnormal pancreatic morphology. With these improvements, mortality associated with TNBS injection was minimal. This procedure is not only critical in generating pancreatic disease models but is also useful in local pancreatic drug delivery.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas, often associated with intractable abdominal pain. This article focuses on refining the technique to generate a mouse model of CP via bile duct infusion with 2,4,6 -trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS).

담즙 덕트 TNBS 주입을 통한 만성 췌장염을 위한 마우스 모델

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease involving pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, glandular atrophy, abdominal pain and other symptoms. ...

Establishment of a Mouse Severe Acute Pancreatitis Model using Retrograde Injection of Sodium Taurocholate into the Biliopancreatic Duct

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in the current clinical practice. With the easy accessibility of transgenic and knockout strains and their small size, which allows minimal doses of drugs required for in vivo evaluation, a well-established experimental model in mice is preferred for AP research. Moreover, SAP induced through sodium taurocholate (TC) is currently one of the most widely used and best characterized models. This model has been investigated for novel therapies and possible molecular events during the process of AP. Here, we present the generation of an AP mouse model using sodium taurocholate and a simple homemade microsyringe. Moreover, we also provide the methodology for the subsequent histology and serological testing.

A mouse model of severe acute pancreatitis is described herein. The procedure presented here is very rapid, simple, and accessible, thereby potentially allowing the study of the molecular mechanisms and different therapeutic interventions in acute pancreatitis in a convenient way.

비리오크크레아티드 덕트에 타우로콜레이트 나트륨의 역행 주입을 사용하여 마우스 심각한 급성 췌장염 모델의 설립

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a ...

Establishment and Evaluation of a Porcine Vein Graft Disease Model

Venous graft disease (VGD) is the leading cause of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) failure. Large animal models of CABG-VGD are needed for the investigation of disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutic strategies. 
To perform the surgery, we enter the cardiac chamber through the third intercostal space and carefully dissect the internal mammary vein and immerse it in normal saline. The right main coronary artery is then treated for ischemia. The target vessel is incised, a shunt plug is placed, and the distal end of the graft vein is anastomosed. The ascending aorta is partially blocked, and the proximal end of the graft vein is anastomosed after perforation. The graft vein is checked for patency, and the proximal right coronary artery is ligated. 
CABG surgery is performed in minipigs to harvest the left internal mammary vein for its use as a vascular graft. Serum biochemical tests are used to evaluate the physiological status of the animals after surgery. Ultrasound examination shows that the proximal, middle, and distal end of the graft vessel are unobstructed. In the surgical model, turbulent blood flow in the graft is observed upon histological examination after the CABG surgery, and venous graft stenosis associated with intimal hyperplasia is observed in the graft. The study here provides detailed surgical procedures for the establishment of a repeatable CABG-induced VGD model.

In this protocol, novel pig vein bypass grafting was performed through a small incision in the left chest wall without cardiopulmonary bypass. A postoperative pathology study was done, which showed intimal thickening.

돼지 정맥 이식 질환 모델의 수립 및 평가

Venous graft disease (VGD) is the leading cause of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) failure. Large animal models of CABG-VGD are needed for the ...

A Silicosis Mouse Model Established by Repeated Inhalation of Crystalline Silica Dust

Silicosis can be caused by exposure to respiratory crystalline silica dust (CSD) in an industrial environment. The pathophysiology, screening, and treatment of silicosis in humans have all been extensively studied using the mouse silicosis model. By repeatedly making mice inhale CSD into their lungs, the mice can mimic the clinical symptoms of human silicosis. This methodology is practical and efficient in terms of time and output and does not cause mechanical injury to the upper respiratory tract due to surgery. Furthermore, this model can successfully mimic acute/chronic transformation process of silicosis. The main procedures were as follows. The sterilized 1-5 &#181;m CSD powder was fully ground, suspended in saline, and dispersed in an ultrasonic water bath for 30 min. Mice under isoflurane-induced anesthesia switched from shallow rapid breathing to deep, slow aspiration for approximately 2 s. The mouse was placed in the palm of a hand, and the thumb tip gently touched the lip edge of the mouse's jaw to straighten the airway. After each exhalation, the mice breathed in the silica suspension drop by drop through one nostril, completing the process within 4-8 s. After the mice's breathing had stabilized, their chest was stroked and caressed to prevent the inhaled CSD from being coughed up. The mice were then returned to the cage. In conclusion, this model can quantify CSD along the typical physiological passage of tiny particles into the lung, from the upper respiratory tract to the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. It can also replicate the recurrent exposure of employees due to work. The model can be performed by one person and does not need expensive equipment. It conveniently and effectively simulates the disease features of human silicosis with high repeatability.

This protocol describes a method for establishing a mouse model of silicosis through repeated exposure to silica suspensions via a nasal drip. This model can efficiently, conveniently, and flexibly mimic the pathological process of human silicosis with high repeatability and economy.

결정질 실리카 분진을 반복적으로 흡입하여 확립된 규폐증 마우스 모델

Silicosis can be caused by exposure to respiratory crystalline silica dust (CSD) in an industrial environment. The pathophysiology, screening, and ...

RV Volume Overload 마우스 모델을 확립하기 위해 수정된 동정맥루 수술

Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model

Right ventricular (RV) volume overload (VO) is common in children with congenital heart disease. In view of distinct developmental stages,the RV myocardium may respond differently to VO in children compared to adults. The present study aims to establish a postnatal RV VO model in mice using a modified abdominal arteriovenous fistula. To confirm the creation of VO and the following morphological and hemodynamic changes of the RV, abdominal ultrasound, echocardiography, and histochemical staining were performed for 3 months. As a result, the procedure in postnatal mice showed an acceptable survival and fistula success rate. In VO mice, the RV cavity was enlarged with a thickened free wall, and the stroke volume was increased by about 30%-40% within 2 months after surgery. Thereafter, the RV systolic pressure increased, corresponding pulmonary valve regurgitation was observed, and small pulmonary artery remodeling appeared. In conclusion, modified arteriovenous fistula (AVF) surgery is feasible to establish the RV VO model in postnatal mice. Considering the probability of fistula closure and elevated pulmonary artery resistance, abdominal ultrasound and echocardiography must be performed to confirm the model status before application.

저자 스포트라이트: Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model(출생 후 우심실 용적 과부하 마우스 모델의 확립 및 확인)  

This protocol presents the establishment and confirmation of a postnatal right ventricular volume overload (VO) model in mice with abdominal arteriovenous fistula (AVF), which can be applied to investigate how VO contributes to postnatal heart development.