우리가 실험실에서 프로토콜을 사용하여 시작할 때 우리는 한천 - 임베디드 망막 슬라이스 준비 그의 종류 설명 박사 프레드 Rieke 감사합니다. 우리는 또한 도식 개요 및 Drs의 그림에 대한 로리 Vaskalis 주셔서 감사합니다. 텍스트 및 비디오에 도움이 덧글에 대한 Veeramuthu Balakrishnan과 Soyoun 조. 이 작품은 네이 - NIH RO1 교부금에 의해 지원되었고, 또한 부분적으로 한국 정부에 의해 자금을 한국 학술 진흥 재단 그랜트에 의해 지원되었다 [KRF - 2008-357 - E00032].

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Proteomics. 6, 1188-1197 (2007).</li><li>Falth, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+database+designed+for+endogenous+peptides+and+mass+spectrometry.">a database designed for endogenous peptides and mass spectrometry.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 5, 998-1005 (2006).</li></ol>

우리는 공개 경쟁 관심이 없습니다.

우리의 프로토콜에서 중요하고 어려운 단계는 한천 용액 (3.4 프로토콜)에 망막의 작품의 전송이다. 그것은 조심스럽게 망막 조각에서 유리체 유머와 잔여 슬라이스 솔루션을 제거하고 왜곡이나 굴곡없이 전송하는 것이 필요합니다. 이것을 달성하기 위해, 우리는 제보가 망막을 위치에 직각 팁 포셉 (11251-35, 파인 과학 도구)와 함께, 90 ° 각도를 형성하기 위해 구부리고 작은 주걱을 (2...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> 낮은 겔화 온도 한천 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> A0701 </td><td> 아가로 오스 유형 VII - A </td></tr><tr><td> 패치 피펫 </td><td> 세계 정밀 계측기 </td><td> 1B150F - 4 </td><td> 두꺼운 벽으로 둘러싸인 (1.5 mm 외경) borosilicate 유리 </td></tr><tr><td> 수직 풀러 </td><td> Narishige </td><td> PP830 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 치과 왁스 </td><td> Cavex </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 봄 가위 </td><td> 파인 과학 도구 </td><td> 15003-08 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 45 ° 직각 좋은 팁 포셉 </td><td> 파인 과학 도구 </td><td> 11251-35 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 면도날 </td><td> Personna </td><td></td><td> 양날, 70 % 에탄올과 H 2 O로 세척 </td></tr><tr><td> 원통형 튜브 </td><td> Fisherbrand </td><td> 03-338 - 1B </td><td> 폴리에틸렌 샘플 튜브 2.5 ML </td></tr><tr><td> Hyaluronidase </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> H6254 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vibratome 슬라이 </td><td> Leica </td><td> VT1000S 또는 VT1200S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 직립 현미경 </td><td> 올림포스 산 </td><td> BX51WI </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 60x 물 침지 목표 </td><td> 올림포스 산 </td><td> LUMPlanFl </td><td> NA 0.90 </td></tr><tr><td> CCD 카메라 </td><td> 소니 </td><td> XC - 75 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 카메라 컨트롤러 </td><td> 하마 마츠 </td><td> C2400 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 모니터 &lt;/ TD&gt; <td> 소니 </td><td></td><td> 13 &quot;흑백 모니터 </td></tr><tr><td> 주사기 필터 </td><td> Nalgene </td><td></td><td> 0.2 μm의 </td></tr><tr><td> Micromanipulator </td><td> 셔터 악기 </td><td> MPC - 200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 잠금 기능 증폭기 </td><td> HEKA </td><td></td><td> EPC-9/10 증폭기는 소프트웨어 에뮬레이션을 가지고 </td></tr><tr><td> 회전 디스크 레이저 공촛점 현미경 </td><td> Yokogawa </td><td> CSU - X1 </td><td> 패치 후 라이브 세포 이미징은 전체 휴대폰 녹음 클램프 </td></tr><tr><td> Slidebook 소프트웨어 </td><td> 지능형 이미징 인 스트 루먼트 (3i) </td><td></td><td> 이미징 데이터 수집 및 분석 </td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldehyde </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> P6148 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 인산 버퍼 용액 </td><td> 노병BCO </td><td> 70,013 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Superfrost 슬라이드 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td></td><td> 슬라이드 유리 </td></tr><tr><td> 안티 페이딩 대리인 </td><td> Biomeda 법인. </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 공촛점 레이저 스캐닝 현미경 </td><td> 칼 자이스 혈구 </td><td> LSM 710 </td><td> 고정 조직의 영상 </td></tr><tr><td> 주걱 </td><td> Fisherbrand </td><td> 21-401 - 25B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 마누엘 수직 슬라 이서 </td><td> Narishige </td><td> ST - 20 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 오레곤 그린 488 BAPTA - 1 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> O - 6806 </td><td> 칼슘 2 + 민감한 형광 염료 </td></tr><tr><td> 알렉사 형석 555 히드라 지드 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A - 20501MP </td><td> 형광 염료 </td></tr></tbody></table>

patch-clamp capacitance measurements and ca2+ imaging at single nerve terminals in retinal slices

시각적 자극은 척추 망막 전문 뉴런에 의해 빛의 강도 및 주파수 변화 넓은 동적 범위에서 감지하고 전달하고 있습니다. 망막 뉴런, photoreceptors 및 바이폴라 전지의 두 클래스는 오랜 기간 동안 지속과 높은 처리량 신경 전달 물질 자료를 활성화 리본 타입의 활성 영역을 사용하여이 작업을 수행할. 빛의 자극에 depolarize 및 혼합로드 및 원뿔 photoreceptor 입력을받을 금붕어 망막에서 타입의 혼합 바이폴라 셀 (MB) 터미널, 그들의 큰 크기로 인해 모두 리본 타입의 시냅스 (~ 10-12의 연구에 적합 μm의 직경)와 amacrine 세포 dendrites 자신의 여러 측면과 상호 시냅스 연결합니다. 패치 - 클램프 기법과 금붕어 망막 조각에서 MB 바이폴라 전지 터미널에 직접 액세스 presynaptic 칼슘 2의 측정을 허용 + 전류, 멤브레인 용량 변경, GABA에 의해 중재 상호 시냅스 피드백 억제 &lt;서브&gt; A 및 GABA C 수용체가 터미널에 표시됩니다. exocytosis의 Presynaptic 막 커패시턴스 측정 하나는 흥분성의 신경 전달 물질 방출 14,15의 단기 소성을 공부하실 수 있습니다. 또한, amacrine 세포의 억제 신경 전달 물질 방출의 단기 및 장기 소성도 MB 터미널 21에 도착 상호 피드백 억제의 기록 조사 수 있습니다. 시간 (예 : ~ 10들)의 짧은 기간 동안 amacrine 세포에서 GABAergic 상호 피드백 억제는 GABA 소포 풀 고갈 11을 통해 이점 - 펄스 우울증을 겪습. 망막의 내부 plexiform 계층에서 망막 microcircuits의 시냅스 역학 따라서 직접적으로 공부하실 수 있습니다. 두뇌 - 슬라이스 기술은 40 년 이상 전에 발표했지만 여전히 매우 모두 하나의 세포 소마 단일 dendrite 또는 축삭에서 뉴런의 전기적 특성의 조사에 유용하고, m가되었습니다icrocircuit 시냅스 레벨 19. 깔끔히 챔버에 직접 접착 너무 작은 조직은 종종 첫번째 한천에 포함된 (또는 필터 종이에 위치) 그리고 20, 23, 18, ​​9 슬라이스하고 있습니다. 이 비디오에서는, 우리는 금붕어 망막을 사용하여 미리 포함 한천 기술을 사용합니다. 금붕어 망막 우리의 조각에있는 거대한 바이폴라 셀 단말기의 일부가 깔끔히 절차를 수행하는 동안 (축삭 절단) axotomized 있습니다. 이것은 axotomized 터미널에서 녹화가 소마 - 돌기 구획에서 신호를 배제하기 때문에 우리, 하나 presynaptic 신경 터미널 입력을 분리 할 수​​ 있습니다. 또한, 하나도 깔끔히 절차를 수행하는 동안 컷되지 않은 axons에 연결된 터미널에서 기록하여, 손상 MB 바이폴라 세포에서 녹화할 수 있습니다. 전반적으로,이 실험 프로토콜의 사용이 망막 신경 생리학, microcircuit 기능 분석 및 리본 시냅스에서 시냅스 전달 연구에 도움이됩니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices at JoVE.com

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

여기 우리는 전기 생리학 및 Ca2 + 이미징에 적합 한천 - 임베디드 망막 조각의 준비를 위해 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 하나 하나 presynaptic 신경 터미널 직접 패치 - 클램프 녹음을 사용하여 망막 microcircuits의 리본 형태의 시냅스를 공부하실 수 있습니다.

패치 - 클램프 커패시턴스 측정 및 CA 2 +</sup망막 조각의 단일 신경 터미널에서> 영상

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate ...

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Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

18.1K 조회수.  Oregon Health and Science University. 여기 우리는 전기 생리학 및 Ca2 + 이미징에 적합 한천 - 임베디드 망막 조각의 준비를 위해 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 하나 하나 presynaptic 신경 터미널 직접 패치 - 클램프 녹음을 사용하여 망막 microcircuits의 리본 형태의 시냅스를 공부하실 수 있습니다.

비디오: Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

어두운 적응 슬라이스 준비에 마우스 망막 뉴런에서 패치 클램프 레코딩

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

연구

신경과학

Visualization of Endosome Dynamics in Living Nerve Terminals with Four-dimensional Fluorescence Imaging

Four-dimensional (4D) light imaging has been used to study behavior of small structures within motor nerve terminals of the thin transversus abdominis muscle of the garter snake. Raw data comprises time-lapse sequences of 3D z-stacks. Each stack contains 4-20 images acquired with epifluorescence optics at focal planes separated by 400-1,500 nm. Steps in the acquisition of image stacks, such as adjustment of focus, switching of excitation wavelengths, and operation of the digital camera, are automated as much as possible to maximize image rate and minimize tissue damage from light exposure. After acquisition, a set of image stacks is deconvolved to improve spatial resolution, converted to the desired 3D format, and used to create a 4D "movie" that is suitable for variety of computer-based analyses, depending upon the experimental data sought. One application is study of the dynamic behavior of two classes of endosomes found in nerve terminals-macroendosomes (MEs) and acidic endosomes (AEs)-whose sizes (200-800 nm for both types) are at or near the diffraction limit. Access to 3D information at each time point provides several advantages over conventional time-lapse imaging. In particular, size and velocity of movement of structures can be quantified over time without loss of sharp focus. Examples of data from 4D imaging reveal that MEs approach the plasma membrane and disappear, suggesting that they are exocytosed rather than simply moving vertically away from a single plane of focus. Also revealed is putative fusion of MEs and AEs, by visualization of overlap between the two dye-containing structures as viewed in each three orthogonal projections.

Four-dimensional (4D) imaging is utilized to study the behavior and interactions among two types of endosomes in living vertebrate nerve terminals. Movement of these small structures is characterized in three dimensions, permitting confirmation of events such as endosome fusion and exocytosis.

네 차원 형광 이미징과 신경 말단 생활에 엔도 좀 역학의 시각화

Four-dimensional (4D) light imaging has been used to study behavior of small structures within motor nerve terminals of the thin transversus abdominis ...

Methods for Cell-attached Capacitance Measurements in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell

Neuronal transmission is an integral part of cellular communication within the brain. Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane leads to vesicle fusion known as exocytosis that mediates synaptic transmission. Subsequent retrieval of synaptic vesicles is necessary to generate new neurotransmitter-filled vesicles in a process identified as endocytosis. During exocytosis, fusing vesicle membranes will result in an increase in surface area and subsequent endocytosis results in a decrease in the surface area. Here, our lab demonstrates a basic introduction to cell-attached capacitance recordings of single endocytic events in the mouse adrenal chromaffin cell. This type of electrical recording is useful for high-resolution recordings of exocytosis and endocytosis at the single vesicle level. While this technique can detect both vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis, the focus of our lab is vesicle endocytosis. Moreover, this technique allows us to analyze the kinetics of single endocytic events. Here the methods for mouse adrenal gland tissue dissection, chromaffin cell culture, basic cell-attached techniques, and subsequent examples of individual traces measuring singular endocytic event are described.

After exocytosis, fused plasma membrane is retrieved through a process known as endocytosis. This mechanism reforms new synaptic vesicles for the next round of release. Individual endocytic events are captured and analyzed through the use of the cell-attached capacitance recordings in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells.

마우스 부신하는 chromaffin 세포에서 세포 부착 된 정전 용량 측정을위한 방법

Neuronal transmission is an integral part of cellular communication within the brain. Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane leads to vesicle fusion ...

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling allows a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. With this method it is possible to identify and characterize both pre- and postsynaptic neurons by their morphology and electrophysiological response pattern. Paired recordings allow studying the connectivity patterns between these neurons as well as the properties of both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Here, we give a step-by-step description of the procedures required to obtain reliable paired recordings together with an optimal recovery of the neuron morphology. We will describe how pairs of neurons connected via chemical synapses or gap junctions are identified in brain slice preparations. We will outline how neurons are reconstructed to obtain their 3D morphology of the dendritic and axonal domain and how synaptic contacts are identified and localized. We will also discuss the caveats and limitations of the paired recording technique, in particular those associated with dendritic and axonal truncations during the preparation of brain slices because these strongly affect connectivity estimates. However, because of the versatility of the paired recording approach it will remain a valuable tool in characterizing different aspects of synaptic transmission at identified neuronal microcircuits in the brain.

Patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling of synaptically coupled neurons in acute brain slices allow a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. The aim of this protocol is to describe the essential technical steps of electrophysiological recording from neuronal microcircuits and their subsequent morphological analysis.

급성 뇌 조각에서 신경 세포의 미세 회로의 전기 생리 및 형태 학적 특성은 페어 패치 클램프 녹음을 사용하여

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. Retinal neurons in the network comprise of numerous subtypes. More than 10 subtypes of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells have been identified by morphological studies. Multiple subtypes of retinal neurons are thought to encode distinct features of visual signaling, such as motion and color, and form multiple neural pathways. However, the functional roles of each neuron in visual signal processing are not fully understood. The patch clamp method is useful to address this fundamental question. Here, a protocol to record light-evoked synaptic responses in mouse retinal neurons using patch clamp recordings in dark-adapted conditions is provided. The mouse eyes are dark-adapted O/N, and retinal slice preparations are dissected in a dark room using infrared illumination and viewers. Infrared light does not activate mouse photoreceptors and thus preserves their light responsiveness. Patch clamp is used to record light-evoked responses in retinal neurons. A fluorescent dye is injected during recordings to characterize neuronal morphological subtypes. This procedure enables us to determine the physiological functions of each neuron in the mouse retina.

We will demonstrate how to prepare retinal slices from the mouse eye and record light responses in retinal neurons. The entire procedure is conducted in dark-adapted conditions.

녹화 패치 클램프 기술을 사용하여 어두운 적응 마우스 망막 슬라이스 준비에 신경 세포의 시냅스 응답 빛-유발

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. ...

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to blindness in many retinal diseases. Calcium (Ca2+), a key second messenger in photoreceptor signaling and metabolism, has been proposed to be indirectly linked with photoreceptor degeneration in various animal models. Systematically studying these aspects of cone physiology and pathophysiology has been hampered by the difficulties of electrically recording from these small cells, in particular in the mouse where the retina is dominated by rod photoreceptors. To circumvent this issue, we established a two-photon Ca2+ imaging protocol using a transgenic mouse line that expresses the genetically encoded Ca2+ biosensor TN-XL exclusively in cones and can be crossbred with mouse models for photoreceptor degeneration. The protocol described here involves preparing vertical sections (&#8220;slices&#8221;) of retinas from mice and optical imaging of light stimulus-evoked changes in cone Ca2+ level. The protocol also allows &#8220;in-slice measurement&#8221; of absolute Ca2+ concentrations; as the recordings can be followed by calibration. This protocol enables studies into functional cone properties and is expected to contribute to the understanding of cone Ca2+ signaling as well as the potential involvement of Ca2+ in photoreceptor death and retinal degeneration.

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

We describe a protocol to monitor Ca2+ dynamics in the axon terminals of cone photoreceptors using an ex-vivo&#160;slice preparation of the mouse retina. This protocol allows comprehensive studies of cone Ca2+ signaling in an important mammalian model system, the mouse.

이미징 CA<sup&gt; 2 +</sup마우스 망막의 광 수용체 콘 축삭 터미널에서&gt; 역학

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to ...

High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Physiological data have indicated that glutamate receptors at RGCs are expressed not only in postsynaptic but also in perisynaptic or extrasynaptic membrane compartments. However, precise anatomical locations for glutamate receptors at RGC synapses have not been determined. Although a high-resolution quantitative analysis of glutamate receptors at central synapses is widely employed, this approach has had only limited success in the retina. We developed a postembedding immunogold method for analysis of membrane receptors, making it possible to estimate the number, density and variability of these receptors at retinal ribbon synapses. Here we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of retinal fixation, 2) freeze-substitution, 3) postembedding immunogold electron microscope (EM) immunocytochemistry and, 4) quantitative visualization of glutamate receptors at ribbon synapses.

The postembedding immunogold method is one of the most effective ways to provide high-resolution analyses of the subcellular localization of specific molecules. Here we describe a protocol to quantitatively analyze glutamate receptors at retinal ribbon synapses.

망막 리본 시냅스에서 막 수용체의 고해상도 양이 Immunogold 분석

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

뇌 조각에서 전체 셀 패치 클램프 녹음

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

The slice patch clamp technique is a powerful tool for investigating learning-induced neural plasticity in specific brain regions. To analyze motor-learning induced plasticity, we trained rats using an accelerated rotor rod task. Rats performed the task 10 times at 30-s intervals for 1 or 2 days. Performance was significantly improved on the training days compared to the first trial. We then prepared acute brain slices of the primary motor cortex (M1) in untrained and trained rats. Current-clamp analysis showed dynamic changes in resting membrane potential, spike threshold, afterhyperpolarization, and membrane resistance in layer II/III pyramidal neurons. Current injection induced many more spikes in 2-day trained rats than in untrained controls.
To analyze contextual-learning induced plasticity, we trained rats using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task. After experiencing foot-shock in the dark side of a box, the rats learned to avoid it, staying in the lighted side. We prepared acute hippocampal slices from untrained, IA-trained, unpaired, and walk-through rats. Voltage-clamp analysis was used to sequentially record miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs) from the same CA1 neuron. We found different mean mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes in each CA1 neuron, suggesting that each neuron had different postsynaptic strengths at its excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Moreover, compared with untrained controls, IA-trained rats had higher mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes, with broad diversity. These results suggested that contextual learning creates postsynaptic diversity in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses at each CA1 neuron.
AMPA or GABAA receptors seemed to mediate the postsynaptic currents, since bath treatment with CNQX or bicuculline blocked the mEPSC or mIPSC events, respectively. This technique can be used to study different types of learning in other regions, such as the sensory cortex and amygdala.

The slice patch clamp technique is an effective method for analyzing learning-induced changes in the intrinsic properties and plasticity of excitatory or inhibitory synapses.

조각 패치 클램프 기술 학습 유도 소성을 분석 하기 위한

The slice patch clamp technique is a powerful tool for investigating learning-induced neural plasticity in specific brain regions. To analyze ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a challenging and low-throughput technique due to its complexity and high reliance on user operation and control. This manuscript demonstrates an image-guided automatic patch clamp system for in vitro whole-cell patch clamp experiments in acute brain slices. Our system implements a computer vision-based algorithm to detect fluorescently labeled cells and to target them for fully automatic patching using a micromanipulator and internal pipette pressure control. The entire process is highly automated, with minimal requirements for human intervention. Real-time experimental information, including electrical resistance and internal pipette pressure, are documented electronically for future analysis and for optimization to different cell types. Although our system is described in the context of acute brain slice recordings, it can also be applied to the automated image-guided patch clamp of dissociated neurons, organotypic slice cultures, and other non-neuronal cell types.

This protocol describes how to conduct automatic image-guided patch-clamp experiments using a system recently developed for standard in vitro electrophysiology equipment.

뇌 조각에서 뉴런 연구를위한 자동 이미지 유도 패치 클램프의 적용

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...

패치 - 클램프 커패시턴스 측정 및 CA 2 + 영상

패치 - 클램프 커패시턴스 측정 및 CA^{2 + 영상}