The authors have no acknowledgements to declare.

All participants provided both verbal and written informed consent before any study procedure. The protocol of the study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee for human research of S.Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital.
1. Preoperative Procedures and Ophthalmological Evaluation
<ol>
	<li>Test distance and near Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA).</li>
	<li>Evaluate the anterior segment of the eye using a slit lamp biomicroscope.</li>
	<li>Examine the anterior chamber angle using a slit lamp gonioscopy lens after having instilled topical anesthetic eye drops.</li>
	<li>Evaluate the fundus by slit lamp indirect ophthalmoscopy with the use of a non-contact fundus lens. Pay particular attention to the optic disc head.</li>
	<li>Measure the IOP using Goldmann applanation tonometry.
	<ol>
		<li>Instill topical anesthetic eye drops to obtain corneal anesthesia.</li>
		<li>Color the tear film using 2% fluorescein (ophthalmic strips). 
		NOTE: It is crucial to color the tear film with the proper amount of fluorescein. High amounts produce too thick fluorescein rings with overestimated IOP measures, while low amounts produce too thin rings with underestimated IOP readings.</li>
		<li>Mount the tonometer on the guide plate over the slit lamp axis.</li>
		<li>Set the blue cobalt filter light and the light beam as wide and bright as possible with the slit diaphragm fully open.</li>
		<li>Properly direct the blue light beam on the tonometer head putting the slit beam at 60&#176; on the same patient&#39;s side of the eye under examination, in order to avoid the contact of the slit lamp with the patient&#39;s face and the covering of the light beam by the patient&#39;s nose.</li>
		<li>Ask the patient to lean the head on the slit lamp headrest, open both eyes wide, look straight ahead, and keep perfectly still.</li>
		<li>Move the tonometer using the slit lamp joystick until the biprism head is gently in contact with the center of the corneal surface: two regular hemi-circles of fluorescein tear meniscus are visualized through each prism when looking through the slit lamp eyepieces.</li>
		<li>Turn clockwise the calibrated knob on the side of the tonometer to bring near the visualized fluorescein hemi-circles until their inner borders just touch each other, forming a horizontal &#34;S&#34; shape: the number indicated in the calibrated knob represents the IOP measure. 
		NOTE: Be sure to properly disinfect, rinse with sterile water, and wipe the tonometer head before any measurement.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Measure the ocular anatomical parameters by means of a non-contact optical biometer.
	<ol>
		<li>Ask the patient to lean the head on the headrest, open both eyes wide, look straight ahead, and keep perfectly still.</li>
		<li>Move the optical biometer using its joystick to properly focus on the center of the corneal surface: an arrow and a green circle on the display help the clinician to find the correct position.</li>
		<li>Click the button on the joystick to start the measurement: a green line appears on the display and starts to move forming a circle. Keep the position as still as possible during this time.</li>
		<li>Perform at least 5 measurements per eye to reduce possible errors and increase reliability. The instrument automatically calculates the average value.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Use the nomogram tool (Figure 1) to calculate the appropriate size of the treatment probe among the 3 possible options (11, 12, or 13 mm of ring diameters). 
	NOTE: Two ocular anatomical parameters are needed: the white-to-white (WTW, distance equal to the corneal horizontal diameter) and the axial length (AL, distance from corneal apex to fovea).</li>
	<li>Prescribe to the patient pilocarpine eye drops 3 times per day starting from 3 days before surgery to ensure the proper intraoperative miosis, allowing a more precise targeting of the ciliary body by the ultrasound beams delivered by the probe.</li>
</ol>
2. Pre-surgical Procedures
<ol>
	<li>Place the patient in a supine position on the surgical bed.</li>
	<li>Administer local anesthesia by performing one peribulbar infiltration with 10 mL of local anesthetics (mepivacaine plus ropivacaine) 30 min before the surgery.
	<ol>
		<li>Perform the injection inferotemporally at the junction of outer one third and inner two third of the lower orbital rim or superonasally beneath the superior orbital notch using a 27-gauge needle.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Preparation of the Treatment Device
<ol>
	<li>Enter data about the surgeon and patient using the control unit touch screen, and then select the eye to treat. 
	NOTE: First generation probes also can choose between 4 s or 6 s of ultrasound exposure time, while the second-generation probes (the only ones now available on the market) allow only 8 s of exposure time.</li>
	<li>Open the sterile single-use device pack containing the coupling cone and the treatment probe and connect their cables to the control unit.</li>
</ol>
4. UCP Procedure
<ol>
	<li>Disinfect accurately the palpebral and periorbital skin with 10% povidone-iodine 3 times. Wipe the disinfected skin with clean sterile gauzes.</li>
	<li>Put a sterile surgical drape over the face of the patient with a central hole centered over the eye under treatment in order to properly expose it.</li>
	<li>Place the patient&#39;s head lying slightly backwards in order to put the ocular surface horizontally allowing a comfortable placement of the cone of the device (Figure 2).</li>
	<li>Open the patient&#39;s eye without using the speculum.</li>
	<li>Put the coupling cone over the ocular surface, with tubing on the temporal side, and gently move to correctly position and center it, forming a uniform white scleral ring surrounding the limbus (Figure 3). Use a surgical clamp to reposition the cone, if needed. 
	NOTE: A minimal uniform ring of 2 mm of white sclera should be visible between the limbus and the cone inner boarder. This ring should be as regular as possible all along the 360&#176; of the eye to ensure the optimal centering of the probe and consequently the correct targeting of the ciliary body (Figure 3).</li>
	<li>Push the aspiration button on the foot switch to start a low-level suction from the peripheral ring of the coupling cone until the vertical bar on the screen becomes green. This allows the maintenance of the coupling cone in direct contact to the patient&#39;s eye throughout the entire procedure (Figure 4A).</li>
	<li>Insert the treatment probe inside the coupling cone, with the cable in nasal position. 
	NOTE: A &#34;click&#34; sound confirms the proper anchorage of the probe to the cone (Figure 4B).</li>
	<li>Fill the empty space delimited by the eye, the cone, and the probe with sterile balanced salt solution (BSS) at room temperature at the beginning and during the entire procedure to allow good propagation of the therapeutic ultrasounds (Figure 4C). Refill at the appropriate level in case of BSS leakage.</li>
	<li>Ask the patient to hold the position and keep perfectly still the head.</li>
	<li>Push the start button on the foot switch to start the treatment and hold the pressure during all the procedure (the passage between each treatment sector is completely automatic without the need to release pressure of the foot switch).</li>
	<li>Maintain firmly in the optimal position the probe and the coupling cone during the entire procedure. Avoid moving, rotating, or pushing the probe in order to permit the best centering of therapeutic ultrasounds beams during the treatment (Figure 4D). 
	NOTE: During the treatment, each of the six transducers are sequentially activated for 4, 6, or 8 s (depending on the generation of the probe), with 20 s of interval before each activation, starting from the superior sectors and moving clockwise. The control unit shows the sequential activation of the six transducers. Surgical treatment lasts 124 s, 136 s, or 148 s.
	<ol>
		<li>Release the pressure on the foot switch to stop the procedure. In case of interruption of the treatment during the interval between the activation of two consecutive sectors, the treatment can continue without losing any sector; on the contrary, in case of interruption of the treatment during the activation of a sector, the treatment in the sector in question is not completed.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>At the end of the procedure, deactivate the suction system by pressing the aspiration button on the foot switch and slowly tilt the cone until BSS is removed through the tube.</li>
</ol>
5. Post-surgical Procedures
<ol>
	<li>Instill antibiotic plus steroid eye drops in the treated eye immediately after the procedure, and patch the treated eye for 24 h. 
	NOTE: The patients can leave the hospital 1 h after the procedure.</li>
	<li>Remove the eye patch the day after the procedure, examine the treated eye, and measure the IOP.</li>
	<li>Prescribe to the patient antibiotic plus steroid eye drops 4 times per day for 1 month.</li>
	<li>Examine the treated eye and measure the IOP at 1, 7, and 14 days, 1, 3, 6, and 9 months, and 1 year after the procedure.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Congdon, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Causes+and+prevalence+of+visual+impairment+among+adults+in+the+United+States.">Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 122 (4), 477-485 (2004).</li><li>Floriani, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Health-related+quality+of+life+in+patients+with+primary+open-angle+glaucoma.+An+Italian+multicentre+observational+study.">Health-related quality of life in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. An Italian multicentre observational study.</a> Acta Ophthalmol. , (2015).</li><li>Traverso, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+costs+of+glaucoma+and+severity+of+the+disease:+a+multinational+long+term+study+of+resource+utilisation+in+Europe.">Direct costs of glaucoma and severity of the disease: a multinational long term study of resource utilisation in Europe.</a> Br J Ophthalmol. 89 (10), 1245-1249 (2005).</li><li>European Glaucoma Society. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Terminology+and+guidelines+for+glaucoma.">Terminology and guidelines for glaucoma.</a> EGS Guidelines. , (2014).</li><li>De Roetth, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryosurgery+for+the+treatment+of+glaucoma.">Cryosurgery for the treatment of glaucoma.</a> Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 63, 189-204 (1965).</li><li>Maus, M., Katz, L. 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F., al-Jadaan, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transscleral+neodymium:YAG+laser+cyclophotocoagulation+for+end-stage+glaucoma,+refractory+glaucoma,+and+painful+blind+eyes.">Transscleral neodymium:YAG laser cyclophotocoagulation for end-stage glaucoma, refractory glaucoma, and painful blind eyes.</a> Ophthalmic Surg. 24 (8), 526-529 (1993).</li><li>Kosoko, O., Gaasterland, D. E., Pollack, I. P., Enger, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+outcome+of+initial+ciliary+ablation+with+contact+diode+laser+transscleral+cyclophotocoagulation+for+severe+glaucoma.+The+Diode+Laser+Ciliary+Ablation+Study+Group.">Long-term outcome of initial ciliary ablation with contact diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for severe glaucoma. The Diode Laser Ciliary Ablation Study Group.</a> Ophthalmology. 103 (8), 1294-1302 (1996).</li><li>Hamard, P., Gayraud, J. M., Kopel, J., Valtot, F., Quesnot, S., Hamard, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+refractory+glaucomas+by+transscleral+cyclophotocoagulation+using+semiconductor+diode+laser.+Analysis+of+50+patients+followed-up+over+19+months.">Treatment of refractory glaucomas by transscleral cyclophotocoagulation using semiconductor diode laser. Analysis of 50 patients followed-up over 19 months.</a> J Fr Ophthalmol. 20 (2), 125-133 (1997).</li><li>Sabri, K., Vernon, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scleral+perforation+following+trans-scleral+cyclodiode.">Scleral perforation following trans-scleral cyclodiode.</a> Br J Ophthalmol. 83 (4), 502-503 (1999).</li><li>Vernon, S. A., Koppens, J. M., Menon, G. J., Negi, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diode+laser+cycloablation+in+adult+glaucoma:+long-term+results+of+a+standard+protocol+and+review+of+current+literature.">Diode laser cycloablation in adult glaucoma: long-term results of a standard protocol and review of current literature.</a> Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 34 (5), 411-420 (2006).</li><li>Aptel, F., Charrel, T., Palazzi, X., Chapelon, J. Y., Denis, P., Lafon, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histologic+effects+of+a+new+device+for+high-intensity+focused+ultrasound+cyclocoagulation.">Histologic effects of a new device for high-intensity focused ultrasound cyclocoagulation.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 51 (10), 5092-5098 (2010).</li><li>Aptel, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniaturized+high-intensity+focused+ultrasound+device+in+patients+with+glaucoma:+a+clinical+pilot+study.">Miniaturized high-intensity focused ultrasound device in patients with glaucoma: a clinical pilot study.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (12), 8747-8753 (2011).</li><li>Aptel, F., Dupuy, C., Rouland, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+refractory+open-angle+glaucoma+using+ultrasonic+circular+cyclocoagulation:+a+prospective+case+series.">Treatment of refractory open-angle glaucoma using ultrasonic circular cyclocoagulation: a prospective case series.</a> Curr Med Res Opin. 30 (8), 1599-1605 (2014).</li><li>Aptel, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-+and+long-term+effects+on+the+ciliary+body+and+the+aqueous+outflow+pathways+of+high-intensity+focused+ultrasound+cyclocoagulation.">Short- and long-term effects on the ciliary body and the aqueous outflow pathways of high-intensity focused ultrasound cyclocoagulation.</a> Ultrasound Med Biol. 40 (9), 2096-2106 (2014).</li><li>Charrel, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+miniaturized+HIFU+device+for+glaucoma+treatment+with+conformal+coagulation+of+the+ciliary+bodies.">Development of a miniaturized HIFU device for glaucoma treatment with conformal coagulation of the ciliary bodies.</a> Ultrasound Med Biol. 37 (5), 742-754 (2011).</li><li>Aptel, F., Lafon, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+applications+of+ultrasound+in+ophthalmology.">Therapeutic applications of ultrasound in ophthalmology.</a> Int J Hyperthermia. 28 (4), 405-418 (2012).</li><li>Denis, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclocoagulation+of+the+ciliary+bodies+by+high-intensity+focused+ultrasound:+a+12-month+multicenter+study.">Cyclocoagulation of the ciliary bodies by high-intensity focused ultrasound: a 12-month multicenter study.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56 (2), 1089-1096 (2015).</li><li>Aptel, F., Lafon, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+glaucoma+with+high+intensity+focused+ultrasound.">Treatment of glaucoma with high intensity focused ultrasound.</a> Int J Hyperthermia. 31 (3), 292-301 (2015).</li><li>Giannaccare, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-intensity+focused+ultrasound+treatment+in+patients+with+refractory+glaucoma.">High-intensity focused ultrasound treatment in patients with refractory glaucoma.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 255 (3), 599-605 (2017).</li><li>Mastropasqua, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uveo-scleral+outflow+pathways+after+ultrasonic+cyclocoagulation+in+refractory+glaucoma:+an+anterior+segment+optical+coherence+tomography+and+in+vivo+confocal+study.">Uveo-scleral outflow pathways after ultrasonic cyclocoagulation in refractory glaucoma: an anterior segment optical coherence tomography and in vivo confocal study.</a> Br J Ophthalmol. 100 (12), 1668-1675 (2016).</li><li>Melamed, S., Goldenfeld, M., Cotlear, D., Skaat, A., Moroz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-intensity+focused+ultrasound+treatment+in+refractory+glaucoma+patients:+results+at+1+year+of+prospective+clinical+study.">High-intensity focused ultrasound treatment in refractory glaucoma patients: results at 1 year of prospective clinical study.</a> Eur J Ophthalmol. 25 (6), 483-489 (2015).</li><li>Aptel, F., Denis, P., Rouland, J. F., Renard, J. P., Bron, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicenter+clinical+trial+of+high-intensity+focused+ultrasound+treatment+in+glaucoma+patients+without+previous+filtering+surgery.">Multicenter clinical trial of high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment in glaucoma patients without previous filtering surgery.</a> Acta Ophthalmol. 94 (5), e268-e277 (2016).</li><li>Coleman, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+ultrasound+in+the+treatment+of+glaucoma.+II.+Clinical+applications.">Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of glaucoma. II. Clinical applications.</a> Ophthalmology. 92 (3), 347-353 (1985).</li><li>Valtot, F., Kopel, J., Haut, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+glaucoma+with+high+intensity+focused+ultrasound.">Treatment of glaucoma with high intensity focused ultrasound.</a> Int Ophthalmol. 13 (1-2), 167-170 (1989).</li><li>Burgess, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+glaucoma+with+high-intensity+focused+ultrasound.">Treatment of glaucoma with high-intensity focused ultrasound.</a> Ophthalmology. 93 (6), 831-838 (1986).</li><li>Chen, J., Cohn, R. A., Lin, S. C., Cortes, A. E., Alvarado, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+photocoagulation+of+the+ciliary+body+for+treatment+of+refractory+glaucomas.">Endoscopic photocoagulation of the ciliary body for treatment of refractory glaucomas.</a> Am J Ophthalmol. 124 (6), 787-796 (1997).</li><li>Iliev, M. E., Gerber, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+outcome+of+trans-scleral+diode+laser+cyclo-photocoagulation+in+refractory+glaucoma.">Long-term outcome of trans-scleral diode laser cyclo-photocoagulation in refractory glaucoma.</a> Br J Ophthalmol. 91 (12), 1631-1635 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Glaucoma is a chronic progressive disease affecting the optic nerve for which new effective treatments are needed to improve long-term prognosis. The reduction of IOP is still considered the only effective therapy to prevent or delay visual field loss, in eyes both with and without elevated IOP3.
UCP is a new non-incisional cyclodestructive procedure that can lower IOP, acting in two different ways: it reduces the aqueous humor inflow determining the selective necrosis ...

Glaucoma represents one of the major causes of blindness worldwide, affecting about 100 million people1. It is an optical neuropathy generated by the progressive degeneration of the nerve fibers that converge on the optic nerve, resulting functionally in a decrease of the visual field that can progress to visual disability and eventually blindness without adequate treatment2.
Elevated IOP is still considered the main risk factor for glaucoma onset and progression, and currently the only treatable parameter to reduce the visual field loss3. IOP reduction can be achieved by both reducing the production of aqueous humor and/or increasing its outflow through trabecular meshwork by the use of topical or systemic drugs, laser, or surgery3,4. Many physical processes have been already introduced to induce the coagulation necrosis of the ciliary body following heating or freezing5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. However, the lack of selectivity for the target tissue and the unpredictable dose-effect relationship in reducing IOP limit their use only to eyes with glaucoma resistant to conventional medical and surgical therapies4.
Over the last years, a new device, named UCP, that employs high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been developed, with the purpose of overcoming the limitations of traditional cyclodestructive techniques by achieving a more selective coagulation of the ciliary body and avoiding possible damages to the adjacent ocular structures13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21. In addition, the stimulation of supra-choroidal and trans-scleral portions of the uveo-scleral outflow pathway has been recently proposed as a possible adjunctive mechanism of the procedure in reducing IOP22. To date, seven major clinical studies have been conducted using the UCP device in different types and severity grades of glaucoma, demonstrating the effectiveness and the safety of this non-incisional procedure14,15,19,20,21,22,23,24.
The aim of this study is to describe the above-mentioned procedure in detail, in order to spread the knowledge of its introduction to the scientific medical community, and to provide useful tips and tricks to surgeons who would like to approach this novel field.

<table><tbody><tr><td>BM 900 Slit Lamp Biomioscropy</td><td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td><td>BM 900</td><td>Slit Lamp Biomiscroscopy</td></tr><tr><td>G-4 Four-Mirror Glass Gonio Lens</td><td>Volk Optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA</td><td>#VG4</td><td>Contact lens for gonioscopy</td></tr><tr><td>78D Non Contact Slit Lamp Lens</td><td>Volk Optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA</td><td>#V78C</td><td>Non contact slit lamp lens</td></tr><tr><td>HospiFluo strips</td><td>AIESI Hospital Service S.a.s., Napoli, Italy</td><td>AHS129</td><td>Fluorescein sterile disposable strips</td></tr><tr><td>AT 900 Goldmann Applanation Tonometer</td><td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td><td>AT 900</td><td>Goldmann applanation tonometer</td></tr><tr><td>Lenstar LS900</td><td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td><td>LS900</td><td>Optical biometer</td></tr><tr><td>Pilocarpina 2% eye drops</td><td>Farmigea, Pisa, Italy</td><td>S01EB01</td><td>Miotic eye drops</td></tr><tr><td>Mepivacaina 20mg/ml injectable solution</td><td>Angelini, Roma, Italy</td><td>N01BB03</td><td>Local anesthetic for injection</td></tr><tr><td>Naropina 10mg/ml injectable solution</td><td>AstraZeneca, Milano, Italy</td><td>N01BB09</td><td>Local anesthetic for injection</td></tr><tr><td>Oftasteril 5% eye drops</td><td>Alfa Intes, Napoli, Italy</td><td>S01AX18</td><td>5% povidone-iodine eye drops</td></tr><tr><td>EyeOP1</td><td>Eye Tech Care, Rillieux-la-Pape, France</td><td></td><td>UCP device</td></tr><tr><td>BSS (balanced salt solution)</td><td>Alcon Inc., Forth Worth, TX, USA</td><td>0065-1795-04</td><td>Sterile irrigating solution</td></tr><tr><td>Tobradex eye drops</td><td>Alcon Italia Spa, Milano, Italy</td><td>S01CA01</td><td>Antibiotic and steroid eye drops</td></tr></tbody></table>

ultrasound cyclo plasty in eyes with glaucoma

Glaucoma is a chronic disease caused by the progressive degeneration of the optical nerve fibers, resulting in decreased visual field that can lead to severe visual impairment, and eventually blindness. This manuscript describes a simple, surgeon-friendly, non-incisional technique, named Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty (UCP), for reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients. The technique determines a selective coagulation necrosis of the ciliary body; in addition, the stimulation of supra-choroidal and trans-scleral portions of the uveo-scleral outflow pathway has been recently proposed. UCP shows several technical improvements in ultrasound technology compared to previous techniques, providing more precise focusing on the target zone. The procedure is performed in the operating room under peribulbar anesthesia. Briefly, the coupling cone is put in contact with the eye and the ring probe, that contains six piezoelectric transducers which produce the ultrasound beams, is inserted inside it. Their proper centering over the ocular surface represents a crucial step for the correct targeting of the ciliary body. Sterile balanced salt solution is used to fill the empty spaces to ensure ultrasound acoustic propagation. Surgical treatment consists in the sequential automatic activation of each of the six transducers, for a total duration of less than 3 min. The patient leaves the hospital 1 h after the procedure with the treated eye patched. In the present study, 10 patients with open-angle glaucoma were followed-up during at least 12 months after the procedure. IOP was reduced at each interval compared to pre-operative, as well as the number of hypotensive medications. Twenty percent of patients did not respond to the treatment, and needed subsequent surgery to better control IOP. Treatment tolerability was good, with no cases of hypotony or phthisis. The UCP procedure is simpler, faster, safer, and less invasive than traditional cyclodestructive procedures with similar results in reducing IOP.

Ten eyes of 10 patients (6 men and 4 women, mean age 64.9 &#177; 13.7 years, range 39&#8211;80 years) affected by open-angle glaucoma were treated with UCP device according to the technique described above. Treatment exposure time was 4 s for 2 patients, 6 s for 4 patients, and 8 s for 4 patients. Before surgery, the mean IOP was 24.8 &#177; 9.6 mmHg (mean &#177; standard deviation), while the mean number of daily hypotensive drops was 3.9 &#177; 1.0 and the mean number of daily acetazola...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma at JoVE.com

Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a chronic disease with progressive degeneration of optic nerve fibers resulting in decreased visual field. Elevated intraocular pressure is considered the most important and the only treatable risk factor. This manuscript describes a simple, surgeon-friendly, non-incisional technique, named Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty, for reducing intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients.

Glaucoma is a chronic disease caused by the progressive degeneration of the optical nerve fibers, resulting in decreased visual field that can lead to ...

ultrasound-cyclo-plasty-in-eyes-with-glaucoma

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.1K Views.  University of Bologna. Glaucoom is een chronische ziekte met progressieve degeneratie van oogzenuw vezels wat resulteert in verminderde gezichtsveld. Verhoogde oogboldruk wordt beschouwd als de belangrijkste en de alleen behandelbare risicofactor. Dit manuscript beschrijft een eenvoudige, chirurg-vriendelijk, niet-incisional techniek, genaamd echografie Cyclo plastie, ter vermindering van de oogboldruk bij glaucoom patiënten.

Video: Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma

A Novel Capsulorhexis Technique Using Shearing Forces with Cystotome

Purpose:
To demonstrate a capsulorhexis technique using predominantly shearing forces with a cystotome on a virtual reality simulator and on a human eye.
Method:
Our technique involves creating the initial anterior capsular tear with a cystotome to raise a flap. The flap left unfolded on the lens surface. The cystotome tip is tilted horizontally and is engaged on the flap near the leading edge of the tear. The cystotome is moved in a circular fashion to direct the vector forces. The loose flap is constantly swept towards the centre so that it does not obscure the view on the tearing edge.
Results:
Our technique has the advantage of reducing corneal wound distortion and subsequent anterior chamber collapse. The capsulorhexis flap is moved away from the tear leading edge allowing better visualisation of the direction of tear. This technique offers superior control of the capsulorhexis by allowing the surgeon to change the direction of the tear to achieve the desired capsulorhexis size.
Conclusions:
The EYESI Surgical Simulator is a realistic training platform for surgeons to practice complex capsulorhexis techniques. The shearing forces technique is a suitable alternative and in some cases a far better technique in achieving the desired capsulorhexis.

This video demonstrates a novel capsulorhexis technique in modern cataract surgery. Capsulorhexis is the most difficult and important part of phacoemulsification surgery.

Purpose:
To demonstrate a capsulorhexis technique using predominantly shearing forces with a cystotome on a virtual reality simulator and on a human eye....

Medicine

A Novel Technique of Rescuing Capsulorhexis Radial Tear-out using a Cystotome

Part 1 : Purpose: To demonstrate a capsulorhexis radial tear out rescue technique using a cystotome on a virtual reality cataract surgery simulator and in a human eye. Part 2 : Method: Steps: When a capsulorhexis begins to veer radially towards the periphery beyond the pupillary margin the following steps should be applied without delay. 2.1) Stop further capsulorhexis manoeuvre and reassess the situation. 2.2) Fill the anterior chamber with ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD). We recommend mounting the cystotome to a syringe containing OVD so that the anterior chamber can be reinflated rapidly. 2.3) The capsulorhexis flap is then left unfolded on the lens surface. 2.4) The cystotome tip is tilted horizontally to avoid cutting or puncturing the flap and is engaged on the flap near the leading edge of the tear but not too close to the point of tear. 2.5) Gently push or pull the leading edge of tear opposite to the direction of tear. 2.6) The leading tearing edge will start to do a 'U-Turn'. Maintain the tension on the flap until the tearing edge returns to the desired trajectory. Part 3 : Results: Using our technique, a surgeon can respond instantly to radial tear out without having to change surgical instruments. Changing surgical instruments at this critical stage runs a risk of further radial tear due to sudden shallowing of anterior chamber as a result of forward pressure from the vitreous. Our technique also has the advantage of reducing corneal wound distortion and subsequent anterior chamber collapse. Part 4 : Discussion The EYESI Surgical Simulator is a realistic training platform for surgeons to practice complex capsulorhexis tear-out techniques. Capsulorhexis is the most important and complex part of phacoemulsification and endocapsular intraocular lens implantation procedure. A successful cataract surgery depends on achieving a good capsulorhexis. During capsulorhexis, surgeons may face a challenging situation like a capsulorhexis radial tear-out. A surgeon must learn to tackle the problem promptly without making the situation worse. Some other methods of rescuing the situation have been described using a capsulorhexis forceps. However, we believe our method is quicker, more effective and easier to manipulate as demonstrated on the EYESi surgical simulator and on a human eye. Acknowledgments: List acknowledgements and funding sources. We would like to thank Dr. Wael El Gendy, for video clip. Disclosures: describe potential conflicting interests or state We have nothing to disclose. References: 1. Brian C. Little, Jennifer H. Smith, Mark Packer. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32:1420 1422, Issue-9. 2. Neuhann T. Theorie und Operationstechnik der Kapsulorhexis. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1987; 1990: 542-545. 3. Gimbel HV, Neuhann T. Development, advantages and methods of the continuous circular capsulorhexis technique. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1990; 16: 31-37. 4. Gimbel HV, Neuhann T. Continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis. (letter) J Cataract Refract Sur. 1991; 17: 110-111.

Capsulorhexis is an important step in phacoemulsification surgery. A surgeon creates a continous curvilinear tear on the anterior lens capsule by controlling the tearing vector forces. A peripherally extended tear is a serious complication. This video demonstrates a novel technique of rescuing capsular radial tear out using a cystotome.

Part 1 : Purpose:   To demonstrate a capsulorhexis radial tear out rescue technique using a cystotome on a virtual reality cataract surgery simulator and ...

Scleral Cross-linking Using Riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A Radiation for Prevention of Axial Myopia in a Rabbit Model

Myopic individuals, especially those with severe myopia, are at higher-than-normal risk of cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and chorioretinal abnormalities. In addition, pathological myopia is a common irreversible cause of visual impairment and blindness1-3. Our study demonstrates the effect of scleral crosslinking using riboflavin and ultraviolet-A radiation on the development of axial myopia in a rabbit model. The axial length of the eyeball was measured by A-scan ultrasound in New Zealand white rabbits aged 13 days (male and female). The eye then underwent 360&#176; conjunctival peritomy with scleral crosslinking, followed by tarsorrhaphy. Axial elongation was induced in 13 day-old New Zealand rabbits by suturing their right eye eyelids (tarsorrhaphy). The eyes were divided into quadrants, and every quadrant had two scleral irradiation zones, each with an area of 0.2 cm&#178; and a radius of 4 mm. Crosslinking was performed by dropping 0.1% dextran-free riboflavin-5-phosphate onto the irradiation zones 20 sec before ultraviolet-A irradiation and every 20 sec during the 200 sec irradiation time. UVA radiation (370 nm) was applied perpendicular to the sclera at 57 mW/cm&#178; (total UVA light dose, 57 J/cm&#178;). Tarsorrhaphies were removed on day 55, followed by repeated axial length measurements. This study demonstrates that scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A radiation effectively prevents occlusion-induced axial elongation in a rabbit model.

We demonstrate the effect of scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and UVA on an axial elongation rabbit eye. Axial elongation was induced in 13 day-old New Zealand rabbits (male and female) by suturing their right eye eyelids (tarsorrhaphy).

Myopic individuals, especially those with severe myopia, are at higher-than-normal risk of cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and chorioretinal ...

Transcanalicular Diode Laser-assisted Dacryocystorhinostomy for the Treatment of Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

Today&#39;s gold standard in the treatment of infrasaccal primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) is external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), a relatively invasive procedure that can be performed after failure of recanalizing treatments. However, with progress in the field of diode laser technology, new approaches have emerged. Laser-assisted transcanalicular DCR with subsequent bicanalicular silicon intubation is a new option showing great promise as a viable minimally invasive procedure. Under permanent endoscopic visual control from the nasal cavity, a diode laser fiber is inserted into the lacrimal sac and laser energy is applied to create a bony ostium between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity. Since no skin incision needs to be made, advantages of this method comprise the sparing of the skin as well as the medial palpebral structures and the physiological palpebral-canalicular pump mechanism. The duration of surgery as well as reconvalescence is generally shorter than with external DCR. Complications include silicon tube prolapse, mild swelling and, rarely, canalicular infection and thermal injury. One-year functional success rates, defined as complete resolution of symptoms and ostium patency, are high, yet still range behind those of external DCR. However, secondary external DCR after failure of laser-assisted DCR can be performed without difficulty. Thus, laser-assisted transcanalicular DCR is a valid option that should be considered as a second-step procedure after failure of recanalization procedures and before external DCR.

The goal of this protocol is to present transcanalicular laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy as a minimally invasive approach in the treatment of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Today&#39;s gold standard in the treatment of infrasaccal primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) is external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), ...

Second Harmonic Generation Signals in Rabbit Sclera As a Tool for Evaluation of Therapeutic Tissue Cross-linking (TXL) for Myopia

Methods to strengthen tissue by introducing chemical bonds (non-enzymatic cross-linking) into structural proteins (fibrillar collagens) for therapy include photochemical cross-linking and tissue cross-linking (TXL) methods. Such methods for inducing mechanical tissue property changes are being employed to the cornea in corneal thinning (mechanically weakened) disorders such as keratoconus as well as the sclera in progressive myopia, where thinning and weakening of the posterior sclera occurs and likely contributes to axial elongation. The primary target proteins for such tissue strengthening are fibrillar collagens which constitute the great majority of dry weight proteins in the cornea and sclera. Fortuitously, fibrillar collagens are the main source of second harmonic generation signals in the tissue extracellular space. Therefore, modifications of the collagen proteins, such as those induced through cross-linking therapies, could potentially be detected and quantitated through the use of second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM). Monitoring SHGM signals through the use of a laser scanning microscopy system coupled with an infrared excitation light source is an exciting modern imaging method that is enjoying widespread usage in the biomedical sciences. Thus, the present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the use of SHGM microscopy as a means to measure induced cross-linking effects in ex vivo rabbit sclera, following an injection of a chemical cross-linking agent into the sub-Tenon&#39;s space (sT), an injection approach that is standard practice for causing ocular anesthesia during ophthalmologic clinical procedures. The chemical cross-linking agent, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate (SMG), is from a class of cosmetic preservatives known as formaldehyde releasing agents (FARs). Scleral changes following reaction with SMG resulted in increases in SHG signals and correlated with shifts in thermal denaturation temperature, a standard method for evaluating induced tissue cross-linking effects.

Second Harmonic Generation Signals in Rabbit Sclera As a Tool for Evaluation of Therapeutic Tissue Cross-linking TXL for Myopia

This protocol describes techniques for evaluating chemical cross-linking of the rabbit sclera using&#160;second harmonic generation imaging and differential scanning calorimetry.

Methods to strengthen tissue by introducing chemical bonds (non-enzymatic cross-linking) into structural proteins (fibrillar collagens) for therapy ...

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, resulting in visual dysfunction by interrupting the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor; thus, several models of ocular hypertension have been developed in rodents by either genetic or experimental approaches to investigate the causes and effects of the disease. Among those, some limitations have been reported such as surgical invasiveness, inadequate functional assessment, requirement of extensive training, and highly variable extension of retinal damage. The present work characterizes a simple, low-cost, and efficient method to induce ocular hypertension in rodents, based on low-temperature, full-circle cauterization of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage. The new model provides a technically easy, noninvasive, and reproducible subacute ocular hypertension, associated with progressive RGC and optic nerve degeneration, and a unique post-operative clinical recovery rate that allows in vivo functional studies by both electrophysiological and behavioral methods.

The goal of this protocol is to characterize a novel model of glaucomatous neurodegeneration based on 360&#176; thermic cauterization of limbal vascular plexus, inducing subacute ocular hypertension.

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic ...

Neuroscience

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing

Extensive anterior synechia of the iris can result in the gradual disappearance of the anterior chamber. It is one of the most common outcomes of both oculopathy and complicated post anterior segment surgery. This can impact visual function and lead to bullous keratopathy, making it one of the most complex clinical problems. Conventional anterior chamber plasty will partially create the anterior chamber, but the anterior chamber disappears again in some cases. The main reasons are: (1) the iris lens diaphragm is loose with atrophied and tension-free iris so that the aqueous humor circulation will push and squeeze the iris forward; (2) the effect of "roller" formed in the process of inflammation or restoration will change the iris structure from peripheral anterior synechia (PAS) to extensive anterior synechia again; (3) the fibration will result in synechia from iris to the cornea. In such cases, corneal endothelium deficiency can't stop the aqueous humor from entering the cornea. This results in persistent corneal edema post-conventional anterior chamber plasty, resulting in progressive rubbing and lachrymation. Therefore, anterior chamber plasty is not the first choice for patients without surgical indications of Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). However, this can be performed in patients with surgical indications who plan to receive DSAEK. A unique method of iris fixation via external pentagram suturing anterior chamber plasty (PSACP) is described here. The present technique is also compared with the conventional anterior chamber plasty. PSACP and DSAEK might be an effective way to cure the bullous keratopathy with extensive anterior synechia of the iris and disappeared anterior chamber.

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing

The present protocol describes how a 10-0 polypropylene suture crosses the anterior surface of the iris, forming a pentagram to prevent both iris and pupil from moving toward the cornea. This can be combined with subsequent keratoplasty to cure bullous keratopathy with extensive anterior synechia of the iris.

Extensive anterior synechia of the iris can result in the gradual disappearance of the anterior chamber. It is one of the most common outcomes of both ...

Preventing Posterior Capsular Opacification Through IOL Rotation in Cataract Surgeries

Rotating the Intraocular Lens to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification in Cataract Surgeries

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a common postoperative complication of extracapsular cataract surgery, which is caused by the proliferation and migration of lens epithelial cells and can affect long-term visual outcomes significantly. The most effective treatment for PCO is neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy; however, this treatment is associated with posterior segment complication and can break the stability of capsular bag, affecting the position and function of trifocal or toric intraocular lenses (IOLs). Advances in surgical procedures, IOL design, and pharmacy have reduced the rate of PCO in recent years, concentrating on the inhibition of proliferative lens epithelial cells (LECs). This protocol aimed to clear LECs more thoroughly during phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. The first several steps, including clear corneal incision, continuous circular capsulorhexis, hydrodissection, hydrodelineation, and phacoemulsification, were completed as conventional procedures. After placing the IOL into the capsular bag, rotation of the IOL by at least 360&#176; was performed using an irrigation/aspiration tip or a hook, with slight stress on the posterior capsule. Some residuals occurred in the originally transparent capsular bag after rotation of the IOLs. Then, these materials and the viscoelastic were cleared completely using an irrigation/aspiration system. A clear posterior capsule was observed after the surgery in patients undergoing this method. This method of rotating IOLs is a simple, effective, and safe way to prevent PCO by clearing residual LECs and can be carried out without extra tools or skills.

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Visual Outcomes in Cataract Surgery: A Novel Technique to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification Through IOL Rotation 

The present protocol describes removing residual epithelial cells by rotating the intraocular lens in extracapsular cataract surgery without extra tools for preventing posterior capsular opacification.

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a common postoperative complication of extracapsular cataract surgery, which is caused by the proliferation and ...

Excimer Laser Multifocal Double Aspheric Ablation for Presbyopia Correction

Correction of Presbyopia by Monocular Bi-Aspheric Ablation Profile

The study aims to evaluate visual acuity and objective visual quality before and after the monocular bi-aspheric ablation profile for correction of presbyopia surgery. This prospective self-control study included 20 cases and 38 eyes of patients who underwent monocular bi-aspheric ablation profile correction of myopia with presbyopia at the Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2023 to January 2024. These patients were selected for observation, and each patient's preoperative and postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), spherical aberration (SA) (within 6 mm), horizontal and vertical coma (within 6 mm), and corneal aspheric index (Q-value) (within 6 mm) were evaluated. Statistical data analysis was performed at different time points before and after the operation. There were statistically significant differences in UDVA between dominant and non-dominant eyes before and after surgery (Z = -3.784, p &lt; 0.001; Z = -3.817, p &lt; 0.001). Post-operatively, 90% of the non-dominant eyes achieved UNVA of J1 and above, and 95% of the bilateral eyes achieved UNVA of J1 and above. Significant differences were found in the SA of the dominant eyes, which showed a positive increase (Z= -3.784, p &lt; 0.001); however, compared with the dominant eye, the SA of the non-dominant eye was negatively increased, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). There was a significant difference in the vertical coma of the dominant eye before and after the operation, but there was no significant difference in non-dominant eyes. There was no significant difference in the change of binocular horizontal coma before and after the operation. There were significant changes in the Q value of both eyes before and after the operation (Z = -3.923, p &lt; 0.001; Z = -3.51, p &lt; 0.001). After the monocular bi-aspheric ablation profile, the cornea of the non-dominant eye showed a prolate shape, negative SA increased, and the UDVA and UNVA improved after the operation.

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Refractive Surgical Correction for Presbyopia and Exploring Postoperative Visual Acuity

This article provides a step-by-step guide to correcting presbyopia with a monocular bi-aspheric ablation profile.

The study aims to evaluate visual acuity and objective visual quality before and after the monocular bi-aspheric ablation profile for correction of ...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, &#945;2- and &#946;-adrenergic blockers (e.g., brinzolamide, brimonidine, and timolol) are used to reduce the secretion of aqueous humor. Conversely, drugs like rho kinase inhibitors, prostaglandins, and cholinomimetics (e.g., netarsudil, latanoprost, and pilocarpine) increase the outflow of aqueous humor. These medications are typically administered topically as eye drops.
Although these drugs effectively lower intraocular pressure, they can also have side effects. For instance, brinzolamide, brimonidine, and timolol may cause burning, sleepiness, and bronchoconstriction, respectively. Similarly, netarsudil, latanoprost, and pilocarpine can lead to blurriness, changes in iris pigmentation, and weakened vision, respectively.

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This ...

Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma

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