作者没有致谢声明。

所有参加者在任何研究程序之前都提供口头和书面的同意。该项研究的议定书是按照《赫尔辛基宣言》进行的, 并得到了桑特·乌苏拉-Malpighi 教学医院人类研究道德委员会的批准。
1. 术前程序和眼科评价
<ol><li>测试距离和接近最佳矫正视力 (BCVA)。</li>
	<li>用狭缝灯显微镜评价眼前段。</li>
	<li>在注入了局部麻醉眼药水后, 用狭缝灯前房透镜检查前房角。</li>
	<li>用非接触眼底镜对裂隙灯间接眼底眼底进行评价。特别注意视盘头。</li>
	<li>
用 Goldmann 平眼压测量眼压。
	<ol>
<li>灌输局部麻醉眼药水以获得角膜麻醉。</li>
		<li>使用2% 荧光素 (眼科试纸) 对泪膜进行着色。 注: 用适量的荧光素对泪膜进行着色是至关重要的。高剂量产生太厚的荧光环与高估的眼压测量, 而低的数额产生太薄环与低估的眼压读数。</li>
		<li>在导光板上的眼压上安装狭缝灯轴。</li>
		<li>将蓝色钴滤光片和光束尽可能宽而明亮, 并将狭缝膜片完全打开。</li>
		<li>正确引导眼压头上的蓝色光束, 将狭缝光束放在同一个病人的眼睛的一侧, 在检查时, 以避免缝隙灯与病人的脸和病人的鼻子覆盖的光束的接触。</li>
		<li>请病人把头靠在狭缝灯头上, 睁大双眼, 直视前方, 保持完好。</li>
		<li>移动眼压使用狭缝灯操纵杆, 直到棱镜头部轻轻地与角膜表面的中心接触: 两个常规的荧光素撕裂半月圆, 通过每个棱镜, 当透过狭缝灯看目镜。</li>
		<li>顺时针旋转眼压一侧的校准旋钮, 使荧光素半圆圈靠近, 直到它们的内部边界相互接触, 形成一个水平 "S" 形: 在校准旋钮中显示的数字代表眼压措施. 注意: 一定要正确消毒, 用无菌水冲洗, 并在任何测量前擦拭眼压头。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
用非接触光学 biometer 测量眼部解剖参数。
	<ol>
<li>让病人把头靠在头枕上, 睁大双眼, 直视前方, 保持完全静止。</li>
		<li>移动光学 biometer 使用它的操纵杆适当地聚焦在角膜表面的中心: 一个箭头和一个绿色圈子在显示帮助临床医生找到正确的位置。</li>
		<li>单击操纵杆上的按钮开始测量: 显示屏上出现一条绿线, 并开始移动形成一个圆圈。在这段时间内尽可能保持位置。</li>
		<li>每只眼睛执行至少5测量, 以减少可能出现的错误并提高可靠性。仪器自动计算平均值。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>使用图工具 (图 1) 在3可能的选项 (11、12或 13 mm 的环形直径) 中计算处理探头的适当大小。 注意: 需要两个眼部解剖参数: 白-白 (WTW, 距离等于角膜水平直径) 和轴向长度 (AL, 从角膜尖到凹的距离)。</li>
	<li>处方对患者的匹罗卡品眼药水每天3次从3天开始手术前, 以确保正确的术中减数, 使更精确的靶向睫状体由探头交付的超声束。</li>
</ol>2. 手术前的程序
<ol><li>将病人置于手术床上的仰卧位。</li>
	<li>
在手术前30分钟执行一球浸润与10毫升局麻 (哌加罗哌卡因) 进行局部麻醉。
	<ol>
<li>使用27口径的针头, 在下轨道边缘的第三和内两三分之一的外侧或 superonasally 下的 inferotemporally 处进行注射。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 处理装置的制备
<ol><li>输入有关外科医生和病人的数据使用控制单元触摸屏, 然后选择眼睛治疗。 注: 第一代探头也可以选择4秒或6秒的超声曝光时间, 而第二代探头 (现在市面上唯一的) 只允许8秒的曝光时间。</li>
	<li>打开含有耦合锥和处理探头的无菌单使用设备包, 并将其电缆连接到控制单元。</li>
</ol>4. 程序
<ol><li>用10% 聚维酮碘3次准确消毒眼睑和眶皮肤。用干净无菌纱布擦拭消毒皮肤。</li>
	<li>在病人脸上放一个无菌的外科悬垂, 在治疗中以中心孔为中心, 以便正确地暴露它。</li>
	<li>将患者的头部稍稍向后躺, 以便使眼球表面水平放置, 使设备的锥的位置舒适 (图 2)。</li>
	<li>打开病人的眼睛, 不使用窥镜。</li>
	<li>将耦合锥放在眼表面上, 在颞侧有导管, 并轻轻移动至正确位置并将其居中, 形成一个均匀的白色巩膜环 (图 3)。如果需要, 使用外科钳来重新定位锥。 注意: 在角膜缘和圆锥内边界之间应可见2毫米的白色巩膜的最小均匀环。这个圆环应该是一样规则尽可能的所有沿360°眼睛保证最佳的中心的探针和因而正确目标的睫状体 (图 3)。</li>
	<li>按下脚开关上的吸入按钮, 从耦合锥的外围环开始低电平的吸力, 直到屏幕上的垂直条变为绿色。这使得在整个过程中 (图 4A) 中的连接锥与患者的眼睛保持直接接触。</li>
	<li>将治疗探头插入连接锥内, 并将电缆置于鼻腔位置。 注意: "单击" 声音将探测器的正确锚定到圆锥 (图 4B)。</li>
	<li>在开始和整个过程中, 在室温下, 用无菌平衡盐溶液 (BSS) 填充眼睛、锥和探针的空空间, 使治疗超声波的良好传播 (图 4C)。在适当水平的情况下重新填充 BSS 泄漏。</li>
	<li>让病人保持姿势, 并使头部完全静止。</li>
	<li>按下脚开关的启动按钮开始治疗, 并保持在所有的过程中的压力 (每个治疗部门之间的通道是完全自动的, 而无需释放脚开关的压力)。</li>
	<li>
在整个过程中牢牢地保持探头和耦合锥的最佳位置。避免移动、旋转或推探头, 以便在治疗期间 (图 4D) 允许治疗超声波束的最佳定心。 注: 在治疗过程中, 每一个六个传感器依次激活 4, 6, 或 8 s (取决于探针的生成), 与二十年代的间隔之前, 每次激活, 从上级部门和顺时针移动。控制单元显示了六传感器的顺序激活。外科治疗持续 124s, 136s, 或148s。<ol>
<li>松开脚踏开关的压力, 停止操作。在连续两个部门的激活之间的间歇处理中断的情况下, 治疗可以继续, 而不会失去任何部门;相反, 如果在某一部门的激活期间中断治疗, 有关部门的治疗就没有完成。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>在该过程结束时, 通过按下脚踏开关上的吸入按钮, 然后缓慢地倾斜锥, 直至 BSS 通过管状移除, 使吸入系统停用。</li>
</ol>5. 手术后的程序
<ol><li>术后立即将抗生素加类固醇滴眼液注入治疗眼中, 并将治疗后的眼部贴上24小时。 注意: 病人在手术后可以出院1小时。</li>
	<li>术后次日取出眼部眼罩, 检查治疗后的眼部, 并测量眼压。</li>
	<li>处方给患者抗生素加类固醇眼药水每天1月4次。</li>
	<li>检查治疗后的眼睛, 并测量眼压在 1, 7, 14 天, 1, 3, 6, 9 月, 和1年后的程序。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

青光眼是一种慢性渐进性疾病, 影响视神经, 需要新的有效治疗来改善远期预后。眼压的减少仍然被认为是唯一有效的治疗方法, 以防止或延迟视力领域的损失, 在眼睛和没有高眼压3。
是一种新的非切口 cyclodestructive 术, 可以降低眼压, 采取两种不同的方式: 减少水中的体液流入, 确定睫状体分泌上皮的选择性坏死, 增加水的幽默感。uveo-巩膜流出刺激跨巩膜和?...

青光眼是导致全世界失明的主要原因之一, 影响约1亿人的1。它是由神经纤维的渐进变性所产生的一种光学神经病, 它会聚在视神经上, 从而在视觉上减少了视力障碍, 最终导致失明而没有足够治疗2。
高眼压仍然被认为是青光眼发病和进展的主要危险因素, 目前唯一可以治疗的参数是减少视觉领域的损失3。通过使用局部或全身药物、激光或外科手术3,4, 可以通过减少水幽默的产生和/或通过小梁网增加其流出来达到眼压降低。在加热或冷冻后, 已经引入了许多物理过程来诱导睫状体的凝固坏死5,6,7,89, 10、11、12。然而, 缺乏选择性的目标组织和不可预知的剂量效应关系, 减少眼压限制他们只使用的眼睛与青光眼的常规医疗和外科治疗4。
在过去的几年中, 一个新的装置, 名为 "统一", 使用高强度聚焦超声 (HIFU) 已经开发, 目的是克服传统的 cyclodestructive 技术的局限性, 实现更有选择性的凝聚睫状体和避免可能损害相邻眼部结构13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21. 此外, 最近还提出了 uveo-巩膜流出通路的超脉络膜和反巩膜部分的刺激, 作为减少眼压的一个可能的辅助机制.迄今为止, 在不同类型和严重程度的青光眼中进行了七项主要临床研究, 证明了这种非切口手术的有效性和安全性14,15, 19,20,21,22,23,24。
本研究的目的是详细描述上述程序, 以便将其介绍的知识传播给科学医学界, 并为想接近这一新领域的外科医生提供有用的技巧和技巧。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BM 900 Slit Lamp Biomioscropy</td>
			<td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>BM 900</td>
			<td>Slit Lamp Biomiscroscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>G-4 Four-Mirror Glass Gonio Lens</td>
			<td>Volk Optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA</td>
			<td>#VG4</td>
			<td>Contact lens for gonioscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>78D Non Contact Slit Lamp Lens</td>
			<td>Volk Optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA</td>
			<td>#V78C</td>
			<td>Non contact slit lamp lens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HospiFluo strips</td>
			<td>AIESI Hospital Service S.a.s., Napoli, Italy</td>
			<td>AHS129</td>
			<td>Fluorescein sterile disposable strips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AT 900 Goldmann Applanation Tonometer</td>
			<td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>AT 900</td>
			<td>Goldmann applanation tonometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lenstar LS900</td>
			<td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>LS900</td>
			<td>Optical biometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pilocarpina 2% eye drops</td>
			<td>Farmigea, Pisa, Italy</td>
			<td>S01EB01</td>
			<td>Miotic eye drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mepivacaina 20mg/ml injectable solution</td>
			<td>Angelini, Roma, Italy</td>
			<td>N01BB03</td>
			<td>Local anesthetic for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Naropina 10mg/ml injectable solution</td>
			<td>AstraZeneca, Milano, Italy</td>
			<td>N01BB09</td>
			<td>Local anesthetic for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oftasteril 5% eye drops</td>
			<td>Alfa Intes, Napoli, Italy</td>
			<td>S01AX18</td>
			<td>5% povidone-iodine eye drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EyeOP1</td>
			<td>Eye Tech Care, Rillieux-la-Pape, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UCP device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSS (balanced salt solution)</td>
			<td>Alcon Inc., Forth Worth, TX, USA</td>
			<td>0065-1795-04</td>
			<td>Sterile irrigating solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tobradex eye drops</td>
			<td>Alcon Italia Spa, Milano, Italy</td>
			<td>S01CA01</td>
			<td>Antibiotic and steroid eye drops</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ultrasound cyclo plasty in eyes with glaucoma

青光眼是一种慢性疾病, 由光学神经纤维的渐进变性引起, 导致视力下降, 导致视力严重受损, 最终失明。这份手稿描述了一个简单的, 外科手术友好, 非切口技术, 命名为超声环成形术 (解偶), 以减少眼压 (眼压) 的青光眼患者。该技术决定了睫状体的选择性凝固坏死;此外, 最近还提出了 uveo-巩膜流出通路的超脉络膜和反巩膜部分的刺激。与以前的技术相比, 在超声技术方面有了一些技术上的改进, 为目标区域提供了更精确的聚焦。手术在手术室进行球麻醉。简单地说, 耦合锥是与眼睛和环探头, 其中包含六压电传感器, 产生超声束, 在它里面插入。他们正确的中心在眼表面代表了一个关键的步骤, 正确的靶向睫状体。用无菌平衡盐溶液填充空腔, 保证超声声传播。外科治疗包括在每一个六传感器的顺序自动激活, 总持续时间少于3分钟。病人在手术后离开医院1小时, 用治疗过的眼睛修补。在本研究中, 10 例开角型青光眼患者在术后至少12月内随访。与手术前相比, 每隔一段时间, 眼压降低, 低血压药物的数量也减少。20% 的患者对治疗没有反应, 需要随后的手术来更好地控制眼压。治疗耐受性好, 无眼压或肺结核。与传统的 cyclodestructive 程序相比, 这种方法更简单、更快、更安全、更少侵入, 从而减少眼压。

根据上述技术, 对开放角型青光眼患者10例 (6 男性和4女性, 平均年龄64.9 ±13.7 岁, 范围39–80岁) 十眼进行治疗。治疗暴露时间为2例, 6 例为4例, 8 患者为4秒。术前平均眼压为24.8 ±9.6 柱 (平均±标准差), 每日低血压下降值为3.9 ± 1.0, 每日胺片平均数为0.6 ±0.5。另外, 平均视力为 0.48 logMAR ± 0.6, 平均视场平均偏差为-12.65 ± 12.1 dB。
八?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma at JoVE.com

Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma

青光眼是一种慢性疾病, 逐渐退化的视神经纤维, 导致视野下降。眼压升高被认为是最重要和唯一可治疗的危险因素。这份手稿描述了一个简单的, 外科手术友好, 非切口技术, 命名为超声环成形术, 以减少眼压在青光眼患者。

青光眼眼中的超声环成形术

Glaucoma is a chronic disease caused by the progressive degeneration of the optical nerve fibers, resulting in decreased visual field that can lead to ...

ultrasound-cyclo-plasty-in-eyes-with-glaucoma

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.0K 次观看.  University of Bologna. 青光眼是一种慢性疾病, 逐渐退化的视神经纤维, 导致视野下降。眼压升高被认为是最重要和唯一可治疗的危险因素。这份手稿描述了一个简单的, 外科手术友好, 非切口技术, 命名为超声环成形术, 以减少眼压在青光眼患者。

视频: Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术与听觉刺激鸣禽

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

科研

行为学

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

皮质听觉，触觉加工的残疾儿童定量评价

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

测试儿童的感官和多感官功能自闭症谱系障碍

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging structures internal to the body. There has been a recent increase in the use of ultrasound technology to visualize the shape and movements of the tongue during speech, both in typical speakers and in clinical populations. Ultrasound imaging of speech has greatly expanded our understanding of how sounds articulated with the tongue (lingual sounds) are produced. Such information can be particularly valuable for speech-language pathologists. Among other advantages, ultrasound images can be used during speech therapy to provide (1) illustrative models of typical (i.e.&#160;&#34;correct&#34;) tongue configurations for speech sounds, and (2) a source of insight into the articulatory nature of deviant productions. The images can also be used as an additional source of feedback for clinical populations learning to distinguish their better productions from their incorrect productions, en route to establishing more effective articulatory habits.
Ultrasound feedback is increasingly used by scientists and clinicians as both the expertise of the users increases and as the expense of the equipment declines. In this tutorial, procedures are presented for collecting ultrasound images of the tongue in a clinical context. We illustrate these procedures in an extended example featuring one common error sound, American English /r/. Images of correct and distorted /r/ are used to demonstrate (1) how to interpret ultrasound images, (2) how to assess tongue shape during production of speech sounds, (3), how to categorize tongue shape errors, and (4), how to provide visual feedback to elicit a more appropriate and functional tongue shape. We present a sample protocol for using real-time ultrasound images of the tongue for visual feedback to remediate speech sound errors. Additionally, example data are shown to illustrate outcomes with the procedure.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.

舌的超声图像:一个教程评估和修复声音讲话的错误

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

Profiling Anti-Neu5Gc IgG in Human Sera with a Sialoglycan Microarray Assay

Cells are covered with a cloak of carbohydrate chains (glycans) that is commonly altered in cancer and that includes variations in sialic acid (Sia) expression. These are acidic sugars that have a 9-carbon backbone and that cap vertebrate glycans on cell surfaces. Two of the major Sia forms in mammals are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and its hydroxylated form, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Humans cannot produce endogenous Neu5Gc due to the inactivation of the gene encoding cytidine 5&#39;monophosphate-Neu5Ac (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase (CMAH). Foreign Neu5Gc is acquired by human cells through the dietary consumption of red meat and dairy and subsequently appears on diverse glycans on the cell surface, accumulating mostly on carcinomas. Consequently, humans have circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies that play diverse roles in cancer and other chronic inflammation-mediated diseases and that are becoming potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Here, we describe a high-throughput sialoglycan microarray assay to assess such anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in the human sera. Neu5Gc-containing glycans and their matched pairs of controls (Neu5Ac-containing glycans), each with a core primary amine, are covalently linked to epoxy-coated glass slides. We exemplify the printing of 56 slides in a 16-well format using a specific nano-printer capable of generating up to 896 arrays per print. Each slide can be used to screen 16 different human sera samples for the evaluation of anti-Neu5Gc antibody specificity, intensity, and diversity. The protocol describes the complexity of this robust tool and provides a basic guideline for those aiming to investigate the response to Neu5Gc dietary carbohydrate antigen in diverse clinical samples in an array format.

A sialoglycan microarray assay can be used to evaluate anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in human sera, making it a potential high-throughput diagnostic assay for cancer and other chronic inflammation-mediated human diseases.

使用唾液酸多糖微阵列测定在人血清中分析抗Neu5Gc IgG

Cells are covered with a cloak of carbohydrate chains (glycans) that is commonly altered in cancer and that includes variations in sialic acid (Sia) ...

Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality specific. In the canonical metronome synchronization task that requires tapping a finger along with an isochronous sequence, a well-established finding is that synchronization is much more stable to an auditory sequence consisting of auditory tones than to a visual sequence consisting of visual flashes. However, recent studies have shown that periodically moving visual stimuli can substantially improve synchronization compared with visual flashes. In particular, synchronization of a visual bouncing ball that has a uniformly varying velocity was found to be not less stable than synchronization of auditory tones. Here, the current protocol describes the application of the bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task. The usage of the bouncing ball in sequences with different inter-onset intervals (IOI) is included. The representative results illustrate synchronization performance of the bouncing ball, as compared with the performances of auditory tones and visual flashes. Given its comparable synchronization performance to that of auditory tones, the bouncing ball is of particular importance for addressing the current research topic of whether modality-specific mechanisms underlay SMS.

The purpose of this protocol is to introduce the application of a bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task.

节拍器同步任务中具有均匀变速的弹跳球

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality ...