Os autores têm sem agradecimentos para declarar.

Todos os participantes desde o consentimento verbal e escrito antes de qualquer estudo de procedimento. O protocolo do estudo foi realizado em conformidade com a declaração de Helsínquia e foi aprovado pelo Comitê de ética para pesquisa humana do Hospital Universitário de Malpighi-S.Orsola.
1. procedimentos pré-operatório e Avaliação oftalmológica
<ol><li>Teste a distância e perto de acuidade Visual melhor corrigido (BCVA).</li>
	<li>Avalie o segmento anterior do olho usando um microscópio de lâmpada de fenda.</li>
	<li>Examine o ângulo da câmara anterior usando uma lente de gonioscopy de lâmpada de fenda após ter instilado colírio anestésico tópico.</li>
	<li>Avalie o fundo por Oftalmoscopia indireta de fenda lâmpada com o uso de lentes de fundo de não-contato. Atenção especial para a cabeça do disco óptico.</li>
	<li>
Medir o IOP usando tonometria de aplanação de Goldmann.
	<ol>
<li>Instile colírio anestésico tópico para obter anestesia da córnea.</li>
		<li>Cor do filme lacrimal, usando 2% de fluoresceína (tiras oftálmicas). Nota: É crucial para a cor do filme lacrimal com a quantidade adequada de fluoresceína. Quantidades elevadas produzem anéis fluoresceína muito grosso com medidas IOP superestimadas, enquanto quantidades baixas produzem anéis muito finos com leituras de IOP subestimadas.</li>
		<li>Monte o tonometer na placa de guia ao longo do eixo de lâmpada de fenda.</li>
		<li>Defina a luz de filtro azul cobalto e o feixe de luz como ampla e brilhante quanto possível com o diafragma de fenda totalmente aberto.</li>
		<li>Corretamente direcione o feixe de luz azul na cabeça tonometer colocando o feixe de fenda de 60° do lado do mesmo paciente do olho sob exame, a fim de evitar o contato da lâmpada de fenda com o rosto do paciente e a cobertura do feixe de luz pelo nariz do paciente.</li>
		<li>Pedir ao paciente para inclinar a cabeça sobre o encosto de cabeça de lâmpada de fenda, abra ambos os olhos, olhe para frente e manter perfeitamente ainda.</li>
		<li>Mover o tonometer usando o joystick de lâmpada de fenda até que a cabeça de biprism é suavemente em contato com o centro da superfície da córnea: duas hemi-círculos regulares do menisco lacrimal de fluoresceína são visualizados através de cada prisma quando se olha através das oculares de lâmpada de fenda.</li>
		<li>Gire no sentido horário o manípulo calibrado no lado o tonometer aproximar os fluoresceína visualizado hemi-círculos até suas fronteiras internas só se tocam, formando uma horizontal em forma de "S": o número indicado no botão calibrado representa o IOP medida. Nota: Certifique-se de desinfectar adequadamente, enxágue com água estéril e limpe a cabeça de tonometer antes de qualquer medição.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Medir os parâmetros anatômicos oculares por meio de um biômetro óptico sem contato.
	<ol>
<li>Pedir ao paciente para inclinar a cabeça no encosto de cabeça, abra ambos os olhos, olhe para frente e manter perfeitamente ainda.</li>
		<li>Mover o biômetro óptico utilizando seu joystick se para concentrar corretamente sobre o centro da superfície da córnea: uma seta e um círculo verde no visor ajudam o médico a encontrar a posição correcta.</li>
		<li>Clique no botão sobre o joystick para iniciar a medição: uma linha verde no visor e começa a mover-se formando um círculo. Manter a posição mais imóvel possível durante este tempo.</li>
		<li>Realize pelo menos 5 medições por olho para reduzir possíveis erros e aumentar a confiabilidade. O instrumento calcula automaticamente o valor médio.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Use a ferramenta de nomograma (Figura 1) para calcular o tamanho adequado da sonda tratamento entre as 3 opções possíveis (11, 12 ou 13 mm de diâmetro do anel). Nota: Dois parâmetros anatômicos oculares são necessários: a-a-branca (WTW, distância igual ao diâmetro horizontal da córnea) e o comprimento axial (AL, distância do ápice da córnea de fóvea).</li>
	<li>Prescrever para o paciente pilocarpina colírio 3 vezes por dia a partir de 3 dias antes da cirurgia para garantir a adequada Miose intra-operatória, permitindo uma maior precisão definião de corpo ciliar os feixes de ultra-som entregues pela sonda.</li>
</ol>2. pré-cirúrgicas
<ol><li>Coloca o paciente em posição supina na cama cirúrgica.</li>
	<li>
Administre uma anestesia local, realizando uma infiltração de APB com 10 mL de anestésicos locais (mepivacaína além de ropivacaína) 30 min antes da cirurgia.
	<ol>
<li>Execute o inferotemporally de injeção na junção do terço exterior e interior dois terço da borda orbital inferior ou superonasally sob o entalhe orbital superior usando uma agulha de calibre 27.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. preparação do dispositivo de tratamento
<ol><li>Inserir dados sobre o cirurgião e o paciente usando a unidade de controle tela de toque e selecione o olho para tratar. Nota: sondas de primeira geração também podem escolher entre 4 s ou 6 s de tempo de exposição de ultra-som, enquanto as sondas de segunda geração (os únicos agora disponíveis no mercado) permitem apenas 8 s de tempo de exposição.</li>
	<li>Abre a mochila de dispositivo estéril de uso único, contendo o cone de acoplamento e a sonda de tratamento e conectar os cabos à unidade de controle.</li>
</ol>4. UCP procedimento
<ol><li>Desinfecte com precisão o palpebral e periorbital pele com 10% de iodo-povidona 3 vezes. Limpe a pele desinfectada com gazes estéreis limpo.</li>
	<li>Colocar um pano cirúrgico estéril sobre a face do paciente com um furo central, centrado sobre o olho sob tratamento para expô-lo corretamente.</li>
	<li>Coloque a cabeça do paciente deitado levemente para trás a fim de colocar a superfície ocular horizontalmente, permitindo um posicionamento confortável do cone do dispositivo (Figura 2).</li>
	<li>Abra o olho do paciente sem usar o espéculo.</li>
	<li>Coloque o cone de acoplamento sobre a superfície ocular, com a tubulação do lado temporal e mova-se para a correcta posição e centralizá-lo, formando um anel escleral branco uniforme em torno ao limbo (Figura 3). Use uma pinça cirúrgica para reposicionar o cone, se necessário. Nota: Um anel uniforme mínimo de 2 mm da esclera branca deve ser visível entre o limbo e a fronteira interior do cone. Este anel deveria ser tão regular quanto possível ao longo de 360 ° do olho para garantir a centralização ideal da sonda e, consequentemente, o direcionamento correto do corpo ciliar (Figura 3).</li>
	<li>Aperte o botão de aspiração o pedal para iniciar uma sucção de baixo nível do anel periférico do acoplamento cone até que a barra vertical na tela se torna verde. Isto permite a manutenção do acoplamento cone em contato direto com o olho do paciente durante todo o procedimento(Figura 4).</li>
	<li>Introduza a sonda de tratamento dentro do cone de acoplamento, com o cabo na posição nasal. Nota: Um som de "clique" confirma a fixação adequada da sonda para o cone (Figura 4B).</li>
	<li>Preencha o espaço vazio, delimitado pelo olho, o cone e a sonda com solução salina equilibrada estéril (BSS) à temperatura ambiente no início e durante todo o procedimento para permitir boa propagação do ultra-som terapêutico (Figura 4). Reencha o nível apropriado, em caso de vazamento BSS.</li>
	<li>Pedir ao paciente para manter a posição e manter perfeitamente ainda na cabeça.</li>
	<li>Aperte o botão iniciar o pedal para iniciar o tratamento e mantenha a pressão durante todo o procedimento (a passagem entre cada setor de tratamento é completamente automática sem a necessidade de liberar a pressão do pé interruptor).</li>
	<li>
Manter firmemente na posição ideal a sonda e o cone de acoplamento durante todo o procedimento. Evite mover, girar ou empurrar a sonda a fim de permitir a melhor centralização dos feixes de ultra-som terapêutico durante o tratamento (Figura 4). Nota: Durante o tratamento, cada um dos seis transdutores são sequencialmente ativados para 4, 6 ou 8 s (dependendo da geração da sonda), com 20 s de intervalo antes de cada ativação, a partir dos sectores superiores e movendo no sentido horário. A unidade de controle mostra a ativação sequencial dos seis transdutores. Tratamento cirúrgico dura 124 s, 136 s, ou 148 s.<ol>
<li>A pressão sobre o pedal para parar o procedimento de lançamento. Em caso de interrupção do tratamento durante o intervalo entre a ativação de dois setores consecutivos, o tratamento pode continuar sem perder qualquer sector; pelo contrário, em caso de interrupção do tratamento durante a ativação de um setor, o tratamento no sector em questão não é completado.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>No final do procedimento, desactive o sistema de sucção, pressionando o botão de aspiração no interruptor de pé e lentamente incline o cone até BSS é removido através do tubo.</li>
</ol>5. pós-cirúrgico
<ol><li>Incutir o antibiótico mais esteroides colírio nos olhos tratados imediatamente após o procedimento e o remendo do olho tratado por 24 h. Nota: Os pacientes podem deixar o hospital 1 h após o procedimento.</li>
	<li>Remover o tapa-olho no dia após o procedimento, examinar o olho Tratado e medir o IOP.</li>
	<li>Prescrever ao paciente antibiótico mais esteroides colírio 4 vezes por dia durante 1 mês.</li>
	<li>Examinar o olho Tratado e medir o IOP em 1, 7 e 14 dias, 1, 3, 6 e 9 meses e 1 ano após o procedimento.</li>
</ol>

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Os autores não têm nada para divulgar.

Glaucoma é uma doença progressiva crônica que afetam o nervo óptico para que novos tratamentos eficazes são necessárias para melhorar o prognóstico a longo prazo. A redução de IOP é ainda considerada a terapia eficaz para prevenir ou retardar a perda de campo visual, olhos com e sem elevado IOP3.
UCP é um novo procedimento de cyclodestructive não-incisional pode diminuir IOP, agindo de duas maneiras diferentes: reduz o fluxo de humor aquoso determinar a necr...

Glaucoma representa uma das principais causas de cegueira no mundo, afetando aproximadamente 100 milhões de pessoas1. É uma neuropatia óptica gerada pela degeneração progressiva das fibras nervosas que convergem para o nervo óptico, resultando funcionalmente em uma diminuição do campo visual que pode progredir a deficiência visual e, eventualmente, cegueira sem adequada tratamento2.
IOP elevado ainda é considerado o principal fator de risco para o aparecimento de glaucoma e progressão e atualmente o parâmetro apenas tratável para reduzir a perda de campo visual3. IOP redução pode ser conseguida por tanto reduzindo a produção de humor aquoso e/ou aumentando o seu escoamento através da malha trabecular pelo uso de drogas tópicas ou sistêmicas, laser ou cirurgia3,4. Muitos processos físicos foram já introduzidos para induzir a necrose de coagulação do corpo ciliar seguindo o aquecimento ou o congelamento de5,6,7,8,9, 10,11,12. No entanto, a falta de seletividade para o tecido-alvo e a relação dose-efeito imprevisível na redução IOP limitar seu uso apenas aos olhos com glaucoma resistente à convencional terapias médicas e cirúrgicas4.
Nos últimos anos, foi desenvolvido um novo dispositivo, chamado UCP, que emprega o ultrasound focalizado de alta intensidade (HIFU), com o objetivo de superar as limitações das técnicas tradicionais de cyclodestructive, conseguindo uma coagulação mais seletiva do corpo ciliar e evitando possíveis danos ao estruturas oculares adjacentes13,14,15,16,17,18,19, 20 , 21. Além disso, a estimulação das porções supracoróide e trans-escleral da via de saída uveo-scleral foi recentemente proposta como um possível mecanismo adjuvante do procedimento na redução IOP22. Até à data, sete grandes estudos clínicos têm sido realizados usando o dispositivo da UCP em diferentes tipos e graus de gravidade do glaucoma, demonstrando a eficácia e a segurança deste procedimento não-incisional14,15, 19,20,21,22,23,24.
O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o procedimento acima referido em pormenor, a fim de difundir o conhecimento da sua introdução para a comunidade científica e médica e para fornecer dicas úteis e truques para cirurgiões que gostam de abordar neste campo romance.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BM 900 Slit Lamp Biomioscropy</td>
			<td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>BM 900</td>
			<td>Slit Lamp Biomiscroscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>G-4 Four-Mirror Glass Gonio Lens</td>
			<td>Volk Optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA</td>
			<td>#VG4</td>
			<td>Contact lens for gonioscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>78D Non Contact Slit Lamp Lens</td>
			<td>Volk Optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA</td>
			<td>#V78C</td>
			<td>Non contact slit lamp lens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HospiFluo strips</td>
			<td>AIESI Hospital Service S.a.s., Napoli, Italy</td>
			<td>AHS129</td>
			<td>Fluorescein sterile disposable strips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AT 900 Goldmann Applanation Tonometer</td>
			<td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>AT 900</td>
			<td>Goldmann applanation tonometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lenstar LS900</td>
			<td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>LS900</td>
			<td>Optical biometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pilocarpina 2% eye drops</td>
			<td>Farmigea, Pisa, Italy</td>
			<td>S01EB01</td>
			<td>Miotic eye drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mepivacaina 20mg/ml injectable solution</td>
			<td>Angelini, Roma, Italy</td>
			<td>N01BB03</td>
			<td>Local anesthetic for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Naropina 10mg/ml injectable solution</td>
			<td>AstraZeneca, Milano, Italy</td>
			<td>N01BB09</td>
			<td>Local anesthetic for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oftasteril 5% eye drops</td>
			<td>Alfa Intes, Napoli, Italy</td>
			<td>S01AX18</td>
			<td>5% povidone-iodine eye drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EyeOP1</td>
			<td>Eye Tech Care, Rillieux-la-Pape, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UCP device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSS (balanced salt solution)</td>
			<td>Alcon Inc., Forth Worth, TX, USA</td>
			<td>0065-1795-04</td>
			<td>Sterile irrigating solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tobradex eye drops</td>
			<td>Alcon Italia Spa, Milano, Italy</td>
			<td>S01CA01</td>
			<td>Antibiotic and steroid eye drops</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ultrasound cyclo plasty in eyes with glaucoma

Glaucoma é uma doença crônica causada pela degeneração progressiva das fibras do nervo ópticas, resultando em diminuição da campo visual que pode levar à severa deficiência visual e eventualmente cegueira. Este manuscrito descreve uma técnica simples, cirurgião-friendly, não-incisional, chamada ultra-som Cyclo plastia (UCP), para a redução da pressão intra-ocular (Pio) em pacientes do glaucoma. A técnica determina uma necrose de coagulação seletiva do corpo ciliar; Além disso, a estimulação das porções supracoróide e trans-escleral da via de saída uveo escleral tem sido recentemente proposta. UCP mostra vários aperfeiçoamentos técnicos em tecnologia de ultra-som em relação às técnicas anteriores, fornecendo mais precisos, enfocando a zona-alvo. O procedimento é realizado na sala de cirurgia sob anestesia APB. Resumidamente, o cone de acoplamento é colocado em contato com o olho e a sonda de anel, que contém seis transdutores piezoelétricos que produzem os feixes de ultra-som, é inserida no seu interior. Sua centralização adequada sobre a superfície ocular representa um passo fundamental para o direcionamento correto do corpo ciliar. Solução salina estéril e equilibrada é usada para preencher os espaços vazios para garantir a propagação acústica de ultra-som. Tratamento cirúrgico consiste na ativação automática sequencial de cada um dos seis transdutores, para uma duração total de menos de 3 min. O paciente deixa o hospital 1 h após o procedimento com o olho Tratado remendado. No presente estudo, 10 pacientes com glaucoma de ângulo aberto foram acompanhados durante pelo menos 12 meses após o procedimento. IOP foi reduzida em cada intervalo em relação ao pré-operatórias, bem como o número de medicamentos hipotensores. Vinte por cento dos pacientes não respondeu ao tratamento e precisava de cirurgia subsequente para melhor controlar IOP. Tolerabilidade do tratamento foi boa, com nenhum caso de grave ou phthisis. O procedimento UCP é mais simples, mais rápido, mais seguro e menos invasivo do que a tradicional cyclodestructive procedimentos com resultados semelhantes na redução da pio.

Dez olhos de 10 pacientes (6 homens e 4 mulheres, quer dizer idade 64,9 ± 13,7 anos, gama 39 – 80 anos) afetados pelo glaucoma de ângulo aberto foram tratados com o dispositivo da UCP de acordo com a técnica descrita acima. Tempo de exposição de tratamento foi 4 s para 2 pacientes, 6 s para 4 doentes e 8 s para 4 pacientes. Antes da cirurgia, a média IOP foi de 24,8 ± 9,6 mmHg (média ± desvio-padrão), enquanto o número médio de gotas diárias de hipotensor foi 3,9 ± 1.0 e o...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma at JoVE.com

Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma

Glaucoma é uma doença crônica, com degeneração progressiva das fibras de nervo óptico, resultando em diminuição de campo visual. Elevada pressão intraocular é considerada o mais importante e o fator de risco apenas tratável. Este manuscrito descreve uma técnica simples, cirurgião-friendly, não-incisional, chamada Cyclo Plasty de ultra-som, para reduzir a pressão intra-ocular em pacientes do glaucoma.

Ultra-som Cyclo Plasty nos olhos com Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a chronic disease caused by the progressive degeneration of the optical nerve fibers, resulting in decreased visual field that can lead to ...

ultrasound-cyclo-plasty-in-eyes-with-glaucoma

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.0K visualizações.  University of Bologna. Glaucoma é uma doença crônica, com degeneração progressiva das fibras de nervo óptico, resultando em diminuição de campo visual. Elevada pressão intraocular é considerada o mais importante e o fator de risco apenas tratável. Este manuscrito descreve uma técnica simples, cirurgião-friendly, não-incisional, chamada Cyclo Plasty de ultra-som, para reduzir a pressão intra-ocular em pacientes do glaucoma.

Vídeo: Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

Ressonância Magnética Funcional (fMRI), com estimulação auditiva em aves canoras

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

Comportamento

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

Avaliação Quantitativa de processamento cortical auditivo-tátil em Crianças com Deficiência

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Medição de fronto-límbico Atividade Usando um emocional Oddball Task em Crianças com Familial alto risco para Esquizofrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

Descobrindo batida Surdez: Distúrbios Detecção de ritmo com o dedo Sincronizado Tapping e Tarefas de temporização da Percepção

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Um procedimento para Observar Renovação induzida por Contexto de pavloviano condicionado Comportamento Álcool-seeking em Ratos

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

Executar tarefas comportamentais em indivíduos com intracranianos Eletrodos

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

Teste de função sensorial e multisensorial de crianças com distúrbios do espectro do autismo

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging structures internal to the body. There has been a recent increase in the use of ultrasound technology to visualize the shape and movements of the tongue during speech, both in typical speakers and in clinical populations. Ultrasound imaging of speech has greatly expanded our understanding of how sounds articulated with the tongue (lingual sounds) are produced. Such information can be particularly valuable for speech-language pathologists. Among other advantages, ultrasound images can be used during speech therapy to provide (1) illustrative models of typical (i.e.&#160;&#34;correct&#34;) tongue configurations for speech sounds, and (2) a source of insight into the articulatory nature of deviant productions. The images can also be used as an additional source of feedback for clinical populations learning to distinguish their better productions from their incorrect productions, en route to establishing more effective articulatory habits.
Ultrasound feedback is increasingly used by scientists and clinicians as both the expertise of the users increases and as the expense of the equipment declines. In this tutorial, procedures are presented for collecting ultrasound images of the tongue in a clinical context. We illustrate these procedures in an extended example featuring one common error sound, American English /r/. Images of correct and distorted /r/ are used to demonstrate (1) how to interpret ultrasound images, (2) how to assess tongue shape during production of speech sounds, (3), how to categorize tongue shape errors, and (4), how to provide visual feedback to elicit a more appropriate and functional tongue shape. We present a sample protocol for using real-time ultrasound images of the tongue for visual feedback to remediate speech sound errors. Additionally, example data are shown to illustrate outcomes with the procedure.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.

Ultra-som Imagens da língua: um tutorial para avaliação e remediação de erros de fala de som

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

Profiling Anti-Neu5Gc IgG in Human Sera with a Sialoglycan Microarray Assay

Cells are covered with a cloak of carbohydrate chains (glycans) that is commonly altered in cancer and that includes variations in sialic acid (Sia) expression. These are acidic sugars that have a 9-carbon backbone and that cap vertebrate glycans on cell surfaces. Two of the major Sia forms in mammals are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and its hydroxylated form, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Humans cannot produce endogenous Neu5Gc due to the inactivation of the gene encoding cytidine 5&#39;monophosphate-Neu5Ac (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase (CMAH). Foreign Neu5Gc is acquired by human cells through the dietary consumption of red meat and dairy and subsequently appears on diverse glycans on the cell surface, accumulating mostly on carcinomas. Consequently, humans have circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies that play diverse roles in cancer and other chronic inflammation-mediated diseases and that are becoming potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Here, we describe a high-throughput sialoglycan microarray assay to assess such anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in the human sera. Neu5Gc-containing glycans and their matched pairs of controls (Neu5Ac-containing glycans), each with a core primary amine, are covalently linked to epoxy-coated glass slides. We exemplify the printing of 56 slides in a 16-well format using a specific nano-printer capable of generating up to 896 arrays per print. Each slide can be used to screen 16 different human sera samples for the evaluation of anti-Neu5Gc antibody specificity, intensity, and diversity. The protocol describes the complexity of this robust tool and provides a basic guideline for those aiming to investigate the response to Neu5Gc dietary carbohydrate antigen in diverse clinical samples in an array format.

A sialoglycan microarray assay can be used to evaluate anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in human sera, making it a potential high-throughput diagnostic assay for cancer and other chronic inflammation-mediated human diseases.

Perfis Anti-Neu5Gc IgG em Sera Humana com um Ensaio de Microarray de Sialoglicano

Cells are covered with a cloak of carbohydrate chains (glycans) that is commonly altered in cancer and that includes variations in sialic acid (Sia) ...

Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality specific. In the canonical metronome synchronization task that requires tapping a finger along with an isochronous sequence, a well-established finding is that synchronization is much more stable to an auditory sequence consisting of auditory tones than to a visual sequence consisting of visual flashes. However, recent studies have shown that periodically moving visual stimuli can substantially improve synchronization compared with visual flashes. In particular, synchronization of a visual bouncing ball that has a uniformly varying velocity was found to be not less stable than synchronization of auditory tones. Here, the current protocol describes the application of the bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task. The usage of the bouncing ball in sequences with different inter-onset intervals (IOI) is included. The representative results illustrate synchronization performance of the bouncing ball, as compared with the performances of auditory tones and visual flashes. Given its comparable synchronization performance to that of auditory tones, the bouncing ball is of particular importance for addressing the current research topic of whether modality-specific mechanisms underlay SMS.

The purpose of this protocol is to introduce the application of a bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task.

Quicar a bola com velocidade uniformemente variada em uma tarefa de sincronização do metrônomo

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality ...