Los autores no tienen ninguna agradecimientos a declarar.

Todos los participantes proporcionaron consentimiento informado verbal y escrito antes de cualquier procedimiento de estudio. El protocolo del estudio se llevó a cabo con arreglo a la declaración de Helsinki y fue aprobado por el Comité de ética de investigación del Hospital de enseñanza S.Orsola Malpighi.
1. preoperatorios procedimientos y evaluación oftalmológica
<ol><li>Prueba de distancia y cerca de la agudeza Visual mejor corregida (BCVA).</li>
	<li>Evaluar el segmento anterior del ojo mediante un biomicroscopio de lámpara de hendidura.</li>
	<li>Examinar el ángulo de cámara anterior utilizando una lente de gonioscopia de lámpara de hendidura después de haber instilado gotas de anestésico tópico.</li>
	<li>Evaluar el fondo de ojo por oftalmoscopia indirecta de lámpara de hendidura con el uso de una lente de contacto no del fondo. Prestar especial atención a la cabeza del disco óptico.</li>
	<li>
Medir la presión intraocular mediante tonometría de aplanación de Goldmann.
	<ol>
<li>Instilar gotas de anestésico tópico para obtener anestesia corneal.</li>
		<li>Color de la película lagrimal con fluoresceína 2% (Tiras oftálmicas). Nota: Es crucial para la película del rasgón con la cantidad apropiada de la fluoresceína de color. Altas cantidades producen anillos demasiado gruesa fluoresceína con medidas de Pio sobreestimadas, mientras que pequeñas cantidades producen demasiado delgados anillos con lecturas de Pio subestimadas.</li>
		<li>Monte el tonometer en la placa sobre el eje de la lámpara de hendidura.</li>
		<li>Establecer la luz de filtro azul cobalto y el haz de luz como amplia y brillante como sea posible con el diafragma de la abertura totalmente abierto.</li>
		<li>Dirigir adecuadamente el haz de luz azul en el cabezal del tonómetro poniendo el haz de corte a 60° en lado del mismo paciente del ojo bajo examen, para evitar el contacto de la lámpara de hendidura con la cara del paciente y la cubierta del rayo de luz por la nariz del paciente.</li>
		<li>Pida al paciente que apoye la cabeza sobre el reposacabezas de la lámpara de hendidura, abrir ambos ojos, mirar recto hacia delante y mantener perfectamente todavía.</li>
		<li>Mueve el tonómetro con el joystick de la lámpara de hendidura hasta que la cabeza biprism es suavemente en contacto con el centro de la superficie corneal: dos círculos de hemi regulares del menisco lagrimal de fluoresceína se visualizan a través de cada prisma cuando se mira a través de los oculares de la lámpara de hendidura.</li>
		<li>Gire la perilla de calibrado en el lado de lo tonometer para traer cerca de los fluoresceína visualizado hemi-círculos hasta que sus fronteras interiores solo tocan unos con otros, formando una forma de "S" horizontal: el número indicado en la perilla de calibrado representa la presión intraocular medida. Nota: Asegúrese de desinfectar, enjuagar con agua estéril y limpie el cabezal del tonómetro antes de cualquier medición correctamente.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Medir los parámetros anatómicos oculares mediante un BIÓMETRO óptico sin contacto.
	<ol>
<li>Pida al paciente que apoye la cabeza sobre el reposacabezas, abrir ambos ojos, mirar recto hacia delante y mantener perfectamente todavía.</li>
		<li>Mover el BIÓMETRO óptico con su joystick concentrarse correctamente en el centro de la superficie corneal: una flecha y un círculo verde en la pantalla ayudan al médico a encontrar la posición correcta.</li>
		<li>Haga clic en el botón en la palanca de mando para iniciar la medición: una línea verde aparece en la pantalla y se pone en movimiento formando un círculo. Mantener la posición como todavía posible durante este tiempo.</li>
		<li>Realizar al menos 5 mediciones por ojo para reducir posibles errores y aumentar la fiabilidad. El instrumento calcula automáticamente el valor medio.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Utilice la herramienta de Nomograma (figura 1) para calcular el tamaño adecuado de la sonda de tratamiento entre las 3 opciones posibles (11, 12 o 13 mm de diámetro de anillo). Nota: Se necesitan dos parámetros anatómicos oculares: el blanco con blanco (WTW, distancia equivalente al diámetro corneal horizontal) y la longitud axial (AL, distancia del ápice corneal a la fóvea).</li>
	<li>Prescribir a las paciente pilocarpina gotas 3 veces por día a partir de 3 días antes de la cirugía para asegurar la adecuada miosis intraoperatoria, permitiendo una focalización más precisa del cuerpo ciliar por las vigas del ultrasonido entregados por la sonda.</li>
</ol>2. proceso prequirúrgico
<ol><li>Colocar al paciente en posición supina en la cama quirúrgica.</li>
	<li>
Administrar anestesia local mediante la realización de una infiltración peribulbar con 10 mL de anestésicos locales (mepivacaine y ropivacaine) 30 min antes de la cirugía.
	<ol>
<li>Realizar la inyección inferotemporally en la Unión del tercio externo y dos tercio interno del borde orbital inferior o superonasally debajo de la ranura orbital superior usando una aguja de calibre 27.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. preparación del dispositivo de tratamiento
<ol><li>Introducir datos sobre el cirujano y paciente usando la unidad de control de pantalla táctil y seleccione el ojo a tratar. Nota: las sondas de primera generación también pueden elegir entre 4 s o 6 s de tiempo de la exposición del ultrasonido, mientras que las sondas de segunda generación (los únicos ahora disponibles en el mercado) permiten sólo 8 s de tiempo de exposición.</li>
	<li>Abra el paquete del dispositivo estéril de un solo uso que contiene el cono de acoplamiento y la sonda de tratamiento y conectar sus cables a la unidad de control.</li>
</ol>4. UCP procedimiento
<ol><li>Desinfectar con precisión la palpebral y periorbitario piel con povidona-yodo al 10% 3 veces. Limpie la piel desinfectada con gasas limpias estériles.</li>
	<li>Poner un paño quirúrgico estéril sobre la cara del paciente con un agujero central centrado sobre el ojo bajo tratamiento con el fin de exponerlo correctamente.</li>
	<li>Coloque la cabeza del paciente ligeramente hacia atrás de mentira para poner la superficie ocular horizontal que permite una cómoda colocación del cono del dispositivo (figura 2).</li>
	<li>Abrir el ojo del paciente sin utilizar el espéculo.</li>
	<li>Coloque el cono de acoplamiento sobre la superficie ocular, con un tubo en el lado temporal y suavemente mueva correctamente la posición y el centro, formando un anillo escleral blanco uniforme alrededor del limbus (figura 3). Utilizar una pinza quirúrgica para volver a colocar el cono, si es necesario. Nota: Un mínimo anillo uniforme de 2 mm de esclera blanco debe ser visible entre el limbo y la frontera interna del cono. Este anillo debe ser tan regular como sea posible a lo largo de los 360 ° del ojo para asegurar el centrado óptimo de la sonda y por lo tanto la selección correcta del cuerpo ciliar (figura 3).</li>
	<li>Presione el botón de aspiración en el interruptor de pie para iniciar una succión de bajo nivel desde el anillo periférico del cono de acoplamiento hasta que la barra vertical en la pantalla se pone verde. Esto permite el mantenimiento del cono de acoplamiento en contacto directo con el ojo del paciente a lo largo de todo el procedimiento (figura 4A).</li>
	<li>Inserte la sonda de tratamiento dentro del cono de acoplamiento, con el cable en posición nasal. Nota: Un sonido de "clic" confirma el correcto anclaje de la sonda en el cono (Figura 4B).</li>
	<li>Llenar el espacio vacío delimitado por el ojo, el cono y la sonda con solución salina equilibrada (BSS) estéril, a temperatura ambiente al inicio y durante todo el procedimiento para permitir la buena propagación de los ultrasonidos terapéuticos (figura 4). Llene al nivel que corresponda en caso de fuga BSS.</li>
	<li>Pida al paciente que mantenga la posición y mantener perfectamente todavía la cabeza.</li>
	<li>Presione el botón de inicio en el interruptor de pie para iniciar el tratamiento y mantener la presión durante todo el procedimiento (el paso entre cada sector tratamiento es totalmente automático sin necesidad de liberar la presión del interruptor de pie).</li>
	<li>
Mantener firmemente en la posición óptima la sonda y el cono de acoplamiento durante todo el procedimiento. Evitar el movimiento, girando o presionando la punta de prueba para permitir el mejor centrado de haces de ultrasonidos terapéutico durante el tratamiento (figura 4). Nota: Durante el tratamiento, cada uno de los seis transductores son secuencialmente activados para 4, 6 u 8 s (dependiendo de la generación de la sonda), con 20 s de intervalo antes de cada activación, a partir de los sectores superiores y moviendo las agujas del reloj. La unidad de control muestra la activación secuencial de los seis transductores. Tratamiento quirúrgico dura 124 s, 136 s o 148 s.<ol>
<li>Liberar la presión sobre el pedal para detener el procedimiento. En caso de interrupción del tratamiento durante el intervalo entre la activación de dos sectores consecutivos, el tratamiento puede continuar sin perder cualquier sector; por el contrario, en caso de interrupción del tratamiento durante la activación de un sector, el tratamiento en el sector en cuestión no se ha completado.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Al final del procedimiento, desactivar el sistema de succión presionando el botón de aspiración en el interruptor de pie y lentamente incline el cono hasta BSS se elimina a través del tubo.</li>
</ol>5. post-quirúrgicas
<ol><li>Gotas de antibiótico y esteroides colirio en el ojo tratado inmediatamente después del procedimiento y parche el ojo tratado durante 24 h. Nota: Los pacientes pueden dejar el hospital 1 h después del procedimiento.</li>
	<li>Retire el parche en el ojo el día después del procedimiento, examinar el ojo tratado y medir la presión intraocular.</li>
	<li>Prescribir a las paciente antibiótico y esteroide gotas 4 veces al día durante 1 mes.</li>
	<li>Examine el ojo tratado y medir la presión intraocular en el 1, 7 y 14 días, 1, 3, 6 y 9 meses y 1 año después del procedimiento.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

El glaucoma es una enfermedad crónica progresiva que afecta el nervio óptico que se necesitan nuevos tratamientos eficaces para mejorar el pronóstico a largo plazo. La reducción de IOP todavía se considera la única terapia para prevenir o retrasar la pérdida de campo visual, en ojos con y sin elevación Pio3.
UCP es un nuevo procedimiento cyclodestructive sin incisión que puede bajar la PIO, actuando de dos formas diferentes: reduce el flujo de humor acuoso dete...

El glaucoma representa una de las principales causas de ceguera en el mundo, que afecta a unos 100 millones de personas1. Es una neuropatía óptica generada por la degeneración progresiva de las fibras nerviosas que convergen en el nervio óptico, dando por resultado funcionalmente una disminución del campo visual que puede progresar a discapacidad visual y finalmente ceguera sin adecuada tratamiento2.
PIO elevada todavía se considera el principal factor de riesgo para glaucoma Inicio y progresión y actualmente el parámetro sólo puede tratar para reducir la pérdida de campo visual3. Reducción de la PIO puede lograrse por tanto reduciendo la producción de humor acuoso o aumentando su salida a través de la malla trabecular mediante el uso de medicamentos tópicos o sistémicos, láser o cirugía3,4. Muchos procesos físicos han sido ya introducidos para inducir la necrosis de coagulación del cuerpo ciliar tras calentar o congelar5,6,7,8,9, 10,11,12. Sin embargo, la falta de selectividad por el tejido de la blanco y la relación dosis-efecto impredecible en la reducción de IOP limitar su uso sólo a los ojos con glaucoma resistente a convencionales terapias médicas y quirúrgicas4.
En los últimos años, se ha desarrollado un nuevo dispositivo, llamado UCP, que emplea ultrasonidos focalizados de alta intensidad (HIFU), con el fin de superar las limitaciones de las técnicas tradicionales cyclodestructive por lograr una coagulación más selectiva de la cuerpo ciliar y evitando posibles daños a las estructuras oculares adyacentes13,14,15,16,17,18,19, 20 , 21. Además, la estimulación de las porciones supra-coroides y trans-escleral de la vía uveo-escleral de la salida ha sido propuesta recientemente como un posible mecanismo complementario del procedimiento en la reducción de IOP22. Hasta la fecha, siete grandes estudios clínicos se realizan en el dispositivo de la UCP en diferentes tipos y grados de gravedad del glaucoma, demostrando la eficacia y la seguridad de este procedimiento sin incisión14,15, 19,20,21,22,23,24.
El objetivo de este estudio es describir el procedimiento mencionado en detalle, con el fin de difundir el conocimiento de su presentación a la comunidad médica científica y proporcionar consejos útiles y trucos a los cirujanos que deseen acercarse a este nuevo campo.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BM 900 Slit Lamp Biomioscropy</td>
			<td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>BM 900</td>
			<td>Slit Lamp Biomiscroscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>G-4 Four-Mirror Glass Gonio Lens</td>
			<td>Volk Optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA</td>
			<td>#VG4</td>
			<td>Contact lens for gonioscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>78D Non Contact Slit Lamp Lens</td>
			<td>Volk Optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA</td>
			<td>#V78C</td>
			<td>Non contact slit lamp lens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HospiFluo strips</td>
			<td>AIESI Hospital Service S.a.s., Napoli, Italy</td>
			<td>AHS129</td>
			<td>Fluorescein sterile disposable strips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AT 900 Goldmann Applanation Tonometer</td>
			<td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>AT 900</td>
			<td>Goldmann applanation tonometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lenstar LS900</td>
			<td>Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland</td>
			<td>LS900</td>
			<td>Optical biometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pilocarpina 2% eye drops</td>
			<td>Farmigea, Pisa, Italy</td>
			<td>S01EB01</td>
			<td>Miotic eye drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mepivacaina 20mg/ml injectable solution</td>
			<td>Angelini, Roma, Italy</td>
			<td>N01BB03</td>
			<td>Local anesthetic for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Naropina 10mg/ml injectable solution</td>
			<td>AstraZeneca, Milano, Italy</td>
			<td>N01BB09</td>
			<td>Local anesthetic for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oftasteril 5% eye drops</td>
			<td>Alfa Intes, Napoli, Italy</td>
			<td>S01AX18</td>
			<td>5% povidone-iodine eye drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EyeOP1</td>
			<td>Eye Tech Care, Rillieux-la-Pape, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UCP device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSS (balanced salt solution)</td>
			<td>Alcon Inc., Forth Worth, TX, USA</td>
			<td>0065-1795-04</td>
			<td>Sterile irrigating solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tobradex eye drops</td>
			<td>Alcon Italia Spa, Milano, Italy</td>
			<td>S01CA01</td>
			<td>Antibiotic and steroid eye drops</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ultrasound cyclo plasty in eyes with glaucoma

El glaucoma es una enfermedad crónica causada por la degeneración progresiva de las fibras del nervio ópticas, dando por resultado la disminución del campo visual que puede conducir a la debilitación visual severa y eventualmente ceguera. Este manuscrito describe una técnica simple, respetuosa del cirujano, sin incisión, llamada ultrasonido Cyclo plastia (UCP), para reducir la presión intraocular (PIO) en pacientes de glaucoma. La técnica determina una necrosis de coagulación selectiva del cuerpo ciliar; Además, la estimulación de las porciones supra-coroides y trans-escleral de la vía de salida uveo-escleral se ha propuesto recientemente. UCP muestra varias mejoras técnicas en la tecnología de ultrasonido en comparación con las técnicas anteriores, proporcionando más precisa centrándose en la zona objetivo. El procedimiento se realiza en quirófano bajo anestesia peribulbar. Brevemente, el cono de acoplamiento se pone en contacto con el ojo y la punta de prueba del anillo, que contiene seis transductores piezoeléctricos que producen los haces de ultrasonido, se inserta en su interior. Su correcto centrado sobre la superficie ocular representa un paso crucial para la orientación correcta del cuerpo ciliar. Solución de sal equilibrada estéril se utiliza para llenar los espacios vacíos para asegurar la propagación acústica de ultrasonido. El tratamiento quirúrgico consiste en la activación automática secuencial de cada uno de los seis transductores, para una duración total de menos de 3 minutos. El paciente sale del hospital 1 h después del procedimiento con el ojo tratado parcheado. En el presente estudio, 10 pacientes con glaucoma de ángulo abierto se seguimiento durante al menos 12 meses después del procedimiento. Pio se redujo en cada intervalo en comparación con el preoperatorio, así como el número de medicamentos hipotensores. Veinte por ciento de los pacientes no respondieron al tratamiento y es necesario la cirugía subsecuente para mejor control del IOP. Tolerabilidad del tratamiento fue buena, no hay casos de hypotony o tisis. El procedimiento de la UCP es más simple, más rápido, más seguro y menos invasivo que los procedimientos cyclodestructive tradicional con resultados similares en la reducción de IOP.

Diez ojos de 10 pacientes (6 hombres y 4 mujeres, edad promedio 64,9 ± 13,7 años, rango 39 – 80 años) afectados por glaucoma de ángulo abierto fueron tratados con dispositivo UCP según la técnica descrita anteriormente. Tiempo de exposición del tratamiento fue 4 s para los 2 pacientes, 6 s para 4 pacientes y 8 s para 4 pacientes. Antes de la cirugía, la media IOP fue de 24,8 ± 9,6 mmHg (media ± desviación estándar), mientras que el número promedio de gotas hipotensora diari...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma at JoVE.com

Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma

El glaucoma es una enfermedad crónica con degeneración progresiva de las fibras del nervio óptico dando lugar a disminución del campo visual. La presión intraocular elevada se considera el más importante y el factor de riesgo sólo tratable. Este manuscrito describe una técnica simple, respetuosa del cirujano, sin incisión, llamada ultrasonido Cyclo plastia, para reducir la presión intraocular en los pacientes de glaucoma.

Ultrasonido Cyclo plastia en ojos con Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a chronic disease caused by the progressive degeneration of the optical nerve fibers, resulting in decreased visual field that can lead to ...

ultrasound-cyclo-plasty-in-eyes-with-glaucoma

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.0K vistas.  University of Bologna. El glaucoma es una enfermedad crónica con degeneración progresiva de las fibras del nervio óptico dando lugar a disminución del campo visual. La presión intraocular elevada se considera el más importante y el factor de riesgo sólo tratable. Este manuscrito describe una técnica simple, respetuosa del cirujano, sin incisión, llamada ultrasonido Cyclo plastia, para reducir la presión intraocular en los pacientes de glaucoma.

Video: Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

Resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI) con estimulación auditiva en Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

Evaluación cuantitativa de procesamiento cortical auditivo-táctil en Niños con Discapacidades

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Medición de Fronto-límbico Actividad Usando una Emocional bicho raro de tareas en niños con alto riesgo familiar para la esquizofrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

El descubrimiento de golpe Sordera: Trastornos Detección de ritmo con los dedos sincronizada Tapping y tareas de sincronización de percepción

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Un procedimiento para observar inducida Contexto-Renovación-pavloviano acondicionado Alcohol comportamiento de búsqueda en ratas

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

Realización de tareas de comportamiento en sujetos con intracraneales Electrodos

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

Prueba de la función sensorial y multisensorial en niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging structures internal to the body. There has been a recent increase in the use of ultrasound technology to visualize the shape and movements of the tongue during speech, both in typical speakers and in clinical populations. Ultrasound imaging of speech has greatly expanded our understanding of how sounds articulated with the tongue (lingual sounds) are produced. Such information can be particularly valuable for speech-language pathologists. Among other advantages, ultrasound images can be used during speech therapy to provide (1) illustrative models of typical (i.e.&#160;&#34;correct&#34;) tongue configurations for speech sounds, and (2) a source of insight into the articulatory nature of deviant productions. The images can also be used as an additional source of feedback for clinical populations learning to distinguish their better productions from their incorrect productions, en route to establishing more effective articulatory habits.
Ultrasound feedback is increasingly used by scientists and clinicians as both the expertise of the users increases and as the expense of the equipment declines. In this tutorial, procedures are presented for collecting ultrasound images of the tongue in a clinical context. We illustrate these procedures in an extended example featuring one common error sound, American English /r/. Images of correct and distorted /r/ are used to demonstrate (1) how to interpret ultrasound images, (2) how to assess tongue shape during production of speech sounds, (3), how to categorize tongue shape errors, and (4), how to provide visual feedback to elicit a more appropriate and functional tongue shape. We present a sample protocol for using real-time ultrasound images of the tongue for visual feedback to remediate speech sound errors. Additionally, example data are shown to illustrate outcomes with the procedure.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.

Las imágenes de ultrasonido de la lengua: Un tutorial para la evaluación y remediación de los errores del habla de sonido

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

Profiling Anti-Neu5Gc IgG in Human Sera with a Sialoglycan Microarray Assay

Cells are covered with a cloak of carbohydrate chains (glycans) that is commonly altered in cancer and that includes variations in sialic acid (Sia) expression. These are acidic sugars that have a 9-carbon backbone and that cap vertebrate glycans on cell surfaces. Two of the major Sia forms in mammals are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and its hydroxylated form, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Humans cannot produce endogenous Neu5Gc due to the inactivation of the gene encoding cytidine 5&#39;monophosphate-Neu5Ac (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase (CMAH). Foreign Neu5Gc is acquired by human cells through the dietary consumption of red meat and dairy and subsequently appears on diverse glycans on the cell surface, accumulating mostly on carcinomas. Consequently, humans have circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies that play diverse roles in cancer and other chronic inflammation-mediated diseases and that are becoming potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Here, we describe a high-throughput sialoglycan microarray assay to assess such anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in the human sera. Neu5Gc-containing glycans and their matched pairs of controls (Neu5Ac-containing glycans), each with a core primary amine, are covalently linked to epoxy-coated glass slides. We exemplify the printing of 56 slides in a 16-well format using a specific nano-printer capable of generating up to 896 arrays per print. Each slide can be used to screen 16 different human sera samples for the evaluation of anti-Neu5Gc antibody specificity, intensity, and diversity. The protocol describes the complexity of this robust tool and provides a basic guideline for those aiming to investigate the response to Neu5Gc dietary carbohydrate antigen in diverse clinical samples in an array format.

A sialoglycan microarray assay can be used to evaluate anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in human sera, making it a potential high-throughput diagnostic assay for cancer and other chronic inflammation-mediated human diseases.

Perfilación de IgG anti-Neu5Gc en sueros humanos con un ensayo de microarray de sialoglucano

Cells are covered with a cloak of carbohydrate chains (glycans) that is commonly altered in cancer and that includes variations in sialic acid (Sia) ...

Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality specific. In the canonical metronome synchronization task that requires tapping a finger along with an isochronous sequence, a well-established finding is that synchronization is much more stable to an auditory sequence consisting of auditory tones than to a visual sequence consisting of visual flashes. However, recent studies have shown that periodically moving visual stimuli can substantially improve synchronization compared with visual flashes. In particular, synchronization of a visual bouncing ball that has a uniformly varying velocity was found to be not less stable than synchronization of auditory tones. Here, the current protocol describes the application of the bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task. The usage of the bouncing ball in sequences with different inter-onset intervals (IOI) is included. The representative results illustrate synchronization performance of the bouncing ball, as compared with the performances of auditory tones and visual flashes. Given its comparable synchronization performance to that of auditory tones, the bouncing ball is of particular importance for addressing the current research topic of whether modality-specific mechanisms underlay SMS.

The purpose of this protocol is to introduce the application of a bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task.

Bola que despide con una velocidad uniformemente variable en una tarea de sincronización de metrónomo

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality ...