This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Canada Foundation for Innovation grant to V. K. Mushahwar. A. Toossi was supported by a Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship, Alberta Innovates - Health Solutions Graduate Studentship and a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship. V.K. Mushahwar is a Canada Research Chair in Functional Restoration. We would like to acknowledge Mr. J. Stack of Moss Street Productions for his help with the audio production and staff of the Surgical Medical Research Institute for their assistance with the procedures.

All procedures on experimental animals described in both the video and manuscript were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Alberta
1. Surgical anesthesia and surgical preparation of the pigs.
<ol>
	<li>Premedicate 50 kg Landrace-Yorkshire commercial pigs intramuscularly with the anesthetic drug cocktail containing ketamine hydrochloride (22 mg/kg,), xylazine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg) and glycopyrrolate hydrochloride (10 &#181;g/kg).</li>
	<li>Set up all equipment involved with monitoring clinical parameters at the end of the table near the pig&#39;s head. Ensure the equipment will not restrict access to the pig. Produce accurate arterial blood pressure measurement by placing the pressure transducer in a horizontal plane, level with the heart.</li>
	<li>Anesthetize the pigs with inhaled isoflurane gas (4%-5% isoflurane at 500-1000 mL/min O2) using a properly sized face mask. Visualize the vocal cords with a veterinary laryngoscope (17-25 cm long straight blade) and apply topical 10% lidocaine spay to the vocal cords to limit the risk of laryngospasm and airway obstruction.</li>
	<li>Intubate the pigs by inserting a cuffed endotracheal tube (9.0 mm internal diameter (ID)) through the vocal cords and maintain anesthesia with isoflurane gas (0.5%-3.0% isoflurane at 1000-2000 mL/min O2). Ventilate the pig on a mechanical ventilator (18-22 breaths/min) and ensure all expired anesthetic gas is scavenged and vented outside the surgical suite. Assess the level of anesthesia by jaw tone, and both pedal and palpebral reflex responses. 
	NOTE: Administer intravenous Lactated Ringer&#39;s Solution (LRS, 10-50 mL/kg/h; see step 1.6) to enhance hemodynamic function and reduce isoflurane gas anesthesia induced depression of cardiovascular output in swine26.</li>
	<li>Secure a pulse oximeter to the mucosal surface of the tongue with medical tape to monitor heart rate and the saturation of peripheral blood oxygenation (SpO2). Insert a temperature probe approximately 2-4 cm into the nasal cavity to monitor body temperature. Place the pigs on a heated table to maintain normal body temperature (38-40 &#176;C) during the surgical procedure.</li>
	<li>Ensure surgical sterility with proper tissue preparation.
	<ol>
		<li>Clean the external surface of the ear to prepare for venous catheterization with 10% povidone-iodine surgical scrub solution and allow the solution to air dry.</li>
		<li>With a 20 G, 1 inch intravenous catheter, catheterize a marginal ear vein to deliver either intravenous fluids (LRS; 10-50 mL/kg/h) or the addition of other anesthetic agents.</li>
		<li>Enhance pig anesthesia and analgesia if needed for invasive procedures with continuous intravenous remifentanil hydrochloride infusion (0.05-0.14 &#181;g/kg/min).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Place the pig in a lateral recumbent position and gently extend the front leg approximately 10-12 cm away from the shoulder. Clip the hair on the skin surface of the medial aspect of the brachium (upper forelimb). Landmark the distal brachial artery pulse by palpation. 
	NOTE: The landmarked location of the artery lies along an oblique plane with the brachium approximately 9 cm from the olecranon, and 5 cm from the flexor aspect of the elbow joint. The brachial artery travels proximally towards the caudal third of the scapula traversing the humerus.</li>
	<li>Similarly to step 1.6, ensure surgical sterility with proper tissue preparation. Clean the skin surface with 10% povidone-iodine surgical scrub solution and allow the solution to air dry. Drape the brachial artery catheterization site with four small disposable surgical drapes.</li>
</ol>
2. Tissue dissection and catheterization of the brachial artery
<ol>
	<li>Make a 6 cm skin incision with a scalpel blade to expose the underlying tissue. Bluntly dissect with Metzenbaum scissors along the medial surfaces of the biceps brachii, deepening the dissection, until the pulsating artery is identified.</li>
	<li>Use cotton swabs to gently tease away the adventitia from the brachial artery, median nerve and brachial vein; structures that are in close proximity and within the same fascial plane. Gentle dissection is required, importantly ensuring minimal injury to the median nerve during the procedure. The brachial artery lies approximately 2.0-2.5 cm underneath the skin and is medial to coracobrachialis and lateral to the tensor fasciae antibrachii and overlies a small segment of the medial head of the triceps muscle27,28. 
	NOTE: Place a retractor to keep the skin incision open, allowing easier access to the brachial artery. Place a second retractor (optional) to further assist in vessel exposure.</li>
	<li>Moisten all tissues with warm saline (37 &#176;C) for the entire dissection to retain better structural integrity and improved tissue handling during the procedure.</li>
	<li>Create a tunnel under the artery with blunted forceps, then pass three 2-0 polyglactin sutures underneath the artery. Intentionally, leave the ends of this suture relatively long (3-4 cm) to secure the catheter to the artery. Add a &#34;loose suture tie&#34; allowing for quick catheter fastening, to the first two sutures that are separated 1.0 cm from each other and are approximately 1.5-2.0 cm proximal to the third distal suture. Ligate the most distal suture first to occlude the artery.</li>
	<li>Insert a 22 G, 1 inch peripheral venous catheter into the artery and then advance the catheter (completely to the catheter hub) off the stylet into the vessel. Partially withdraw the stylet from the catheter to visualize arterial blood, ensuring proper vessel placement of the catheter. Then, firmly secure the catheter in the vessel by tying the middle suture. Remove the stylet and quickly cap the catheter to minimize bleeding.</li>
	<li>Flush the incision and catheter with warm saline (37 &#176;C). Tie the most proximal suture and importantly ensure that the distal suture is tightly secured around the catheter hub as this improves catheter stability and reduces accidental slippage of the catheter from the artery (i.e., during pig repositioning). 
	NOTE: If the initial placement of the catheter into the artery fails, or the vessel is injured, reinsert the catheter into the artery at a position approximately 0.25 cm proximal to the initial catheter insertion site.</li>
	<li>Quickly attach the LRS filled intravenous extension line with the connected arterial pressure transducer to the catheter, and then lavage the surgical site with warm saline (37 &#176;C), keeping tissues moist, and clean any blood that spilled into the surrounding tissue. Flush the catheter with saline to ensure catheter patency and prevent blood clots from forming along the catheter wall. 
	NOTE: Check for transducer arterial blood pressure line failures (i.e., leaks), establish transducer baseline by zeroing arterial pressure monitor measurements, and ensure proper arterial blood pressure wave formations.</li>
	<li>Ensure continued catheter patency by maintaining the flush port of the extension line pressurized above 250 mmHg, with a pressure infuser bag delivering 3-5 mL/min LRS.
	<ol>
		<li>Optional: Place either two 2-0 polypropylene or two 2-0 polyglactin sutures around the catheter hub or intravenous extension line hub to further improve catheter stability within the artery.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Tissue closure and body positioning
<ol>
	<li>Close the muscle layers with a simple continuous suture pattern with a 2-0 polyglactin suture on a cutting or tapered needle and close the skin in a simple interrupted suture pattern with a 2-0 polypropylene suture on a cutting needle. 
	NOTE: Interchangeably, 2-0 polyglactin or 2-0 polypropylene sutures can be used to close muscle and skin.</li>
	<li>Place the pig in ventral recumbency by rotating the abdomen of a lateral recumbent pig toward the surgical table. A left sided lateral recumbent pig is rotated in a clockwise direction, while a right sided lateral recumbent pig is rotated in a counter clockwise direction.</li>
	<li>Place the catheterized forelimb at a 40&#176; angle to the midline of the vertebral column of the pig. This forelimb positioning generates the best arterial blood flow and the most accurate arterial blood pressure measurements.</li>
</ol>
4. Monitoring clinical parameters
<ol>
	<li>Measure hemodynamic and respiratory parameters as well as temperature throughout the entire anesthetic and surgical procedure using proper monitoring equipment.</li>
</ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Arterial catheterization to measure arterial blood pressures and collect blood samples for arterial blood gas measurements has been established in a wide range of animal species5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,<sup class="...

Surgical intervention is used in experimental research to develop animal models that enhance scientific development. The scientific literature is filled with examples of novel surgical animal models1,2,3. Surgical procedures are a complex process involving not only the manipulation of anatomical structures but also complicated physiological interactions with various drugs required for anesthesia and analgesia. This interplay can induce major changes in physiological processes within the animal and as such requires vigilant monitoring of the animal4. Clinically successful surgical outcomes have been associated with measurements of arterial blood gases and arterial blood pressures5. These clinical parameters require the ability to measure arterial blood pressure and collect arterial blood effectively, which in turn requires the successful catheterization of an artery6,7.
Arterial catheterization to collect arterial blood and measure pressure has been used in various animal species5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21 and in animals at different ages of development19,20,21 and has been directed at both recovery (clinical and diagnostic) procedures4,5,6,7,8 and non-recovery (experimental) procedures14,15,16,17,18. Moreover, the ease of arterial access and the location of the artery in the context of the surgical procedure are also important considerations when choosing an artery for arterial blood measurements. For example, the median caudal artery in dogs and the facial artery in horses, as well as the pedal artery in both dogs and horses, are used for diagnostic measurement and monitoring during recovery procedures6,7,8. In contrast, the carotid and femoral arteries are often catheterized in swine for either non-recovery or long-term catheter implantation experiments14,15,18.
In swine, arterial catheterization to measure either arterial blood pressure or collect arterial blood has routinely employed either the carotid, femoral, medial saphenous, or auricular arteries22,23. For specialized non-routine procedures, other more unusual arteries have been used, including the subclavian and iliac arteries, to measure the brachial artery anatomical tortuosity17 and image the aorta16, respectively. Regardless of which artery is chosen for catheterization, each artery has inherent advantages and disadvantages for its use. For instance, the auricular artery is anatomically easy to access, but its use may be limited to its close proximity to the marginal ear veins11,12. In comparison, the carotid artery is relatively large and robust24, but it lies deep within the jugular furrow and requires substantive tissue dissection25. As such, identifying another artery that could be catheterized to measure arterial pressure and collect arterial blood is warranted. This video and manuscript describe in detail the catheterization of the distal brachial artery in swine, a technique that could be applied to non-recovery procedures. Notably, the pig brachial artery catheterization was used to measure arterial blood pressures and arterial blood gas parameters during a lumbar spine surgery with hind limb measurements (the data from this part of the surgery is not presented).

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brachial artery catheterization in swine

The video describes in detail the catheterization of the distal brachial artery in swine. This technique enables researchers to measure arterial blood pressure continuously and collect arterial blood samples to assess arterial blood gas measurements. Arterial blood pressures and arterial blood gases are important physiological parameters to monitor during experimental procedures. In swine, four common methods of arterial catheterization have been described, including catheterization of the carotid, femoral, auricular, and medial saphenous arteries. Each of these techniques have advantages, such as ease of access for the auricular artery, and disadvantages that include deep tissue dissection for carotid artery catheterization. The described alternative method of arterial catheterization in swine, the catheterization of the distal aspect of the brachial artery, is a rapid procedure that requires relatively minimal tissue dissection and provides information that is in line with data collected from other arterial catheterization sites. The procedure uses a medial approach along an oblique plane of the lower brachium, positioned between the olecranon and the flexor aspect of the elbow joint, and this approach allows researchers the major advantage of unimpeded freedom for procedures that involve the caudoventral, caudodorsal back, or hind limbs of the pig. Due to the location of the upper forelimb of the catheterized vessel and potential challenges of effective homeostasis following catheter removal from the artery, this technique may be limited to non-recovery procedures.

Brachial artery catheterization allows for continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure and intermittent sampling of arterial blood during extended surgical procedures in swine. Measured parameters were collected from seven 50 kg Landrace-Yorkshire commercial pigs as described. The total time required to catheterize the brachial artery was 35.2 &#177; 4.4 min from the initial artery landmarking to final surgical incision closure (Figure 1). The arterial p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brachial Artery Catheterization in Swine at JoVE.com

Brachial Artery Catheterization in Swine

The video describes in detail the catheterization of the distal brachial artery in swine. This procedure accurately measures arterial blood pressure and is a simple and fast method to collect samples for arterial blood gas measurements.

The video describes in detail the catheterization of the distal brachial artery in swine. This technique enables researchers to measure arterial blood ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.1K Views.  University of Alberta. Het meten van arteriële bloeddruk, en het verzamelen van arteriële bloedgas voor het analyseren van arteriële bloedgassen, zijn belangrijke overwegingen bij het toezicht op dieren die een operatie ondergaan. Deze video beschrijft in detail de katheterisatie van de brachiale slagader, een relatief snelle en eenvoudige procedure, die vooral handig is voor procedures die betrekking hebben op de caudale ventrale en caudale rug- en achterpoten van varkens. Deze video is een compilatie van de br...

Video: Brachial Artery Catheterization in Swine

Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Various animal models of lung injury exist to study the complex pathomechanisms of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and evaluate future therapies. Severe lung injury with a reproducible deterioration of pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics can be induced in anesthetized pigs using repeated lung lavages with warmed 0.9% saline (50 ml/kg body weight). Including standard respiratory and hemodynamic monitoring with clinically applied devices in this model allows the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies (drugs, modern ventilators, extracorporeal membrane oxygenators, ECMO), and bridges the gap between bench and bedside. Furthermore, induction of lung injury with lung lavages does not require the injection of pathogens/endotoxins that impact on measurements of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A disadvantage of the model is the high recruitability of atelectatic lung tissue. Standardization of the model helps to avoid pitfalls, to ensure comparability between experiments, and to reduce the number of animals needed.

Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS

Repeated pulmonary lavages in anesthetized pigs induce lung injury resembling major aspects of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For this purpose the lungs are repeatedly lavaged with 0.9% saline at 37 &#176;C. The goal of the protocol is a reproducible mitigation of gas exchange and hemodynamics for research in ARDS.

Various animal models of lung injury exist to study the complex pathomechanisms of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and evaluate future ...

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early cardiopulmonary dysfunction is difficult to diagnose, particularly in animal models, as cardiopulmonary function is often measured invasively, requiring anesthesia. As many anesthetic agents are cardiodepressive, subtle changes in cardiovascular function may be masked. In contrast, chronic instrumentation allows for measurement of cardiopulmonary function in the awake state, so that measurements can be obtained under quiet resting conditions, without the effects of anesthesia and acute surgical trauma. Furthermore, when animals are properly trained, measurements can also be obtained during graded treadmill exercise.
Flow probes are placed around the aorta or pulmonary artery for measurement of cardiac output and around the left anterior descending coronary artery for measurement of coronary blood flow. Fluid-filled catheters are implanted in the aorta, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle for pressure measurement and blood sampling. In addition, a 20 G&#160;catheter is positioned in the anterior interventricular vein to allow coronary venous blood sampling.
After a week of recovery, swine are placed on a motor-driven treadmill, the catheters are connected to pressure and flow meters, and swine are subjected to a five-stage progressive exercise protocol, with each stage lasting 3 min. Hemodynamic signals are continuously recorded and blood samples are taken during the last 30 sec of each exercise stage.
The major advantage of studying chronically instrumented animals is that it allows serial assessment of cardiopulmonary function, not only at rest but also during physical stress such as exercise. Moreover, cardiopulmonary function can be assessed repeatedly during disease development and during chronic treatment, thereby increasing statistical power and hence limiting the number of animals required for a study.

Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early ...

Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as preclinical settings. Prospective randomized trials in human subjects are difficult to design and ethically ambiguous, which results in a lack of evidence-based therapies. The model presented in this report represents one of the most common causes of cardiac arrests, ventricular fibrillation, in a standardized setting in a large animal model. This allows for reproducible observations and various therapeutic interventions under clinically accurate conditions, hence facilitating the generation of better evidence and eventually the potential for improved medical treatment.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation are the only effective therapeutic options during cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation. This model presents a standardized regimen to induce, assess, and treat this physiological state in a porcine model, thus providing a clinical approach with various opportunities for data collection and analysis.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest, independent of its origin, is a regularly encountered medical emergency in hospitals as well as ...

Measuring Cardiac Output in a Swine Model

Swine are frequently used in medical research given their similar cardiac physiology to that of humans. Measuring cardiac parameters such as stroke volume and cardiac output are essential in this type of research. Contrast ventriculography, thermodilution, and pressure-volume loop (PV-loop) catheters can be used to accurately obtain cardiac performance data depending on which resources and expertise are available. For this study,five Yorkshire swine were anesthetized and intubated. Central venous and arterial access was obtained to place the necessary measurement instruments.A temperature probe was placed in the aortic root. A cold saline bolus was delivered to the right atrium and temperature deflection curve was recorded. Integration of the area under the curve allowed for the calculation of the current cardiac output.A pigtail catheter was percutaneously placed in the left ventricle and 30 mL of iodinated contrast was power injected over 2 seconds. Digital subtraction angiography images were uploaded to volumetric analysis software to calculate the stroke volume and cardiac output. A pressure volume-loop catheter was placed into the left ventricle (LV) and provided continuous pressure and volume data of the LV, which allowed the calculation of both stroke volume and cardiac output.All three methods demonstrated good correlation with each other. The PV-loop catheter and thermodilution exhibited the best correlation with a 3% error and a Pearson coefficient of 0.99, with 95% CI=0.97 to 1.1, (p=0.002). The PV-loop catheter against ventriculography also showed good correlation with a 6% error and a Pearson coefficient of 0.95, 95% CI=0.96 to 1.1 (p=0.01). Finally, thermodilution against ventriculography had a 2% error with r=0.95, 95% CI=0.93 to 1.11, (p=0.01). In conclusion, we state that the PV-loop catheter, contrast ventriculography, and thermodilution each offer certain advantages depending on the researcher's requirements. Each method is reliable and accurate for measuring various cardiac parameters in swine such as the stroke volume and cardiac output.

Thermodilution, pressure-volume loop catheters, and contrast ventriculography are reliable and accurate methods for determining cardiac physiology such as stroke volume and cardiac output in a laboratory setting in swine.

Swine are frequently used in medical research given their similar cardiac physiology to that of humans. Measuring cardiac parameters such as stroke volume ...

Closed Chest Biventricular Pressure-Volume Loop Recordings with Admittance Catheters in a Porcine Model

Pressure-volume (PV) loop recording enables the state-of-the-art investigation of load-independent variables of ventricular performance. Uni-ventricular evaluation is often performed in preclinical research. However, the right and left ventricles exert functional interdependence due to their parallel and serial connections, encouraging simultaneous evaluation of both ventricles. Furthermore, various pharmacological interventions may affect the ventricles and their preloads and afterloads differently. 
We describe our closed chest approach to admittance-based bi-ventricular PV loop recordings in a porcine model of acute right ventricular (RV) overload. We utilize minimally invasive techniques with all vascular accesses guided by ultrasound. PV catheters are positioned, under fluoroscopic guidance, to avoid thoracotomy in animals, as the closed chest approach maintains the relevant cardiopulmonary physiology. The admittance technology provides real-time PV loop recordings without the need for post-hoc processing. Furthermore, we explain some essential troubleshooting steps during critical timepoints of the presented procedure. 
The presented protocol is a reproducible and physiologically relevant approach to obtain a bi-ventricular cardiac PV loop recording in a large animal model. This can be applied to a large variety of cardiovascular animal research.

Here we present a closed chest approach to admittance-based bi-ventricular pressure-volume loop recordings in pigs with acute right ventricular dysfunction.

Pressure-volume (PV) loop recording enables the state-of-the-art investigation of load-independent variables of ventricular performance. Uni-ventricular ...

Myocardial Infarction by Percutaneous Embolization Coil Deployment in a Swine Model

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the use of evidence-based treatments, including coronary revascularization and cardiovascular drugs, a significant proportion of patients develop pathological left-ventricular remodeling and progressive heart failure following MI. Therefore, new therapeutic options, such as cellular and gene therapies, among others, have been developed to repair and regenerate injured myocardium. In this context, animal models of MI are crucial in exploring the safety and efficacy of these experimental therapies before clinical translation. Large animal models such as swine are preferred over smaller ones due to the high similarity of swine and human hearts in terms of coronary artery anatomy, cardiac kinetics, and the post-MI healing process. Here, we aimed to describe an MI model in pig by permanent coil deployment. Briefly, it comprises a percutaneous selective coronary artery cannulation through retrograde femoral access. Following coronary angiography, the coil is deployed at the target branch under fluoroscopic guidance. Finally, complete occlusion is confirmed by repeated coronary angiography. This approach is feasible, highly reproducible, and emulates the pathogenesis of human non-revascularized MI, avoiding the traditional open-chest surgery and the subsequent postoperative inflammation. Depending on the time of follow-up, the technique is suitable for acute, sub-acute, or chronic MI models.

Myocardial infarction (MI) animal models that emulate the natural process of the disease in humans are crucial to understanding pathophysiological mechanisms and testing the safety and efficacy of new emergent therapies. Here, we describe an MI swine model created by deploying a percutaneous embolization coil.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the use of evidence-based treatments, including coronary revascularization ...

Hickman Catheter for Long-Term Vascular Access in Swine

Hickman Catheter Use for Long-Term Vascular Access in a Preclinical Swine Model

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are invaluable devices in large animal research as they facilitate a wide range of medical applications, including blood monitoring and reliable intravenous fluid and drug administration. Specifically, the tunneled multi-lumen Hickman catheter (HC) is commonly used in swine models due to its lower extrication and complication rates. Despite fewer complications relative to other CVCs, HC-related morbidity presents a significant challenge, as it can significantly delay or otherwise negatively impact ongoing studies. The proper insertion and maintenance of HCs is paramount in preventing these complications, but there is no consensus on best practices. The purpose of this protocol is to comprehensively describe an approach for the insertion and maintenance of a tunneled HC in swine that mitigates HC-related complications and morbidity. The use of these techniques in &gt;100 swine has resulted in complication-free patent lines up to 8 months and no catheter-related mortality or infection of the ventral surgical site. This protocol offers a method to optimize the lifespan of the HC and guidance for approaching issues during use.

Author Spotlight: Hickman Catheter Use for Long-Term Vascular Access in a Preclinical Swine Model  

A reliable and reproducible approach for the insertion and maintenance of a tunneled Hickman catheter for long-term vascular access in swine is described. Placement of a central venous catheter allows for convenient daily sampling of whole blood from awake animals and intravenous administration of medication and fluids.

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are invaluable devices in large animal research as they facilitate a wide range of medical applications, including blood ...

Ascending Aortic Banding for Studying Pressure-Overload Induced Heart Failure

A Minimally Invasive Model of Aortic Stenosis in Swine

Large animal models of heart failure play an essential role in the development of new therapeutic interventions due to their size and physiological similarities to humans. Efforts have been dedicated to creating a model of pressure-overload induced heart failure, and ascending aortic banding while still supra-coronary and not a perfect mimic of aortic stenosis in humans, closely resembling the human condition.
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a minimally invasive approach to induce left ventricular pressure overload by placing an aortic band, precisely calibrated with percutaneously introduced high-fidelity pressure sensors. This method represents a refinement of the surgical procedure (3Rs), resulting in homogenous trans-stenotic gradients and reduced intragroup variability. Additionally, it enables swift and uneventful animal recovery, leading to minimal mortality rates. Throughout the study, animals were followed for up to 2 months after surgery, employing transthoracic echocardiography and pressure-volume loop analysis. However, longer follow-up periods can be achieved if desired. This large animal model proves valuable for testing new drugs, particularly those targeting hypertrophy and the structural and functional alterations associated with left ventricular pressure overload.

Author Spotlight: Development of a Minimally Invasive Large-Animal Model for Reliable and Reproducible Cardiovascular Research 

This protocol describes a minimally invasive surgical procedure for ascending aortic banding in swine.

Large animal models of heart failure play an essential role in the development of new therapeutic interventions due to their size and physiological ...

Swine Axillary Artery Injury Model for Testing Pre-Hospital Hemostatic Products

A New Hybrid Quantitative Evaluation Model for Axillary Junctional Hemorrhage in Swine

In this study, we developed and validated a hybrid quantitative model for simulating upper extremity junctional hemorrhage in swine, aiming to advance the development of pre-hospital hemostatic products. Utilizing 12 healthy 8-month-old male Yorkshire swine, we demonstrated the feasibility of a swine axillary artery injury model for evaluating hemostatic efficacy. Animals were divided into three groups to undergo volume-controlled hemorrhage (VCH), mimicking Class I-III hemorrhagic shock by withdrawing blood at different rates. Subsequent external compression was applied using a novel device consisting of a mechanical arm and an inflatable hemostatic balloon, achieving controlled pressure to enhance clot formation. Hemodynamic parameters, including heart rate and blood pressure, were continuously monitored, highlighting the impact of controlled hemorrhage and external compression on physiological responses. The findings suggest that the combination of VCH with targeted external compression effectively simulates clinical scenarios of axillary artery injury, providing a valuable model for testing hemostatic interventions in a controlled, standardized manner. This study underscores the potential of the model in facilitating the development and evaluation of new hemostatic agents and devices for managing junctional hemorrhages.

This study presents a hybrid quantitative model for axillary junctional hemorrhage in swine, enhancing pre-hospital hemostatic intervention evaluation.

In this study, we developed and validated a hybrid quantitative model for simulating upper extremity junctional hemorrhage in swine, aiming to advance the ...

Seldinger Technique Based Pulmonary Artery Catheterization: A Procedure to Insert Pulmonary Artery Catheter Through the Jugular Vein in a Porcine Model

Source: Lyhne, M. D., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/62661">Closed Chest Biventricular Pressure-Volume Loop Recordings with Admittance Catheters in a Porcine Model</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2021).
In this video, we have demonstrated a step-by-step procedure of pulmonary artery catheterization by inserting an intravascular catheter through jugular vein and reach the pulmonary artery to measure the cardiac chamber pressure in porcine model.

Source: Lyhne, M. D., et al. Closed Chest Biventricular Pressure-Volume Loop Recordings with Admittance Catheters in a Porcine Model J. Vis. Exp. (2021).
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Brachial Artery Catheterization in Swine

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