Laboratory Scale Production and Purification of a Therapeutic Antibody

Podsumowanie

This protocol describes the production of a therapeutic antibody in a mammalian expression system. The methods described include preparation of vector DNA, stable transfection and serum-free adaptation of a human embryonic kidney 293 cell line, set up of large scale cultures and purification using affinity chromatography.

Streszczenie

Ensuring the successful production of a therapeutic antibody begins early on in the development process. The first stage is vector expression of the antibody genes followed by stable transfection into a suitable cell line. The stable clones are subjected to screening in order to select those clones with desired production and growth characteristics. This is a critical albeit time-consuming step in the process. This protocol considers vector selection and sourcing of antibody sequences for the expression of a therapeutic antibody. The methods describe preparation of vector DNA for stable transfection of a suspension variant of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cell line, using polyethylenimine (PEI). The cells are transfected as adherent cells in serum-containing media to maximize transfection efficiency, and afterwards adapted to serum-free conditions. Large scale production, setup as batch overgrow cultures is used to yield antibody protein that is purified by affinity chromatography using an automated fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) instrument. The antibody yields produced by this method can provide sufficient protein to begin initial characterization of the antibody. This may include in vitro assay development or physicochemical characterization to aid in the time-consuming task of clonal screening for lead candidates. This method can be transferable to the development of an expression system for the production of biosimilar antibodies.

Wprowadzenie

The success of therapeutic antibodies continues to drive substantial investment into antibody development as a wave of next generation therapeutics begins. The antibody market is expected to be reshaped by antibody fragments ¹, antibody-drug conjugates ², bispecific antibodies ³ and engineered antibodies with favorable properties ⁴. Another class gaining pharmaceutical interest are biosimilars. Biosimilar antibodies are 'highly similar' replicate products of a therapeutic antibody that has already received regulatory approval. A proposed biosimilar must be comparable with the originator antibody with respect to its structure, function, animal toxicity, clinical safety and effectiveness, human pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and immunogenicity ^5,6.

The approval rates of biosimilar antibodies have been slow due to the strict constraints on the final quality of the product. The exact manufacturing processes such as specific cell lines and culturing conditions through to the final processing steps can remain proprietary. What is more, the manufacturing of antibodies inherently involves a degree of variability which can add to the challenge of producing a highly similar product. A comprehensive physiochemical and biophysical characterization and comparison is quite difficult, yet a number of studies demonstrating the characteristics of biosimilar antibodies are emerging in the literature ^7,8,9.

Generating a therapeutic antibody begins with transfection of mammalian host cells with a vector carrying the genes for the respective antibody. Vector design, cell line and culture conditions are key considerations for setting up the expression system.

The DNA sequences of antibodies can be sourced from Drug Bank (www.drugbank.ca), IMGT (www.igmt.org) or research publications including patents. For example, the sequence of trastuzumab is available through Drug Bank (DB ID: DB00072). The amino acid sequence of the variable regions can undergo gene design and optimization for synthesis in the desired host species. It is important for a biosimilar antibody that no modification is made to the amino acid sequence. Once synthesized, antibody genes can be subcloned into the appropriate vector of choice.

Human IgG antibodies consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. Tightly regulated expression of both chains is essential for optimal production of heterologous IgG protein in mammalian cells ¹⁰. Intra- as well as inter-chain disulfide bonds have to be formed and a number of post-translational modifications have to be introduced during protein biosynthesis. A number of vectors are available that have been designed specifically to express antibody genes (refer to Table of Materials). These antibody-specific vectors usually express the constant regions for both heavy and light chains so only the variable regions of each chain require cloning.

Transfection of cells with two independent constructs (co-transfection) is the most common approach for delivering heavy and light chain-encoding genes. That is, each gene is driven by its own promoter and transcribed as separate antibody chains before being assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, multi-cistronic vectors have internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements incorporated that allow expression of multiple genes as a single mRNA transcript with translation permitted from internal regions of the mRNA ¹¹. In this instance, the heavy and light chain-encoding genes are coupled in an arrangement to achieve co-expression of both antibody chains ^10,12.

While transiently transfected cells yield sufficient protein to perform a limited number of experiments, stably transfected cell lines that have undergone selection for genome integration can deliver higher yields. Higher protein amounts allow for assay development relating to in vitro characterization and can provide an indication of antibody quality in consideration for downstream applications such as clonal cell line and lead candidate selection.

The goal of this article is to describe the stable expression and purification of a therapeutic antibody produced in a mammalian expression system. Indeed, this method can be applied to the expression of a biosimilar antibody. The method can be used for the initial characterization of antibodies before proceeding on to the critical, albeit time-consuming steps of identifying a desirable clone for larger scale manufacturing. Moreover, this method can be used to express other proteins and not just antibodies.

The following detailed protocol describes the expression of therapeutic antibody trastuzumab. This consists of preparation of vector DNA followed by stable transfection in HEK-293 cell line and purification of antibody protein by an automated chromatographic method.

Protokół

NOTE: A suitable mammalian expression vector must be used for this protocol. Here, a single construct containing two expression cassettes is used (i.e. heavy and light chain expression is driven by separate promoters). Trastuzumab heavy and light chains were previously cloned into the vector. This vector was a gift from Andrew Beavil, obtained through a not-for-profit plasmid repository ¹³.

1. Recovery and Scale-up of Vector DNA

NOTE: Vector DNA was received as a soft agar stab culture in Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue strain; vector carries hygromycin resistance.

1. Insert a sterile inoculation stab or loop into the soft agar of the stab culture then streak a Luria Bertani (LB) agar plate prepared with 75 µg/ml hygromycin for isolated colonies. Incubate the plate at 37 °C for 18-24 hr.
2. Inoculate a single colony into 5 ml Terrific broth (TB) containing 75 µg/ml hygromycin. Incubate the culture at 37 °C for 18-24 hr with 225 rpm shaking.
3. Use the overnight culture to prepare a glycerol stock of vector DNA by gently mixing 800 µl of culture with 200 µl 80% glycerol in a cryovial and freeze at -80 °C.
   1. Add 100 µl of the overnight culture to 100 ml TB containing 75 µg/ml hygromycin in a baffled shaker flask (i.e. 1/1,000 dilution). Incubate the culture at 37 °C for 18-24 hr with 225 rpm shaking.
4. After overnight culture, extract and purify the DNA according to manufacturer's instructions of midi/maxi preparation kit with the following exception; during the final step, elute or resuspend DNA with water (pH 7.0-8.5).
5. Check concentration and purity of DNA by absorbance readings at 260 and 280 nm then store DNA at -20 °C.
   NOTE: Optional (highly recommended): Sequence DNA using vector-specific primers to confirm identity.

2. Stable Transfection of HEK-293 Cells

1. Grow and maintain HEK-293 cells (suspension cells) according to standard protocols in serum-free media supplemented with 0.1% non-ionic surfactant in Erlenmeyer flasks. Maintain at 2 x 10⁵ cells/ml and subculture every fourth day. Culture cells at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ and 120 rpm rotation.
   NOTE: Cells should have been in culture for no less than 4 days and no more than 4 weeks prior to transfection. HEK-293 cells grown as monolayers in serum-containing media can also be used for this procedure.
2. On the day prior to transfection, seed HEK-293 cells at 3 x 10⁵ cells/ml in wells of a 12-well plate in 2 ml of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS). On the day of transfection, check that cells have reached 80-90% confluency
3. Dilute DNA and polyethylenimine (PEI) separately in transfection media then mix together.
   1. Dilute 1.25 µg vector DNA per well (15 µg for 12 wells) in 300 µl transfection media. Incubate at room temperature for 5 min.
   2. Dilute 2.5 µl of 1 mg/ml PEI solution (30 µl for 12 wells; i.e. 1:2 ratio of DNA to PEI) in 300 µl transfection media. Incubate at room temperature for 5 min.
   3. Add diluted DNA to diluted PEI, gently mix and incubate at room temperature for 15 min.
4. Add 50 µl of DNA/PEI mixture dropwise to each well of the plate. Rock the plate gently to distribute the transfection mixture then place the plate at 37 °C, 5% CO₂ for 24 hr.
5. Add 50 µg/ml hygromycin B per well and return plate to 37 °C, 5% CO₂ for 10 days.
   NOTE: By Day 10, un-transfected cells will have died and detached from the surface of the plate, whereas stably-transfected cells will be viable and attached to the plate.
6. Replace the media in wells with 1/4 volume serum-free media and 3/4 volume DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (i.e. 0.5 ml serum-free media + 1.5 ml DMEM = 7.5% final serum concentration) and incubate for 4 days.
7. Replace the media in wells with 1/2 volume serum-free media and 1/2 volume DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (i.e. 1 ml serum-free media + 1 ml DMEM = 5% final serum concentration) and incubate for 4 days.
8. Replace the media in wells with 3/4 volume serum-free media and 1/4 volume DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (i.e. 1.5 ml serum-free media + 0.5 ml DMEM = 2.5% final serum concentration) and incubate for 4 days.
9. Replace the media in wells with 2 ml of serum-free media supplemented with 0.1% non-ionic surfactant (i.e. 0% final serum concentration) and incubate for 4 days.
   NOTE: Maintain 50 µg/ml hygromycin B selective pressure on cells during serum-free adaptation. Cells adapted to serum-free media detach from the surface of wells and may cluster in suspension. Refer to step 2.1 for culture conditions with the additional supplement of 50 µg/ml hygromycin B.
10. Using a pipette, gently mix the suspension cultures in the 12-well plate and pool cells into a separate tube.
    1. Using a hemocytometer, enumerate pooled cells and seed in 30 ml serum-free media in a Erlenmeyer flask at 2 x 10⁵ cells/ml. Culture cells at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ and 120 rpm rotation. Subculture and expand every fourth day.
11. Continue to expand culture size to required cell density to obtain 10 vials at 1 x 10⁷ cells/vial for cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. Freeze the cells in serum-free media containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
    NOTE: Conditioned media containing antibody can be harvested at each subculture to confirm protein production or used to optimize purification conditions. To harvest conditioned media and maintain cells for subculture, centrifuge the culture at 300 x g for 5 min then filter-sterilize supernatant through a 0.22 µm filter. Filtered supernatant may be kept at 4 °C for 1-2 weeks or -20 °C for longer term storage.

3. Large Scale Antibody Production from Batch Overgrow Culture

NOTE: Antibody production can be followed on from step 2.11 where existing cells are expanded to the required cell density based on the batch overgrow culture volume to be setup. Otherwise, cells that have been thawed from cryopreservation begin at this stage once expanded to an appropriate cell density and volume. Various culture supplements may be used to optimize antibody production; the use of tryptone to increase antibody yield is demonstrated in this protocol.

1. Seed cells at 2 x 10⁵ cells/ml in 100 ml serum-free media in two Erlenmeyer flasks (to compare antibody yields from un-supplemented and nutrient-supplemented cultures). Culture at 37 °C, 5% CO₂ and 120 rpm.
2. After 24 hr, add tryptone to a final concentration of 0.5% to nutrient-supplemented culture. Equalize volume of un-supplemented culture with serum-free media.
3. From day 8, perform cell counts of the cultures daily using a hemocytometer to monitor cell viability. Harvest the culture supernatants once cell viability is less than 80%.
   1. Harvest supernatant by centrifugation of the cultures at 3,000 x g for 15 min then filter-sterilize the supernatant (containing antibody) through a 0.22 µm filter. Store the supernatants at 4 °C (short-term) or freeze at -20 °C (long-term).

4. Antibody Purification by Affinity Chromatography Using an Automated Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) System

NOTE: The following procedure can generally be applied to most automated systems. Purification can be performed at room temperature or at 4 °C (if FPLC system is kept in a cool room). A series of scouting tests can be performed to identify the optimal purification conditions including appropriate column matrix, binding buffer, elution buffer and pH to ensure maximum recovery of purified antibody from conditioned media (refer to Results section). The optimal conditions are dependent on the antibody or protein being purified. Purifications were performed on an automated FPLC system. Purifications were performed at room temperature using a 5 ml Protein A column.

1. Prepare the following buffers using ultrapure water and adjust to the recommended pH then filter through a 0.22 µm filter.
   1. Prepare 1 L of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 (binding buffer) by mixing the following: 0.14 M NaCl, 0.0027 M KCl, 0.01 M Na₂HPO₄ and 0.001 M KH₂PO₄. Adjust pH if necessary before filtering the buffer.
   2. Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M glycine-HCl pH 2.7 (elution buffer). Adjust pH before filtering the buffer.
   3. Prepare 50 ml of 1 M Tris pH 9.0 (neutralization buffer).
2. Ensure all system power and communication connections with computer are made. Devices should be visible in the software 'System Control' module. Ensure UV cell is set at 280 nm wavelength. Optional: Calibrate pH meter if connected and to be used.
3. Immerse inlet tubes of A, B and sample pump in ultrapure water to wash the system. Purge the pumps with a syringe if there is air in the tubing or a suspicion of air in the system. Wash the system with water by manual operation via the system controller or via an automated method. Observe that pressure, conductivity, UV280 tracing and pH remain consistent and that the pressure limit for the column is not exceeded as per manufacturer's specification.
   NOTE: Abnormalities may indicate air or blockage in the system that should be addressed before proceeding.
4. In the system controller module, start the flowrate at 1 ml/min manually via pump A in either load (bypassing sample loop) or inject (through the sample loop) position to begin connecting the column. Disconnect system tubing at the column position inlet and remove the stopper connected to the column inlet.
   1. Allow water to flow from the system tubing dropwise on top of the column then attach the system tubing to the column. Having the column inlet and inlet fitting overflowing with drops of water ensures a connection free of air bubbles.
5. Attach the column outlet at the downstream outlet and verify all fittings are tightly fastened. With the column now attached to the system, do not exceed limits for maximum pressure limit and flowrate as outlined in column specifications.
6. Wash column with 5 column volumes (CV) of water. If necessary, continue column wash until UV280 tracing has stabilized.
7. Immerse inlet tubes of A in Binding buffer, B in Elution buffer and sample pump in Binding buffer to equilibrate the system in correct buffers. Fill the inlet tubes with buffer using PumpWash by manual operation.
8. In the 'Method Editor' module of the software, use the method wizard to setup an affinity chromatography method for the column that is intended to be used.
   NOTE: Automated FPLC systems come with methods pre-filled with the recommended settings (i.e. flowrate and pressure limit) and run steps based on the column (manufacturer, matrix and size) selected for purification.
   1. Use the following run steps for Protein A affinity chromatography:
      1. Equilibrate system with 5 CV of Binding buffer and collect flowthrough into waste container.
      2. Load sample onto the column (volume to be loaded is specified manually in the method) and collect flowthrough into a separate container.
      3. Wash system with 5 CV of Binding buffer and collect flowthrough into a separate container.
      4. Elute column with 5 CV isocratic fractionation using Elution buffer and collect purified antibody sample as fractions by fraction collector.
      5. Equilibrate system with 5 CV of Binding buffer and collect flowthrough into waste container.
9. Once the method has been setup, specify the volume of conditioned media to be applied to the column and save the method.
   NOTE: The specified volume in the method should be 5-10 ml less than the actual volume to avoid introduction of air during the sample run. The specified volume used in this protocol is 90-120 ml.
10. Submerge the sample pump tubing into the vessel containing the conditioned media.
11. Prepare a separate container to collect sample flowthrough via the specified outlet tubing.
    NOTE: It is important to collect the flowthrough in the case an error occurs during the run or the binding capacity of the column is exceeded requiring the flowthrough to be reapplied to the column or the purification repeated.
12. Prepare collection tubes in the fraction collector. Add 100 µl of neutralization buffer per 1 ml fraction volume. The FPLC system will automatically elute the fractions into the collection tubes.
13. In the 'System Control' module of the software, open the method to be run.
    NOTE: The method run is initiated in a series of pages that include checking the variables of the method, fraction collector setup and defining result file name and storage location.
14. Click START to initiate the run. The run can be monitored in the 'System Control' module.
15. At the completion of the purification run, check the resulting chromatogram in the 'Evaluation' module in the system software.
16. Combine all protein-containing fractions into a separate tube, buffer exchange and concentrate in PBS using a centrifugal filter device with 30 kDa molecular weight cut off. Perform centrifugation steps according to manufacturer's instructions.
17. Measure antibody concentration using bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) according to manufacturer's instructions.
18. If another purification run is to be performed, prime the sample pump tubing in Binding buffer and repeat steps 4.9-4.14.
19. At the completion of purification runs, immerse inlet tubes of A, B and sample pump in ultrapure water and wash the system and column as performed in step 3.
20. Submerge A, B and sample pump tubing in 20% ethanol and repeat wash procedure for storage of the system and column.
21. Disconnect the column from the downstream outlet and replace column stopper, then disconnect column at the inlet and replace stopper, reconnect tubing to the system. Store the column at 4 °C.

Wyniki

Stable production of trastuzumab by transfected HEK-293 cells was confirmed using bio-layer interferometry (BLI) as presented in Figure 1. An IgG standard curve was generated by measuring the binding rate between an IgG antibody standard and Protein A biosensor (Figure 1A). The crude supernatant sample was similarly measured, then its concentration interpolated from the standard curve (Figure 1B). The supernatant concentration was measure...

Dyskusje

This protocol details the transfection, stable expression and purification of a therapeutic antibody in HEK-293 cells. Stable expression of antibody genes is the first step in generating an antibody-producing cell line for the development and manufacture of a therapeutic antibody. While Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells remain the expression platform of choice for therapeutic proteins, the HEK-293 cell line is gaining prominence with the realization that proteins produced in these cells are a closer match to naturally oc...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
pFUSE vector series	InvivoGen	N/A	Heavy and light antibody genes expressed in separate vectors that require co-transfection.
mAbXpress vector series	ACYTE Biotech Pty Ltd.		Heavy and light antibody genes expressed in separate vectors that require co-transfection. Refer to: Jones, M. L. et al. A method for rapid, ligation-independent reformatting of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods. 354 (1-2), 85-90, doi:10.1016/j.jim.2010.02.001, (2010).
pVITRO1 vector	N/A	N/A	Heavy and light antibody genes are each driven by a separate promoter in a single vector.  Refer to: Dodev, T. S. et al. A tool kit for rapid cloning and expression of recombinant antibodies. Sci Rep. 4 5885, doi:10.1038/srep05885, (2014).
GS vector series	Lonza		Multi-cistronic vector with heavy and light antibody genes co-expressed and translated as single transcript.
Multi-cistronic vector series 1	N/A	N/A	Multi-cistronic vector with heavy and light antibody genes co-expressed and translated as single transcript. Refer to: Li, J. et al. A comparative study of different vector designs for the mammalian expression of recombinant IgG antibodies. J Immunol Methods. 318 (1-2), 113-124, doi:10.1016/j.jim.2006.10.010, (2007).
Multi-cistronic vector series 2	N/A	N/A	Multi-cistronic vector with heavy and light antibody genes co-expressed and translated as single transcript. Refer to: Ho, S. C. et al. IRES-mediated Tricistronic vectors for enhancing generation of high monoclonal antibody expressing CHO cell lines. J Biotechnol. 157 (1), 130-139, doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.023, (2012).
pVITRO1-Trastuzumab-IgG1/κ	Addgene	61883	Mammalian expression vector containing trastuzumab antibody genes with hygromycin resistance gene; pVITRO1-Trastuzumab-IgG1/κ was a gift from Andrew Beavil.
Fast-Media Hygro Agar	Jomar Life Research	fas-hg-s	Used to prepare low salt LB agar containing 75 µg/ml hygromycin.
Fast-Media Hygro TB	Jomar Life Research	fas-hg-l	Used to prepare low salt TB broth containing 75 µg/ml hygromycin.
Glycerol, BioXtra, ≥99%	Sigma-Aldrich	G6279	Prepare to 80% with water and autoclave. Store at room temperature.
Jestar 2.0/LFU Plasmid Maxi Kit	Astral Scientific	G221020	Plasmid Maxi Prep Kit; elute or resuspend DNA in water (pH 7.0-8.5).
FreeStyle 293-F Cells	Life Technologies	R790-07	HEK-293 cell line adapted to suspension culture in serum-free media.
FreeStyle 293 Expression Medium	Life Technologies	12338-018	Serum-free media specially formulated for maintaing 293-F cell line and high protein expression.
Kolliphor P188	Sigma-Aldrich	K4894	Non-ionic surfactant; pluronic F-68; prepare to 10% in water and filter-sterilize using 0.22 μm filter. Store at 4 °C.
DMEM, high glucose	Life Technologies	11995-065
Heat-Inactivated Foetal Bovine Serum	Life Technologies	10082-147
Polyethylenimine, Linear, MW 25,000	Polysciences, Inc.	23966	Prepare to 1 mg/ml in water. Adjust to pH 7.0 with 1 M HCl (solution becomes clear) and filter-sterilize using 0.22 μm filter. Store at -80 °C until use.
OptiPro SFM	Life Technologies	12309-050	Transfection formulated serum-free media
Hygromycin B Solution	Jomar Life Research	ant-hg-1
Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)	Thermo Fisher Scientific	AJA2225
Tryptone (casein peptone)	Thermo Fisher Scientific	LP0042B	Prepare to 20% in PBS and filter-sterilize using 0.22 μm filter. Store at 4 °C.
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) Tablets, pH 7.4, 100 ml	Astral Scientific	09-2051-100
HiTrap Protein A High Performance, 1 x 5 ml column	Sigma-Aldrich	GE17-0403-01
AKTApurifier 100	GE Healthcare	28406266	Automated FPLC system, which can include a P-960 sample pump and Frac-920 fraction collector.
Glycine-HCl	Sigma-Aldrich	G2879
Citric Acid, monohydrate	Astral Scientific	BIOC2123
Sodium Citrate, trisodium salt dihydrate	Astral Scientific	BIOCB0035
1 M Tris-HCl solution pH 9.0	Astral Scientific	BIOSD8146
Amicon Ultra Centrifugal Filters (30 MWCO)	Merck Millipore	UFC803008/UFC903008	Used to buffer exchange and concentrate purified protein.
Pierce Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Assay Kit	Thermo Fisher Scientific	23227
BLItz System	fortéBIO	45-5000	Instrument used for bio-layer interferometry (BLI) measurements.
Protein A biosensors	fortéBIO	18-5010
Acrylamide/Bisacrylamide (37.5:1), 40% solution	Astral Scientific	786-502
Ammonium Persulfate (APS)	Astral Scientific	AM0486
TEMED	Astral Scientific	AM0761
Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250	Astral Scientific	786-498
Precision Plus Dual-Color Protein Standard	Bio-Rad	1610374