A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

Podsumowanie

Here we present a protocol to induce post-stroke depression in rats by occluding the middle cerebral artery via the internal carotid artery. We use the Porsolt forced swim test and the sucrose preference test to confirm and evaluate induced depressive moods.

Streszczenie

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most recurrent of all psychiatric complications resulting from an ischemic stroke. A greater majority (about 60%) of all ischemic stroke patients suffer from PSD, a disorder considered to be an ischemic stroke-related precursor for increased death and degradation in health. The pathophysiology of PSD is still obscure. To study the mechanism of development and occurrence of PSD further, and to find out a therapy, we attempted to develop a new protocol that requires occluding the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the internal carotid artery (ICA) in rats. This protocol describes a model of PSD induced in rats through the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Also used in the experiment are the Porsolt forced swim test and the sucrose preference test to confirm and evaluate the depressive mood of the rats under investigation. Rather than inserting the catheter through the external carotid artery (ECA), as stipulated for the original procedure, this MCAO technique has the monofilament passing directly through the ICA. This MCAO technique was developed a few years ago and leads to a reduction in mortality and variability. It is generally accepted that the criteria used are preferred in the selection of biological models. The data obtained with this protocol show that this model of MCAO could be a way of inducing PSD in rats and could potentially lead to the understanding of the pathophysiology and the future development of new drugs and other neuroprotective agents.

Wprowadzenie

Stroke is fourth on the list of death-perpetrating diseases in the United States^1,2,3, while it causes the majority of disabilities in adults in developed countries⁴; this makes stroke a leading contender among the world's most significant health issues. Normalcy in stroke-surviving patients is rare, with about 15%-40% of survival victims suffering permanent disability, 20% requiring institutional care 3 months after stroke onset⁵, and about a third of 6-month survivals needing others to help them live through each day⁶. Stroke reportedly also accounts for the rising national health expenditures⁷. Estimates from the American Heart Association has stroke-related costs in the United States at over $50 billion in 2010⁸.

Not only does stroke cause individuals' long-term damages, but some survivors tend to suffer emotional and behavioral disorders, such as dementia, fatigue, anxiety, depression, delirium, and aggression^{9,10,11,12,13,14}. The most recurrent psychological sequel after a stroke is post-stroke depression (PSD), diagnosed in about 40%-50% of survivals^15,16,17. Stroke-induced depression results in increased morbidity and mortality^{18,19,20,21,22}. The pathophysiology of PSD is not known completely, but it is apparently caused by multiple factors and is linked to disability, cognitive impairment, and lesion site²³.

The rat model of focal brain ischemia, created by MCAO, is the most widespread animal model of stroke^24,25,26,27. In demonstrating the induction of PSD in rats by occluding the MCA via the ICA, techniques that minimize mortality and variability in the MCAO model are employed²⁸.

The primary objective of this protocol is to outline the steps for inducing PSD in rats by occluding the MCA via the ICA, a modified model of MCAO, which reduces mortality and the outcome of variability²⁸. Specific aims include performing neurological and histological examinations (determining the neurological severity score [NSS], the volume of the infarction zone, and brain edema) to verify the efficacy of MCAO and using behavioral tests to examine the influence of this MCAO procedure on the development of emotional disorders, mainly PSD.

Protokół

The Animal Care Committee of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel approved all treatment and testing procedures used in this protocol.

1. Preparation of Rats for the Experimental Procedure

NOTE: Select adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-350 g.

1. House the rats, four per cage, in a vivarium at 22 °C and 40% humidity, with a reversed 12 h light/dark cycle (lights off at 8:00 a.m.) and unlimited access to food and water.
2. Randomly assign the rats to two groups, namely an MCAO group (N = 24) and a Sham group (N = 19).

2. Preparation of Rats for Surgery

1. To prepare the rats for the modified MCAO procedure, anesthetize each rat for 30 min with a mixture of isoflurane (4% for induction, 2% for surgery, and 1.3% for maintenance) in 24% oxygen (2 L/min) in an induction chamber and allow it to breathe spontaneously^29,30.
   NOTE: Stimulate pedal withdrawal reflex by pinching the skin between the toes and/or toe pads using blunt forceps. Consider the depth of anesthesia adequate when the reflex disappears.
2. Maintain the core body temperature at 37 °C with a heating plate.
3. Measure the body temperature of all rats through a probe placed in the rat’s rectum before beginning the surgical procedure.
4. Keep the body temperature constant (37 °C) for all rats to minimize any hypothermic effect on the neurological outcome and any neurological injury.
5. Apply artificial tears ointment to both of each animal’s eyes while they lie on the prep table.
6. Shave the neck of each rat and disinfect the skin with 70% alcohol chlorhexidine (70% alcohol and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate). Repeat the disinfection step two more times. 
7. Cover the rats with sterilized surgical drapes.

3. Surgery (the MCAO Technique)

NOTE: Perform surgery as described by Boyko et al.²⁸ and use the instruments provided by McGarry et al.²⁹ and Uluç et al.³⁰.

1. Perform a ventral midline incision and dissect the superficial fascia.
2. Carefully perform a sharp and blunt dissection within the three triangle-shaped muscle (the sternohyoid, the digastric, and the sternomastoid muscle) to identify the carotid arteries (the ECA, the ICA, and the common carotid artery [CCA]).
3. Carefully dissect and expose the right CCA and the ICA.
4. Separate the right CCA and ICA from the vagus nerve.
   NOTE: Upon identifying the carotid arteries as stipulated in step 3.2, the ICA would be recognized as one-half of the CCA branches alongside the ECA.
5. Insert a catheter (heat-blunted or silicone-coated 4-0 nylon) monofilament directly through the ICA, ~18.5-19 mm from the bifurcation point of the right CCA into the circle of Willis until reaching a mild resistance, to occlude MCA.
   NOTE: The heat-blunted filament and the silicone-coated 4-0 nylon play the same role and are the more preferred monofilaments in recent times, given that they provide better occlusion than the plain nylon thread^28,30.
6. Tie a 4-0 silk suture around the ICA just above the right CCA (pterygopalatine artery) bifurcation to block the ICA proximal to the filament insertion point permanently and distal to it temporarily.
7. Tie the ICA around the intraluminal thread to fasten the silk suture to prevent bleeding.
8. Subject the sham-operated rats to the same surgical procedure as the MCAO rats but insert a nylon thread instead²⁸.
   NOTE: The nylon thread, like the silicon-coated nylon, occludes the ICA, but it is not as effective as the latter.
9. Close the wound on the rat’s neck after occluding the MCA, turn off the anesthesia, and place the rat in an incubator under observation until it wakes up.
   NOTE: The need for the proximal ligation is to occlude the ICA, and that of the additional distal ligation is to reduce the bleeding around the filament and secure it in place. Also, the rat should wake up a few minutes after its wound has been closed.

4. Post-surgical Recovery

1. Administer 5 mL of 0.9% saline solution to each rat intraperitoneally, immediately after surgery, to prevent dehydration.
2. Administer analgesia unconditionally on the first day post-operation; use meloxicam 1 mg/kg SQ q24 h. Give diluted dipyrone (0.5 g dissolved in 400 mL of drinking water) to rats showing symptoms of pain during the first 3 days.
3. Sacrifice any rats with seizures (seizures are caused by the increased intracranial pressure from cerebral edema or cerebral hemorrhage²⁸).

5. Neurological Severity Score³¹

NOTE: This procedure is performed by two observers who do not take part in the surgical proceedings; they test the neurological deficits and grade motor deficits on a cumulative score of 0-4³². The evaluation of this score may be performed at different time intervals; in this investigation, it was performed 50 min, 24 h, 7, 15, and 30 days post-surgery. Find below the steps for evaluating the NSS. Although not a necessity in this situation, this score is required to ascertain stroke in rodents in order to administer treatment.

1. Place the rat on a ceramic floor and allow it to move about freely for 1 min.
2. Gently pull the rat backward by the tail and grade as follows.
   1. Grade the rat with score 0 for no neurological deficit.
   2. Grade the rat with score 1 for forelimb flexion.
   3. Grade the rat with score 2 for contralateral weak forelimb grip.
   4. Grade the rat with score 3 for circling to the paretic side when pulled by the tail.
   5. Grade the rat with score 4 for spontaneous circling³².
      NOTE: If more than one of the reactions are observed, preference is given to the action with a higher score.

6. Determination of the Infarct Volume (Hhistologic Examination)

1. Measurement of the infarct volume
   NOTE: Perform this procedure as described previously^33,34. Measure brain infarct volume using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining 24 h after reperfusion.
   1. Euthanize five rats from each group, 24 h after the last NSS, by exposing them to an isoflurane overdose in an induction chamber.
   2. Decapitate the rats and quickly isolate their brains using small scissors and forceps.
   3. Wash the isolated brains in 0.9% saline.
   4. Examine bleeding points on the brains to exclude the mice that underwent subarachnoid hemorrhage at the circle of Willis.
   5. Place each brain on a clean glass slide on a -20 °C ice pack and then place them in a -20 °C fridge for 5 min to make the brain easier to slice.
   6. Take the glass slide with the brain on it out of the -20 °C fridge, put it back on the -20 °C ice pack, and dissect the frontal pole and the cerebellum with blade and forceps.
   7. Slice the brain sections horizontally into 2 mm thickness with a blade to produce six slices.
   8. Prepare a 0.05% TTC solution by adding 1.25 g of TTC powder to 500 mL of normal saline solution prior to sacrifice, transfer the solution to a 24-well plate (1 mL per well) covered in foil, and store it at 4 °C.
      NOTE: TTC and tissue stained with TTC are light sensitive.
   9. Using forceps, transfer the brain slices to the 24-well plate containing the TTC solution (one slice per well) and stretch out the slices in the solution.
   10. Incubate the plate content at 37 °C in a shallow water bath for 30 min.
   11. Aspirate the TTC solution from the plate with a pipette, wash them with a brainwashing fluid, and incubate at room temperature for 30 min.
   12. Place the slices in the order in which they were cut on a laboratory glass and examine the segments with a scanner.
   13. Analyze the infarct size as a percentage of the whole brain slice, using ImageJ analysis software, based on visual identification.
2. Analysis of the infarct volume³⁵
   1. Quantify the infarct volume by using a standard image analysis software (ImageJ) and analyze the infarct brain volume as a percentage of the whole brain size³³.
   2. Place the brain slices on glass microscope slides and scan them with an optical scanner at a high resolution (1,600 x 1,600 dpi) for an adequate analysis.
   3. Crop the images and standardize the scale for all images, using the metric ruler included in the scanned image.
   4. Measure the area of marked pallor in six consecutive 2 mm coronal sections using a Wand (tracing) tool and freehand selection on the ImageJ 1.37v software³⁶.
   5. Calculate the indirect infarct volume using the following formula³⁷.

7. Measurement of Brain Edema³⁸

NOTE: Brain edema was measured 24 h after the last MCAO.  Euthanize animals with severe neurological deficit interfering with eating and/or drinking for at least three days, more than 20% weight loss, hemiplegia or seizures.

1. Assess the magnitude of the edema of the right hemisphere by using the summation of coronally sliced areas to calculate the volumes of the right and left hemispheres in arbitrary units (pixels).
   NOTE: Use the ImageJ 1.37v software for this calculation, after optical scanning (resolution: 1,600 x 1,600 dpi). Select the area of interest and use the Measure function from the Analysis menu. Macros were used in our investigation.
2. Express the brain edema area as a percentage of the standard areas in the unaffected contralateral hemisphere.
3. Calculate the degree of swelling using the equation developed previously³⁹.

8. Behavioral Paradigms

1. Perform behavioral tests between days 30 and 33 after surgery in a closed, quiet, and light-controlled room.
2. Assign investigators blinded to all experimental procedures to videotape all behavioral tests with a commercially available program.
3. Sucrose preference test^40,41
   1. Place the rats in individual cages in the same room as where they are housed during the dark cycle.
   2. For the next 24 h, place one bottle of 100 mL of 1% (w/v) sucrose solution in each cage with the rat to be tested and allow for the adaptation of the rat.
   3. After 24 h, deprive the rats of food and water for 12 h by removing the bottles.
   4. Then after 12 h, place two bottles in each cage for 4 h, one containing 100 mL of tap water and another containing 100 mL of sucrose solution (1% [w/v]).
   5. Record the amount of sucrose solution and water consumed by rats in milliliters. Calculate the affinity to sucrose preference as follows.
4. Porsolt forced swim test⁴²
   NOTE: The Porsolt forced swim test was carried out as described in a previous protocol published by Zeldetz et al.⁴⁰ and Boyko et al.⁴². The principle of this test states that, when rats are forced to swim in a restricted area from whence, they cannot escape, they eventually become immobile, ceasing any attempts to escape the water^43,44. This test was carried out in a different room during the dark cycle.
   1. Place each rat in a vertical plexiglass cylinder (height: 100 cm; diameter: 40 cm) containing 80 cm of water at 25 °C for 15 min for habituation.
   2. Take the rat out and allow it to dry for 15 min in a heated enclosure (32 °C).
   3. Return the rat to its home (original) cage.
   4. Repeat step 8.4.1 24 h later, this time for the investigation, for 5 min.
   5. Videotape the 5 min test and calculate the total duration of immobility during that period.

Wyniki

Histological findings (Table 1) revealed a statistically significant infarct volume as a percentage of total brain (p < 0.0001) post-MCAO when compared to animals in the sham-control group. Also reported was a statistically significant brain edema when the evaluation from the experimental group (p < 0.0003) was put side by side with that of the sham-control group.

The NSS scores obtaine...

Dyskusje

One of the ways in which the MCAO technique presented here could be deemed safer than the original MCAO model is illustrated by the fact that the ECA and its branches, including the occipital artery, the terminal lingual, and the maxillary artery, are not compromised when occluding the MCA via the ICA. The original MCAO model's offset of the ECA (and its branches), by distally dissecting and coagulating them⁴⁶, causes impaired mastication, owing to a compromise to the vascular supply to mastic...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Absorbent pad	-	-	-
Black lusterless perspex box	-	-	(120 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm), divided into a 25% central zone and the surrounding border zone
Bottles	Techniplast	ACBT0262SU	150 mL bottles filled with 100 mL of water and 100 mL 1%(w/v) sucrose solution
Electric Shock	Heat System Ultasonic Inc.	-	-
Horizon-XL	Mennen Medical Ltd
Imaging System	Kodak	-	For imaging and quantification
Monofilament	-	-	-
Paper towels	Pharmacy	-	Dry towels used for keeping rats dry after immersing them in water
Pexiglass cylinder	-	-	a 100 cm tall and 40 cm in diameter cylinder used for carrying out the forced swim test
Purina Chow	Purina	5001	Rodent laboratory chow given to rats, mice and hamster is a life-cycle nutrition that has been used in biomedical researc for over 5 decades. Provided to rats ad libitum in this experiment
Rat Cages	Techniplast	2000P	Conventional housing for rodents. Was used for housing rats throughout the experiment
Scanner	Canon CanoScan	4200F	-
Video Camera	ETHO-VISION (Noldus)	-	Digital video camera for high definition recording of rat behavior under open field test