Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants

Podsumowanie

We present a step-by-step approach to identify and address the most common problems associated with atomic force microscopy micro-indentations. We exemplify the emerging problems on native human articular cartilage explants characterized by various degrees of osteoarthritis-driven degeneration.

Streszczenie

Without a doubt, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is currently one of the most powerful and useful techniques to assess micro and even nano-cues in the biological field. However, as with any other microscopic approach, methodological challenges can arise. In particular, the characteristics of the sample, sample preparation, type of instrument, and indentation probe can lead to unwanted artifacts. In this protocol, we exemplify these emerging issues on healthy as well as osteoarthritic articular cartilage explants. To this end, we first show via a step-by-step approach how to generate, grade, and visually classify ex vivo articular cartilage discs according to different stages of degeneration by means of large 2D mosaic fluorescence imaging of the whole tissue explants. The major strength of the ex vivo model is that it comprises aged, native, human cartilage that allows the investigation of osteoarthritis-related changes from early onset to progression. In addition, common pitfalls in tissue preparation, as well as the actual AFM procedure together with the subsequent data analysis, are also presented. We show how basic but crucial steps such as sample preparation and processing, topographic sample characteristics caused by advanced degeneration, and sample-tip interaction can impact data acquisition. We also subject to scrutiny the most common problems in AFM and describe, where possible, how to overcome them. Knowledge of these limitations is of the utmost importance for correct data acquisition, interpretation, and, ultimately, the embedding of findings into a broad scientific context.

Wprowadzenie

Due to the ever-shrinking size of electronic devices and systems, the rapid development of micro- and nano-based technology and equipment has gained momentum. One such device is atomic force microscopy (AFM), which can scan biological surfaces and retrieve topographic or biomechanical information at both nano- and micrometer scales^1,2. Among its vast features, this tool can be operated as a micro- as well as a nano-indenter to obtain information about the mechanical properties of various biological systems^3,4,5,<....

Protokół

Femoral condyles collected from patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty at the University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany, were used. Only articular cartilage samples from patients with degenerative and posttraumatic joint pathologies were included in this study. Departmental, institutional, as well as local ethical committee approval were obtained before the commencement of the study (Project no.674/2016BO2). Written informed consent was received from all patients before participation.

NOTE: A flowchart of the experiment steps in their chronological order is given in Figure 1.

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Wyniki

Using a self-made cutting device, we were able to explant and generate small (4 mm x 1 mm) cartilage discs from fresh human condyles containing a single cellular spatial pattern³⁰ of single strings (SS, Figure 2A), double strings (DS), small clusters (SC), big clusters (BC; Figure 2A), and diffuse (Figure 2B). A representative cartilage explant is depicted in Figure 3A. The .......

Dyskusje

As a progressive and multifactorial disease, OA triggers structural and functional changes in the articular cartilage.Throughout the course of OA, impairments in mechanical features are accompanied by structural and biochemical changes at the surface of the articular cartilage^27,31. The earliest pathological events occurring in OA are proteoglycan depletion coupled with collagen network disruption^32,33

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Amphotericin B	Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany	1397-89-3
Atomic force microscop (AFM) head	CellHesion 200, Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany	JPK00518
Biocompatible sample glue	Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany	H000033
Calcein AM	Cayman, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA	14948	Cell membrane permeable stain, used for cartilage disc sorting- top view imaging
Cantilever	Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany	SAA-SPH-5UM	Frequency Nom: 30KHz, k: 0.2N/m, lenght nom: 115μm, width nom: 40μm,  geometry: rectangular, cylindrical tip with a 5μm end radius
Cartilage ctting device	Self-made	n/a	Cutting plastic device containing predefined wholes of 4mmx1mm
CDD camera integrated in the AFM	The Imaging Source Europe GmbH, Bremen, Germany	DFK 31BF03
CDD camera integrated in the fluorescence microscope	Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany	DFC3000G
Cryotome	Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany	CM3050S
Data Processing Software for the AFM	Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany	n/a	Version 5.0.86,  can be downloaded for free from the following website https://customers.jpk.com
Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)	Gibco, Life Technologies, Darmstadt, Germany	41966052
Fluorescence Microscope (Leica DMi8)	Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany	11889113
Glass block cantiliver holder	Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany	SP-90-05	Extra long glass block with angled faces, designed especially for the use with the JPK PetriDishHeaterTM (Bruker).
Inverted phase contrast microscope (integrated in the AFM)	AxioObserver D1, Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Jena, Germany	L201306_03
Leibovitz's L-15 medium without L-glutamine	Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany	F1315
Microscope glass slides	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA	CLS294775X50
Mounting medium With DAPI	ibidi GmbH, Gräfelfing, Germany	50011	Mounting media with nuclear DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) counterstaining used for cartilage discs  side view imaging
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA	P4333
Petri dish heater associated with AFM (Petri Dish Heater)	Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany	T-05-0117
Scalpel	Feather Medical Products, Osaka, Japan	2023-01
Silicone Skirt	Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany	n/a	Protective silicone membrane (D55x0.25) which is placed on the basis of the base of the glas block to prevent  medium condensation in the AFM head.
Statistical program - SPSS	IBM, Armonk, New York, USA	SPSS Statistics 22	Vesion 280.0.0.0 (190)
Tissue culture dishes	TPP Techno Plastic Products AG, Trasadingen, Switzerland	TPP93040
Tissue-tek O.C.T. Compound	Sakura Finetek, Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands	SA6255012	Water-soluble embedding medium