Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal National Institutes of Health di Grant 5KO8DK085136-02 a JY.

1. Ottenere Colon Tissue Mouse Un protocollo per eseguire esperimenti su animali, specificando le motivazioni e gli obiettivi della ricerca, è stato presentato e approvato dal nostro ufficio istituzionale di Animal Research Vigilanza. <ol><li> Euthanize il mouse con isoflurano inalato seguita da dislocazione cervicale. </li><li> Effettuare una incisione mediana ventrale, ritrarre il piccolo intestino di distanza e identificare il colon. Ritrarre la vescica e dell&#39;utero (se presente) lateralmente e identificare l&#39;osso pubico e tagliare con forbici pregiati per esporre il retto. </li><li> Sezionare il mesentere dorsale del retto off del colon e mobilizzare il colon dall&#39;ano al cieco, e la transezione per scollegare il colon dal piccolo intestino. </li><li> Porre il campione in tampone fosfato ghiacciata (PBS). </li><li> Riempire una siringa da 10 ml con PBS freddo e lavare il colon lume diverse volte per cancellare il contenuto, quindi tagliare l&#39;ope colonn senso della lunghezza con le forbici. </li><li> Posizionare il colon in una provetta conica da 50 ml contenente 20 ml di PBS ghiacciato. I due punti non deve essere collocato in qualsiasi orientamento particolare. Lavare il colon sostituendo il PBS fino a quando il liquido è trasparente senza particolato. </li></ol> Umano Un protocollo di ottenere tessuti umani da pazienti chirurgici, specificando l&#39;importanza di ottenere questo tessuto, nonché una valutazione dei potenziali rischi e benefici, è stato presentato e approvato dal nostro Ufficio istituzionale del programma di protezione Human Research. <ol><li> Collaborazione di ricerca con un chirurgo colorettale è necessario essere in grado di ottenere tessuti umani per la ricerca. Un protocollo di ottenere tessuto del colon umano dovrebbe essere presentato e approvato dal comitato istituzionale di revisione. </li><li> Il consenso informato scritto è ottenuto dal paziente prima della procedura chirurgica. </li><li> Il chirurgo esegue una resezione del colon in standla moda ard. Una volta che il colon è stato rimosso dal paziente, il campione viene immediatamente portata patologia. 0,5 nella sezione a tutto spessore della parete del colon non necessario per la valutazione patologica è previsto ed è subito posizionato sulla PBS freddo. Questo esemplare non dovrebbe includere il mesentere colon, e appendici premistoppa deve essere rimosso e, dal momento che la presenza di grasso influenzerà il processo di digestione. </li></ol> 2. Denudare Cellule epiteliali <ol><li> Incubare tutto il colon topo in 25 ml di EDTA 5 mM in HBSS (temperatura ambiente) in una provetta conica da 50 ml. Posizionare il tubo conico in C agitazione bagno aria 37 ° (250 rpm) per 15 minuti. Dopo 15 min, versare con cura il liquido e riempire il tubo con 25 ml di EDTA 5 mM, ripetere per un totale di 5 lavaggi. Per colon umano, dopo aver ottenuto una striscia ½ centimetro di parete del colon dal patologo tagliare il colon con le forbici in quattro pezzi uguali dimensioni. Posizionare due dei pezzi in una provetta conica da 50 ml, ecollocare i restanti due pezzi di tessuto del colon in una provetta conica da 50 ml separata. Poi incubare con 25 ml di EDTA 5 mM in HBSS e effettuare lavaggi, come descritto sopra. </li><li> Sciacquare il colon due volte in 20 ml di PBS freddo. </li><li> Posizionare il colon tessuto topo in una nuova provetta da 50 ml contenente 20 ml di RPMI-5, 10 U di dispasi, e 2.000 U di collagenasi D (temperatura ambiente). Per il tessuto colon umano, usare il doppio della quantità di dispasi e collagenasi (20 U dispasi, 4.000 U collagenasi D). </li><li> Porre il tubo in un bagno di aria 37 ° C agitando orientato verticalmente (se posto orizzontalmente, c&#39;è troppa aerazione e danno cellulare). Agitare a 250 rpm per un massimo di 60 min. Dopo l&#39;esposizione al dispasi e collagenasi D, il tessuto colon inizierà a digerire e il tessuto colon inizierà a guardare filante. Questo richiede di solito circa 30 min. Quando il colon ha questo aspetto, rimuovere il colon dagli enzimi. </li><li> Agitare ogni provetta su e giù 2-4 volte a rompere il tessuto. PEllet tessuto a 200 xg in una centrifuga da tavolo (4 ° C) per 5 min. Versare con cautela il surnatante e gettarlo. </li></ol> 3. Isolamento miofibroblasti e cultura <ol><li> Risospendere ogni pellet aggiungendo 10 ml di tampone di lisi ACK (47 ° C). Centrifugare nuovamente a 200 xg per 5 min (4 ° C), versare fuori e scartare il surnatante. </li><li> Risospendere ogni pellet aggiungendo 10 ml RPMI-5 con una pipetta. </li><li> Passare metà della sospensione cellulare (5 ml) attraverso un colino a maglie 70 micron con una pipetta 10 ml in un piatto TC-trattati 100 mm. Quindi aggiungere altri 15 ml di RPMI-5. Ripetere con i rimanenti 5 ml di sospensione cellulare in da 100 mm piatto TC-trattati differente. Un colon mouse quindi produrrà due 100 millimetri piatti TC-trattati. Una striscia di ½ pollice di tessuto del colon umano produrrà un totale di quattro piatti TC-trattata da 100 mm. </li><li> Porre la cultura piatti di tessuto in un incubatore CO 2 del 10% a 37 ° C. Le condizioni di coltura sono le stesse fo il mouse e cellule primarie umane. </li><li> Dopo 3 ore, lavare delicatamente le cellule non aderenti, con due cambi di HBSS. Il galleggiamento detriti dovrebbe essere lavato delicatamente. Cellule aderenti sono composti da cellule epiteliali, macrofagi e miofibroblasti. Una settimana dopo la semina, miofibroblasti solo dividere, macrofagi e cellule epiteliali senesce dopo il primo passaggio. Aggiungere fresco RPMI-5 e crescere le cellule in coltura cellulare. </li><li> Le cellule sono diversi passaggi per tripsinizzazione per 5 minuti e sono divisi 2:1. </li></ol> Abbreviazioni HBSS: soluzione salina bilanciata di Hank; RPMI-5: Roswell Park Memorial Institute media; ACK: ammonio-cloruro-potassio; FCS: siero fetale di vitello; TC-trattati: la cultura tessuto trattato Soluzioni Tampone di lisi ACK - (4.15 g di NH 4 Cl, 0,5 g KHCO 3, 18,6 mg Na 2 EDTA, 400 ml H 2 O, aggiustare il pH a 7,2-7,4 con 1 N HCl). Filtro sterilizzabilee attraverso un filtro 0,2 micron e conservare a 4 ° C. RPMI-5 - (per fare 500 ml: 454,5 ml RPMI, 25 ml FCS, 5 ml di 200 mM L-glutammina, 5 ml di 1 M HEPES, pH 7,4, 5 ml 100 mM sodio piruvato, 5 ml 100x Pen-Strep, 500 ml di 50 mM B-ME in PBS).

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Liver Physiol. 300, G637-G646 (2011).</li><li>Yoo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TNF-alpha+induces+upregulation+of+EGFR+expression+and+signaling+in+human+colonic+myofibroblasts.">TNF-alpha induces upregulation of EGFR expression and signaling in human colonic myofibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 302, G805-G814 (2012).</li><li>Mahida, Y. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+human+colonic+subepithelial+myofibroblasts+express+extracellular+matrix+proteins+and+cyclooxygenase-1+and+-2.">Adult human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts express extracellular matrix proteins and cyclooxygenase-1 and -2.</a> Am. J. 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Bowel Dis. 12, 153-165 (2006).</li><li>Hoang, B., Trinh, A., Birnbaumer, L., Edwards, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decreased+MAPK-+and+PGE2-dependent+IL-11+production+in+Gialpha2-/-+colonic+myofibroblasts.">Decreased MAPK- and PGE2-dependent IL-11 production in Gialpha2-/- colonic myofibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 292, G1511-G1519 (2007).</li><li>Li, Z. B., Kollias, H. D., Wagner, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myostatin+directly+regulates+skeletal+muscle+fibrosis.">Myostatin directly regulates skeletal muscle fibrosis.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 283, 19371-19378 (2008).</li><li>Saada, J. 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La tecnica generale è simile usando il mouse o colon umano. Questa tecnica può essere utilizzata per isolare miofibroblasti dal piccolo intestino. I dettagli specifici per l&#39;isolamento dei miofibroblasti da 1. mouse e 2. colon umano sono discussi di seguito. 1. Topo Colon Irrigazione del colon mouse viene facilitata collegando un 4, 16 G Popper ago smussato-end a un&#39;estremità del colon. Questo aiuta anche durante il taglio del colon longitudinalmente. È ...

La regolazione della funzione gastrointestinale del tratto (GI) comporta complesse, interazioni dinamiche tra lo strato mucoso e il suo mesenchima sottostante. Queste interazioni normalmente servono a mantenere l&#39;omeostasi ma possono anche portare allo sviluppo di stati di malattia in condizioni patologiche 1. Miofibroblasti sono una sottopopolazione di cellule stromali situati soggiacente allo strato epiteliale che comunicano in modo paracrino con circostante sottopopolazioni di cellule per regolare un numero di processi tratto GI critici che includono rigenerazione della mucosa, riparazione e fibrosi 2. La linea cellulare 18Co è un esempio di una linea umana colon miofibroblasti cella che è stato ampiamente utilizzato per studiare la funzione miofibroblasti perché condivide molte delle caratteristiche di primaria in miofibroblasti situ. Questi includono l&#39;espressione della proteina di a-actina muscolare liscia (α-SMA) e vimentina, nonché l&#39;espressione di un numerodei recettori di superficie cellulare, come il recettore del fattore di crescita epidermico, o recettori per 3,4 acido lysophosphatidic. A causa di queste caratteristiche ultrastrutturali condivisi, nonché similitudini nella funzione biologica 5, la linea cellulare 18Co è stato ampiamente utilizzato per studiare la funzione miofibroblasti nel contesto di molti stati patologici quali la malattia infiammatoria intestinale o colorettale 3,6 cancro. Tuttavia, vi sono limitazioni intrinseche e preoccupazioni quando si utilizza una linea cellulare. Questi includono instabilità genotipica nel tempo che differenzia linee cellulari di cellule primarie, alterando il fenotipo e funzione biologica della cellula, compresi tassi di crescita e le interazioni con altre popolazioni cellulari. Linee cellulari mancano anche i normali componenti del microambiente GI (epiteliale, stromale e componenti vascolari), che è un importante limitazione al suo uso. Pertanto, le conclusioni tratte dalla ricerca sperimentale linea cellulare richiede un&#39;ulteriore conferma per ridurre il risk di errori di interpretazione. Miofibroblasti primari possono essere ottenuti da colon tessuto umano e il mouse per confermare i risultati sperimentali individuati in una linea cellulare 7. Il metodo è stato originariamente descritto da Mahida, et al. 8, e il protocollo è una delle molte tecniche ben definite che possono essere utilizzati per isolare miofibroblasti primari di topo e del colon umano 9. Per ogni modello murino della malattia del colon, questa tecnica può essere utilizzata per isolare myofibroblasts primarie per studiare come interagiscono con le cellule vicine o contribuire sia normale o patologico GI elabora 10,11. Questa tecnica può essere utilizzata per studiare come miofibroblasti contribuiscono alla guarigione della mucosa, fibrosi, e lo sviluppo di adenomi e carcinomi colorettali. Miofibroblasti base possono anche essere ottenuti da tessuti del colon umano che è stato asportato al momento della operazione per benigna (malattia infiammatoria intestinale, stenosi, diverticolite) o maligni condizioni. Cellule primarie isolate da tessuti umani colon e mouse possono essere coltivate in coltura cellulare ed utilizzati per un numero limitato di passaggi.

Table of specific reagents and equipment:
<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <th>Name of the reagent</th>
 <th>Company</th>
 <th>Catalogue number</th>
 <th>Comments (optional)</th>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dispase I</td>
 <td>Invitrogen/GIBCO</td>
 <td>#17105-041</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Collagenase D</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>#1 088 858</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>4 in, 16 G Popper blunt-end needle</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>#14-825-16K</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

isolation of primary myofibroblasts from mouse and human colon tissue

Il miofibroblasti è una cellula stromale del tratto che sta guadagnando una notevole attenzione per il suo ruolo fondamentale in molte funzioni GI gastrointestinale (GI). Mentre diverse linee cellulari miofibroblasti sono disponibili in commercio per studiare queste cellule in vitro, i risultati della ricerca di una linea di cellule esposte a condizioni di coltura cellulare sperimentali hanno delle limitazioni intrinseche dovute al carattere eccessivamente riduttiva del lavoro. L&#39;uso di miofibroblasti primarie offre un grande vantaggio in termini di conferma risultati sperimentali individuati in una linea cellulare. Isolamento di miofibroblasti primarie da un modello animale consente lo studio dei miofibroblasti in condizioni che imitare maggiormente lo stato di malattia in fase di studio. Isolamento di miofibroblasti primari dal tessuto del colon umano fornisce senza dubbio i dati sperimentali più rilevanti, dal momento che le cellule provengono direttamente dai pazienti con la malattia di base. Descriviamo una tecnica ben consolidata che può essere utilized isolare myofibroblasts primarie sia da mouse e tessuti del colon umano. Queste cellule isolate sono stati caratterizzati per essere alfa-actina del muscolo liscio e vimentina-positive, e desmina-negativo, in linea con miofibroblasti intestinali subepiteliali. Cellule myofibroblast primarie possono essere coltivate in coltura cellulare e utilizzati per scopi sperimentali su un numero limitato di passaggi.

Una volta isolato, miofibroblasti umani primari possono essere coltivate in coltura cellulare ed utilizzati per un numero limitato di passaggi (fino a passaggio 4). Queste cellule sono caratterizzate come un liscio-actina muscolare e vimentina positivo, e desmin-negativi (Figura 1A), in linea con intestinali myofibroblasts subepiteliali 5,7. Essi hanno anche una caratteristica stellato morfologia (Figura 1B). Miofibroblasti primari possono poi essere utilizzati per confermare...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue at JoVE.com

Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

Il miofibroblasti è una cellula stromale influente del tratto gastrointestinale che regola importanti processi fisiologici in stati normali e patologici. Descriviamo una tecnica che consente l&#39;isolamento dei miofibroblasti primarie sia da mouse e tessuti del colon umano, che può essere utilizzato per la sperimentazione in vitro.

Isolamento di primaria miofibroblasti da mouse e Colon Tessuto umano

The myofibroblast is  a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining  considerable attention for its critical role in many GI ...

isolation-of-primary-myofibroblasts-from-mouse-and-human-colon-tissue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.5K Views.  UCLA.  Il miofibroblasti è una cellula stromale influente del tratto gastrointestinale che regola importanti processi fisiologici in stati normali e patologici. Descriviamo una tecnica che consente l'isolamento dei miofibroblasti primarie sia da mouse e tessuti del colon umano, che può essere utilizzato per la sperimentazione in vitro. 

Video: Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

Neuronal Nuclei Isolation from Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, little is known about changes in neuronal chromatin and nuclear organization during the course of development and aging, or in chronic neuropsychiatric disease. However, to date most chromatin and DNA based assays (other than FISH) lack single cell resolution. To this end, the considerable cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation, because typically various subpopulations of neurons are intermingled with different types of glia and other non-neuronal cells. One possible solution would be to grow cell-type specific cultures, but most CNS cells, including neurons, are ex vivo sustainable, at best, for only a few weeks and thus would provide an incomplete model for epigenetic mechanisms potentially operating across the full lifespan.  Here, we provide a protocol to extract and purify nuclei from frozen (never fixed) human postmortem brain. The method involves extraction of nuclei in hypotonic lysis buffer, followed by ultracentrifugation and immunotagging with anti-NeuN antibody. Labeled neuronal nuclei are then collected separately using fluorescence-activated sorting. This method should be applicable to any brain region in a wide range of species and suitable for chromatin immunoprecipitation studies with site- and modification-specific anti-histone antibodies, and for DNA methylation and other assays. 

The cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation for the study of epigenetic markings in chromatin because most assays lack single cell resolution. Neurons typically are intermingled with glia and other non-neuronal cells. We provide a protocol to extract and collect neuronal nuclei from human brain.

Nuclei di isolamento dal tessuto neuronale del cervello umano Postmortem

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

Isolamento di cellule immunitarie di tumori primari

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various ...

Na&iuml;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell populations have been identified in human skin 1-4. The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors was first reported by Miller F. D laboratory 5, 6. These early studies described a multipotent precursor cell population from adult mammalian dermis 5. These cells--termed SKPs, for skin-derived precursors-- were isolated and expanded from rodent and human skin and differentiated into both neural and mesodermal progeny, including cell types never found in skin, such as neurons 5. Immunocytochemical studies on cultured SKPs revealed that cells expressed vimentin and nestin, an intermediate filament protein expressed in neural and skeletal muscle precursors, in addition to fibronectin and multipotent stem cell markers 6. Until now, the adult stem cells population SKPs have been isolated from freshly collected mammalian skin biopsies.
Recently, we have established and reported that a population of skin derived precursor cells could remain present in primary fibroblast cultures established from skin biopsies 7. The assumption that a few somatic stem cells might reside in primary fibroblast cultures at early population doublings was based upon the following observations: (1) SKPs and primary fibroblast cultures are derived from the dermis, and therefore a small number of SKP cells could remain present in primary dermal fibroblast cultures and (2) primary fibroblast cultures grown from frozen aliquots that have been subjected to unfavorable temperature during storage or transfer contained a small number of cells that remained viable 7. These rare cells were able to expand and could be passaged several times. This observation suggested that a small number of cells with high proliferation potency and resistance to stress were present in human fibroblast cultures 7.
We took advantage of these findings to establish a protocol for rapid isolation of adult stem cells from primary fibroblast cultures that are readily available from tissue banks around the world (Figure 1). This method has important significance as it allows the isolation of precursor cells when skin samples are not accessible while fibroblast cultures may be available from tissue banks, thus, opening new opportunities to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying rare genetic diseases as well as modeling diseases in a dish.

Na&amp;#239;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

We report a method to isolate na&#239;ve multipotent skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells from primary human fibroblast cultures. We show that these SKPs derived from fibroblast cultures share similar stem cell properties to the ones derived directly from human skin biopsies. These cells express the neural crest marker, nestin, in addition to the multipotent markers such as OCT4 and Nanog.

Naïve Adult Stem Cells isolamento da colture primarie di fibroblasti umani

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell  populations have been identified in human skin 1-4.  The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors ...

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of cell heath due to their role in both cell metabolism and energy production as well as control of apoptosis. Therefore, direct evaluation of isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial perturbation offers the ability to determine if organelle-specific (dys)function is occurring. The methods described in this protocol include isolation of intact, functional mitochondria from HEK cultured cells and mouse liver and spinal cord, but can be easily adapted for use with other cultured cells or animal tissues. Mitochondrial function assessed by TMRE and the use of common mitochondrial uncouplers and inhibitors in conjunction with a fluorescent plate reader allow this protocol not only to be versatile and accessible to most research laboratories, but also offers high throughput.

Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress.

Isolamento e analisi funzionale dei mitocondri da cellule in coltura e Tissue mouse

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of ...

Isolation of Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Esophagus

Murine and human esophageal myofibroblasts are generated via enzymatic digestion. Neonate (8-12 day old) murine esophagus is harvested, minced, washed, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for 25 min. Human esophageal resection specimens are stripped of muscularis propria and adventitia and the remaining mucosa is minced, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for up to 6 hr. Cultured cells express &#945;-SMA and vimentin and express desmin weakly or not at all. Culture conditions are not conducive to growth of epithelial, hematopoietic, or endothelial cells. Culture purity is further confirmed by flow cytometric evaluation of cell surface marker expression of potential contaminating hematopoietic and endothelial cells. The described technique is straightforward and results in consistent generation of non-hematopoieitc, non-endothelial stromal cells. Limitations of this technique are inherent to the use of primary cultures in molecular biology studies, i.e., the unavoidable variability encountered among cultures established across different mice or humans. Primary cultures however are a more representative reflection of the in vivo state compared to cell lines. These methods also provide investigators the ability to isolate and culture stromal cells from different clinical and experimental conditions, allowing comparisons between groups. Characterized esophageal stromal cells can also be used in functional studies investigating epithelial-stromal interactions in esophageal disorders.

We present a protocol to generate primary cultures of murine and human esophageal stromal cells with a myofibroblast phenotype. Cultured cells have spindle shaped morphology, express &#945;-SMA and vimentin, and lack epithelial, hematopoietic and endothelial cell surface markers. Characterized stromal cells can be used in functional studies of epithelial-stromal interactions.

Isolamento di miofibroblasti da mouse e Esofago umano

Murine and human esophageal myofibroblasts are generated via enzymatic digestion. Neonate (8-12 day old) murine esophagus is harvested, minced, washed, ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

Isolamento e colture primarie di cellule di topo aortica endoteliali

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin defense by forming an intact skin barrier against environmental insults, such as UVB irradiation or pathogens, and also by initiating an inflammatory response upon those insults. Here we describe methods to isolate KCs from neonatal mouse skin and from adult mouse tail skin. We also describe culturing conditions using defined growth supplements (dGS) in comparison to chelexed fetal bovine serum (cFBS). Functionally, we show that both neonatal and adult KCs are highly responsive to high calcium-induced terminal differentiation, tight junction formation and stratification. Additionally, cultured adult KCs are susceptible to UVB-triggered cell death and can release large amounts of TNF upon UVB irradiation. Together, the methods described here will be useful to researchers for the setup of in vitro models to study epidermal biology in the neonatal mouse and/or the adult mouse.

Epidermal keratinocytes form a functional skin barrier and are positioned at the front line of host defense against external environmental insults. Here we describe methods for isolation and primary culture of epidermal keratinocytes from neonatal and adult mouse skin, and induction of terminal differentiation and UVB-triggered inflammatory response from keratinocytes.

Isolamento e cultura dei cheratinociti primari del mouse dalla pelle dei neonati e adulti

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin ...

Isolation and Characterization of Adult Cardiac Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts

Cardiac fibrosis in response to injury is a physiological response to wound healing. Efforts have been made to study and target fibroblast subtypes that mitigate fibrosis. However, fibroblast research has been hindered due to the lack of universally acceptable fibroblast markers to identify quiescent as well as activated fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are a heterogenous cell population, making them difficult to isolate and characterize. The presented protocol describes three different methods to enrich fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from uninjured and injured mouse hearts. Using a standard and reliable protocol to isolate fibroblasts will enable the study of their roles in homeostasis as well as fibrosis modulation.

Obtaining a pure population of fibroblasts is crucial to studying their role in wound repair and fibrosis. Described here is a detailed method to isolate fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from uninjured and injured mouse hearts followed by characterization of their purity and functionality by immunofluorescence, RTPCR, fluorescence-assisted cell sorting, and collagen gel contraction.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di fibroblasti cardiaci adulti e miofibroblasti

Cardiac fibrosis in response to injury is a physiological response to wound healing. Efforts have been made to study and target fibroblast subtypes that ...

Generation of Murine Primary Colon Epithelial Monolayers from Intestinal Crypts

The intestinal epithelium is comprised of a single layer of cells that act as a barrier between the gut lumen and the interior of the body. Disruption in the continuity of this barrier can result in inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. One of the limitations in the study of intestinal epithelial biology has been the lack of primary cell culture models, which has obliged researchers to use model cell lines derived from carcinomas. The advent of three dimensional (3D) enteroids has given epithelial biologists a powerful tool to generate primary cell cultures, nevertheless, these structures are embedded in extracellular matrix and lack the maturity characteristic of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells. Several techniques to generate intestinal epithelial monolayers have been published, but most are derived from established 3D enteroids making the process laborious and expensive. Here we describe a protocol to generate primary epithelial colon monolayers directly from murine intestinal crypts. We also detail experimental approaches that can be used with this model such as the generation of confluent cultures on permeable filters, confluent monolayer for scratch wound healing studies and sparse and confluent monolayers for immunofluorescence analysis.

In this protocol, we describe how to generate murine primary epithelial colon monolayers directly from intestinal crypts. We provide experimental approaches to generate confluent monolayers on permeable filters, confluent monolayers for scratch wound healing and biochemical studies, and sparse and confluent monolayers for immunofluorescence analysis.

Generazione di monostrati epiteliali del colon primario murino da cripte intestinali

The intestinal epithelium is comprised of a single layer of cells that act as a barrier between the gut lumen and the interior of the body. Disruption in ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Oral Keratinocytes from the Adult Mouse Palate

For years, most studies involving keratinocytes have been conducted using human and mouse skin epidermal keratinocytes. Recently, oral keratinocytes have attracted attention because of their unique function and characteristics. They maintain the homeostasis of the oral epithelium and serve as resources for applications in regenerative therapies. However, in vitro studies that use oral primary keratinocytes from adult mice have been limited due to the lack of an efficient and well-established culture protocol. Here, oral primary keratinocytes were isolated from the palate tissues of adult mice and cultured in a commercial low-calcium medium supplemented with a chelexed-serum. Under these conditions, keratinocytes were maintained in a proliferative or stem cell-like state, and their differentiation was inhibited even after increased passages. Marker expression analysis showed that the cultured oral keratinocytes expressed the basal cell markers p63, K14, and &#945;6-integrin and were negative for the differentiation marker K13 and the fibroblast marker PDGFR&#945;. This method produced viable and culturable cells suitable for downstream applications in the study of oral epithelial stem cell functions in vitro.

The present protocol describes the isolation and culture of oral keratinocytes derived from the adult mouse palate. An evaluation method using immunostaining is also reported.

Isolamento e coltura di cheratinociti orali primari dal palato del topo adulto

For years, most studies involving keratinocytes have been conducted using human and mouse skin epidermal keratinocytes. Recently, oral keratinocytes have ...