R.E.M. thanks the Royal Society and the E.P.S.R.C. (Grants EP/L014475/1, EP/K025112/1 and EP/K005499/1) for funding work in this area. J.C&#780;. acknowledges the Czech Science Foundation for the project of the Centre of Excellence (P106/12/G015) and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ 2007-&#173;-2013) under grant agreement n&#176;604307. The authors would like to thank P. Chlubn&#225;-Eli&#225;&#353;ov&#225;, W.J. Roth and P. Nachtigall for enlightening discussions.

Caution: Please consult all relevant material safety data sheets (MSDS) and carry out a risk assessment of all procedures before use. Several of the chemicals used in this synthesis procedure are acutely toxic and carcinogenic. Please use all appropriate safety procedures during the duration of these procedures including engineering controls (fume hood) and personal protective equipment (safety glasses, lab coat and suitable chemical resistant gloves).
1. Preparation of the Structure-directing Agent for the Synthesis of UTL
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve 5.68 g of sodium hydroxide in 140 ml of distilled water. Add 30.66 g of 1,4-dibromobutane to the solution and stir.</li>
	<li>Heat the solution to reflux (oil bath at 110 &#176;C).</li>
	<li>Add drop wise (~1 drop per second) 16.07 g of (2R,6S)-2,6-dimethylpiperidine and continue to reflux for a further 12 hr.</li>
	<li>Cool to RT and then chill in an ice bath.</li>
	<li>Dissolve 50 g of sodium hydroxide in 75 ml of distilled water to prepare a 40 wt% solution. Cool on ice. Add 70 ml of ice cooled 40 wt% sodium hydroxide solution to the chilled solution above.</li>
	<li>Filter the white precipitate and dissolve in minimal chloroform.</li>
	<li>Extract the aqueous residue with chloroform (three 200 ml portions). Combine the chloroform portions and dry using ~20 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate.</li>
	<li>Remove the sodium sulfate by filtration using filter paper, and wash with chloroform (50 ml).</li>
	<li>Partially evaporate the chloroform using a rotary evaporator until a white precipitate starts to form. Remove from the rotary evaporator and add diethyl ether until no further precipitation is visible.</li>
	<li>Recover the white precipitate by filtration using filter paper in a funnel and wash with diethyl ether (50 ml).</li>
	<li>Dry the white precipitate at 60 &#176;C O/N to yield the salt (6R,10S)-6,10-dimethyl-5-azoniaspiro[4,5]decane bromide.</li>
	<li>Dissolve 25.0 g of (6R,10S)-6,10-dimethyl-5-azoniaspiro[4,5]decane bromide in 50 ml of distilled water.</li>
	<li>Exchange the bromide anion for hydroxide anion by using a hydroxide ion-exchange resin.
	<ol>
		<li>Add 25.0 g of a hydroxide ion-exchange resin to the bromide salt solution and stir for 12 hr.</li>
		<li>Filter the solution with filter paper and re-expose the filtrate to 25.0 g of hydroxide ion-exchange resin under stirring for 12 hr. Repeat exposure to hydroxide ion-exchange resin until a silver nitrate test for halogens returns a negative result. 
		Note: The silver nitrate test is a very sensitive test for bromide ions.
		<ol>
			<li>Acidify 0.25 ml of the product solution with 2 ml dilute nitric acid (1.0 M). Add 2-3 drops of silver nitrate solution (0.05 M) to the product solution. If a precipitate forms then repeat exposure to the hydroxide ion-exchange resin and retest until no precipitate can be seen.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Confirm the concentration of hydroxide by titration with 0.1 M (which is equivalent to 0.1 N) hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein solution as an indicator. Using a burette, slowly add small aliquots of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to a small portion of known volume of the product solution until the phenolphthalein indicator just changes color (i.e., the end point is reached). The total number of moles of hydrochloric acid added is equal to the number of moles of hydroxide in the initial solution.</li>
	<li>Dilute the solution with distilled water to give a concentration of 0.625 M in hydroxide.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of Parent Ge-UTL Zeolite
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve 1.08 g of germanium dioxide into 15 ml of a solution of the structure directing agent (6R,10S)-6,10-dimethyl-5-azoniaspiro[4,5]decane hydroxide (concentration of 0.625 M).</li>
	<li>Add portion-wise 1.246 g of fumed silicon dioxide to the above solution and stir for a further 30 min until a homogeneous solution is formed. 
	Note: The resulting gel has a molar composition of 0.8 SiO2: 0.4 GeO2: 0.4 ROH: 30 H2O, where ROH is the structure directing agent.</li>
	<li>Transfer the gel to a polytetrafluoroethylene-lined autoclave (30 ml capacity). Then place in an oven and heat to 175 &#176;C for 10 days.</li>
	<li>After 10 days, remove the autoclave from the oven, and allow to cool naturally to RT. Recover the white zeolite product by filtration. Wash with copious amounts of water (~200 ml). Dry the zeolite at 70 &#176;C O/N.</li>
	<li>Remove the structure directing agent from the pores of the zeolite by heating the zeolite to 550 &#176;C at a rate of 1 &#176;C min-1, held at 550 &#176;C for 6 hr before being cooled to RT at a rate of 2 &#176;C min-1.</li>
	<li>Acquire a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum to confirm the structure using manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
	Note: The powder X-ray diffraction pattern should match that given for UTL in Figure 2.</li>
	<li>Acquire a N2 adsorption isotherm to confirm the porosity using manufacturer&#39;s protocol.</li>
	<li>Acquire elemental analysis using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy using manufacturer&#39;s protocol.</li>
	<li>Store the calcined zeolite in a dry inert atmosphere to prevent hydrolysis of the material.</li>
</ol>
3. Hydrolysis of Ge-UTL to Form IPC-1P
<ol>
	<li>Add 1.0 g of calcined zeolite to 160 ml of a 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution.</li>
	<li>Heat this mixture at 95 &#176;C for 18 hr, cool to RT and recover the solid by filtration using a filter paper. Wash with copious amounts of water (~300 ml) and dry at 70 &#176;C O/N.</li>
	<li>Acquire a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum to confirm the structure of IPC-1P using manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
	Note: The powder X-ray diffraction pattern should match that given for IPC-1P in Figure 2. The dried product is designated IPC-1P and is stored for further use.</li>
</ol>
4. Preparation of IPC-4 Zeolite
<ol>
	<li>Place 0.5 g of IPC-1P in a ceramic crucible and heat to 575 &#176;C at a heating rate of 1 &#176;C min-1, hold at 575 &#176;C for 6 hr before being cooled to RT at a rate of 2 &#176;C min-1.</li>
	<li>Acquire a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum to confirm the structure using manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
	Note: The powder X-ray diffraction pattern should match that given for IPC-4 in Figure 2.</li>
	<li>Acquire a N2 adsorption isotherm to confirm the porosity using manufacturer&#39;s protocol.</li>
	<li>Acquire elemental analysis using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy using manufacturer&#39;s protocol. This will give information on how much Ge remains in the structure.</li>
</ol>
5. Preparation of IPC-2 Zeolite
<ol>
	<li>Add 0.5 g of IPC-1P to 10 ml of 1.0 M nitric acid solution.</li>
	<li>Add 0.1 g of diethoxydimethylsilane (DEDMS) to the solution.</li>
	<li>Transfer the solution to a polytetrafluoroethylene-lined autoclave and heat in an oven at 175 &#176;C for 18 hr.</li>
	<li>Remove the autoclave from the oven and allow to cool naturally to RT.</li>
	<li>Recover the white product by filtration, wash with copious amounts of water (~100 ml) and dry at 70 &#176;C O/N.</li>
	<li>Acquire a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum to confirm the structure. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern should match that given for IPC-2P in Figure 2.</li>
	<li>Place the product in a ceramic crucible and heat to 575 &#176;C at a heating rate of 1 &#176;C min-1, hold at 575 &#176;C for 6 hr before being cooled to RT at a rate of 2 &#176;C min-1.</li>
	<li>Acquire a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum to confirm the structure using manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
	Note: The diffraction pattern should match that given for IPC-2 in Figure 2.</li>
	<li>Acquire a N2 adsorption isotherm to confirm the porosity using manufacturer&#39;s protocol.</li>
	<li>Acquire elemental analysis using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy using manufacturer&#39;s protocol.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cundy, C. S., Cox, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hydrothermal+synthesis+of+zeolites:+History+and+development+from+the+earliest+days+to+the+present+time.">The hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites: History and development from the earliest days to the present time.</a> Chem. Rev. 103 (3), 663-701 (2003).</li><li>Cundy, C. S., Cox, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hydrothermal+synthesis+of+zeolites:+Precursors,+intermediates+and+reaction+mechanism.">The hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites: Precursors, intermediates and reaction mechanism.</a> Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 82 (1-2), 1-78 (2005).</li><li>Wilson, S. T., Lok, B. M., Messina, C. A., Cannan, T. R., Flanigen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aluminophosphate+molecular-sieves+-+a+new+class+of+microporous+crystalline+inorganic+solids.">Aluminophosphate molecular-sieves - a new class of microporous crystalline inorganic solids.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 (4), 1146-1147 (1982).</li><li>Roth, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+family+of+zeolites+with+controlled+pore+size+prepared+using+a+top-down+method.">A family of zeolites with controlled pore size prepared using a top-down method.</a> Nat. Chem. 5 (7), 628-633 (2013).</li><li>Roth, W. J., Nachtigall, P., Morris, R. E., Cejka, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-Dimensional+Zeolites:+Current+Status+and+Perspectives.">Two-Dimensional Zeolites: Current Status and Perspectives.</a> Chem. Rev. 114 (9), 4807-4837 (2014).</li><li>Chlubn&#225;, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+to+2D+Routes+to+Ultrathin+and+Expanded+Zeolitic+Materials.">3D to 2D Routes to Ultrathin and Expanded Zeolitic Materials.</a> Chem. Mater. 25 (4), 542-547 (2013).</li><li>Chlubn&#225;-Eli&#225;&#353;ov&#225;, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly+Mechanism+for+3D-2D-3D.">The Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly Mechanism for 3D-2D-3D.</a> Transformation of Germanosilicate IWW Zeolite. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 (27), 7048-7052 (2014).</li><li>Morris, R. E., &#268;ejka, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploiting+chemically+selective+weakness+in+solids+as+a+route+to+new+porous+materials.">Exploiting chemically selective weakness in solids as a route to new porous materials.</a> Nat. Chem. 7 (5), 381-388 (2015).</li><li>Paillaud, J. L., Harbuzaru, B., Patarin, J., Bats, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extra-large-pore+zeolites+with+two-dimensional+channels+formed+by+14+and+12+rings.">Extra-large-pore zeolites with two-dimensional channels formed by 14 and 12 rings.</a> Science. 304 (5673), 990-992 (2004).</li><li>Corma, A., Diaz-Cabanas, M. J., Rey, F., Nicolooulas, S., Boulahya, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ITQ-15:+The+first+ultralarge+pore+zeolite+with+a+bi-directional+pore+system+formed+by+intersecting+14-+and+12-ring+channels,+and+its+catalytic+implications.">ITQ-15: The first ultralarge pore zeolite with a bi-directional pore system formed by intersecting 14- and 12-ring channels, and its catalytic implications.</a> Chem. Comm. , 1356-1357 (2004).</li><li>Rouquerol, J., Llewellyn, P., Rouquerol, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+BET+equation+applicable+to+microporous+adsorbents?.">Is the BET equation applicable to microporous adsorbents?.</a> Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 160, 49-56 (2006).</li><li>Trachta, M., Bludsky, O., Cejka, J., Morris, R. E., Nachtigall, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+Double-Four-Ring+Germanosilicates+to+New+Zeolites:+In+Silico+Investigation.">From Double-Four-Ring Germanosilicates to New Zeolites: In Silico Investigation.</a> Chemphyschem. 15 (14), 2972-2976 (2014).</li><li>Wheatley, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zeolites+with+continuously+tuneable+porosity.">Zeolites with continuously tuneable porosity.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 (48), 13210-13214 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

A full description of the actual mechanism of the ADOR process is beyond the scope of this paper, but can be found in the published papers cited.3,5,8&#160;However, it is worth expanding on the potential importance of the process. The ADOR method of zeolite preparation differs considerably from traditional methods of zeolite synthesis in the manner in which the final material is prepared. The most important consequence of this is that materials prepared using the ADOR process have the potential to be fundamentally different from traditionally made zeolites. In particular there is scope to use the ADOR method to prepare materials that are energetically distinct. The theory behind this is described in reference 8.
The control over porosity is another area where the ADOR method shows different properties to traditional methods.13&#160;In particular, it is possible to prepare a whole series of zeolites with continuously tuneable porosity, which has not so far been possible for zeolites prepared using hydrothermal synthesis. The modification to enable the series is in step 3 of the process described above. By altering the concentration of the acid used from 0.1 M all the way up to 6 M (and even beyond) one can tailor the nature of the final material. Full details of how this can be achieved is given in reference 13. This is both a great opportunity and a risk. Sometimes if the concentration of the acid used, the temperature and the time left to react are not optimum the resultant materials show a diffraction pattern where the position of the most intense peak does not match those shown in Figure 2. However, in such a situation this can be recognized by comparing the powder X-ray patterns from the experiment with those described in reference 13.
The critical steps in the protocol that ensure that a successful outcome is achieved are those dealing with the manipulations. Firstly it is important that any solutions in contact with the layered intermediates are not alkaline, as this promotes dissolution of silica, especially at high temperature. Secondly, the irreversible final step of the ADOR process is the key factor, and so the proper organization of the material (steps 3.2 and 5.2) is crucial for success of the process. As described above, time and acidity are both important variables in the process and so ensuring that these steps are optimized is extremely important.
As described above there is a requirement that the parent zeolite is a germanosilicate with the germanium located in specific places in the structure. This will limit the number of zeolites that can be used as the parent. Zeolite UTL is the only material that has been significantly explored as a parent. However, there are early indications that other parents might be successfully applied to the process, but further work is required in this area.
To ensure the ADOR method works, great care must be taken in the manipulations after the disassembly step to ensure that the layers of the intermediate IPC-1P do not dissolve or undergo significant rearrangement. It is also important to get the acidity, time and temperature of the reaction conditions right to optimize the final products. Such fine control over reaction conditions can be rather confusing in the first instance, and is a major driving force behind our wish to have a video description of the procedure.
In conclusion, this procedure describes how the ADOR method of zeolite synthesis can be applied to the germanosilicate with the UTL framework structure to form two different zeolites, IPC-2 (OKO) and IPC-4 (PCR).

Zeolites are a class of solids that consist of a three-dimensional open arrangement of corner-sharing tetrahedra, where the metal cation (traditionally silicon and aluminum) at the centers of the tetrahedral are surrounded by 4 oxide anions. Different arrangements of these corner-sharing tetrahedra lead to different zeolite frameworks that can possess a wide variety of pore architectures. These pore structures are able to accommodate small molecules, which leads to their applications within petrochemical, nuclear and medical fields, among others. Note that zeolite topologies and materials are given codes that identify their topology (such as UTL) or an actual material (e.g., IPC-2) &#8212; for more information please see the website of the International Zeolite Association, www.iza-online.org.
The crucial feature of zeolites is their porosity, which defines their utility by governing the amount and accessibility of the internal surface area where most of the important chemistry occurs. This in turn determines the chemical activity and selectivity of the materials. A major goal in zeolite science (and indeed in all porous material science) is to control the porosity.
Zeolites are traditionally synthesized by the hydrothermal method,1,2&#160;which has changed little in the past 50 years. In fact, the last major advances occurred in 1961 with the introduction of quaternary ammonium salts as structure directing agents1&#160;and in 1982 with the discovery that phosphorus could be substituted for silicon giving rise to the aluminophosphate family of materials.3&#160;Given the great utility of zeolites, there is great interest in developing new routes to novel materials. Such a route is the recently developed ADOR strategy4-7&#160;where a parent zeolite is Assembled, then Disassembled and the resulting species Organized in such a way as to allow final Reassembly into a new solid. This makes use of a pre-prepared zeolite that has inherent instability built into its framework, which we can exploit.8&#160;This poor stability stems from the incorporation of hydrolytically unstable germanium that is preferentially located within the D4R (double four-ring) units that bind adjacent silica rich layers together (Figure 1). These D4R units can be selectively removed using a relatively mild treatment allowing further chemical manipulations to be performed on the intermediate layered material.4
The major difference between traditional hydrothermal synthesis and ADOR is the final method of framework formation. In hydrothermal synthesis this is a reversible process allowing the final structure to be crystalline. In the ADOR process, however, the final framework formation stage (Reassembly) is an irreversible condensation of the layers at high temperature. The key to getting highly crystalline final materials is then the Organization step, where the layered intermediates are arranged in the right relative positions to allow the irreversible condensation into new frameworks to happen as optimally as is possible.
In the following example we show how the parent zeolite, a germanosilicate with the UTL zeolite topology,9,10&#160;can be prepared (the Assembly step) using a pre-prepared organic cation as a structure-directing agent (SDA). The key to the success of this protocol is the location of germanium in specific places in the zeolite, which allows the parent Ge-UTL to be disassembled and organized, using hydrolysis in acid to produce the layered intermediate called IPC-1P. This intermediate can then be treated in two different ways. Direct reassembly of the IPC-1P material at high temperature leads to a zeolite with the IPC-4 structure, whose topology is given the code PCR by the International Zeolite Association (IZA). However, the IPC-1P can be organized differently through intercalation of a silicon-containing species between the layers. We call the result of this manipulation IPC-2P. High temperature treatment of this intercalated and organized IPC-2P material leads to a new zeolite called IPC-2, whose topology is given the IZA code OKO. The difference between the OKO (IPC-2) and PCR (IPC-4) topologies is that IPC-2 contains silica subunits (a single four ring, S4R) between UTL-like layers whereas IPC-4 has no S4R units.
The zeolites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2adsorption and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis using a scanning electron microscope.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>S/4920/53</td><td>99%</td></tr><tr><td>1,4-dibromobutane</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>140805-500G</td><td>99%</td></tr><tr><td>(2R,6S)-2,6-dimethylpiperidine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>41470-100ML</td><td>&gt;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin oil</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>P/0320/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>C/4920/17</td><td>&gt;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium sulfate (anhydrous)</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>S/6600/60</td><td>&gt;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Diethyl ether</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>24002-2.5L</td><td>&gt;99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Ambersep 900-OH</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>301340025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid, 0.1 N</td><td>Fluka</td><td>318965-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenolphthalein</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>105945-50G</td><td>ACS Reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Silver nitrate</td><td>Ames Goldsmith</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Germanium dioxide</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>11155</td><td>100.00%</td></tr><tr><td>fumed silica (Cab-o-sil M-5)</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>403731500</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

synthesis of zeolites using the ador (assembly-disassembly-organization-reassembly) route

Zeolites are an important class of materials that have wide ranging applications such as heterogeneous catalysts and adsorbents which are dependent on their framework topology. For new applications or improvements to existing ones, new zeolites with novel pore systems are desirable. We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of novel zeolites using the ADOR route. ADOR is an acronym for Assembly, Disassembly, Organization and Reassembly. This synthetic route takes advantage of the assembly of a relatively poorly stable that which can be selectively disassembled into a layered material. The resulting layered intermediate can then be organized in different manners by careful chemical manipulation and then reassembled into zeolites with new topologies. By carefully controlling the organization step of the synthetic pathway, new zeolites with never before seen topologies are capable of being synthesized. The structures of these new zeolites are confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction and further characterized by nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. This new synthetic pathway for zeolites demonstrates its capability to produce novel frameworks that have never been prepared by traditional zeolite synthesis techniques.

Powder X-ray diffraction patterns (Figure 2) were collected for all materials produced, including the intermediate layer phases IPC-1P and IPC-2P. Powder X-ray diffraction is the primary technique used to determine the nature of the zeolite phases present. Note that the crystal structures of IPC-1P and IPC-2P are not fully characterized, as the materials are always somewhat disordered. However, each powder diffraction pattern can be used as a &#39;fingerprint&#39; for the phase of interest. The most important feature to look for is the position of the peaks in the pattern, which gives information on the unit cell size. Each of the zeolites (and the intermediates) has a different unit cell size and so the peak positions in each collected diffraction pattern are diagnostic for the presence of that particular phase, and should match the positions of the reference patterns shown in Figure 2. In particular the position of the most intense peak is the first thing to look for. If the position of this main peak matches the position in the reference patterns then one should look to see if the other peaks also match. If the diffractometer used is well aligned and maintained then this match should be relatively good. Extra peaks present in the sample X-ray diffraction patterns that are not present in the respective pattern in Figure 2 indicate that the prepared sample is not phase pure. The intensities of the peaks in the diffraction pattern are not important for the phase identification procedure, and they can differ between the sample and reference patterns because of differences in instrumentation so can be ignored. Intensities only become important when completing full structural studies to get information on atomic positions, which is not necessary in this study.
While X-ray diffraction is the primary method of structural analysis, nitrogen adsorption isotherms (Figure 3) can also be used to characterize the product zeolites. This experimental method first requires that any molecules (usually water) that are present in the pores of the channel are removed by heating the sample, usually under a vacuum. Then the sample is cooled, usually to 77 K, and small amounts of nitrogen gas are administered to the system and either gravimetric or volumetric measurements used to determine how much nitrogen has been adsorbed by the sample. The amount of nitrogen adsorbed is plotted against the pressure of gas to give the isotherms shown in Figure 3. A successful synthesis will show isotherms of a similar shape to those show in Figure 1. In the best situations the total amount adsorbed will be greatest for the parent UTL sample, with the amount being lower for IPC-2 and lowest for IPC-4. This matches the change in pore sizes. From this data it is also possible to obtain surface areas using the BET equation (Table 1).11
Elemental analysis is another technique that can be used to determine the extent to which germanium has been removed from the product. Any suitable chemical analysis technique can be used, but we have used energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) using a scanning electron microscope to ascertain the composition of the parent Ge-UTL zeolite and the final zeolites IPC-2 and -4 (Table 1).
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53463/53463fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Proposed schematic of mechanism from parent zeolite UTL to final zeolites IPC-2 &#38; -4. D4R unit of parent UTL is highlighted in red. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53463/53463fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53463/53463fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the parent &#39;as-made&#39; and calcined UTL zeolite (left) and the intermediates and final zeolites (right). IPC-2P is the product of intercalating the layered IPC-1P with DEMDA prior to calcination. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53463/53463fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53463/53463fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms recorded at 77 K for UTL (black), IPC-2 (blue) and IPC-4 (red). Adsorption isotherm is shown as unfilled shape and the desorption isotherm as filled shape. This figure is kindly reproduced by permission of Nature Publishing Group from reference 4. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53463/53463fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeolite</td>
			<td>BET Surface Area (m2/g)</td>
			<td>Si:Ge Ratio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ge-UTL</td>
			<td>541.3 &#177; 1.1</td>
			<td>5.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IPC-2</td>
			<td>334 &#177; 1.0</td>
			<td>&#62;500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IPC-4</td>
			<td>236 &#177; 0.7</td>
			<td>90</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. Porosity values and elemental composition of zeolites.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly Route at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly Route

A protocol for the preparation of novel zeolites by the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) synthetic route is presented.

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) Route

Zeolites are an important class of materials that have wide ranging applications such as heterogeneous catalysts and adsorbents which are dependent on ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

13.2K Views.  The University of St Andrews. A protocol for the preparation of novel zeolites by the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) synthetic route is presented.

Video: Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly Route

Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; therefore their preparation should be conducted under an inert atmosphere. Evaluation of the anticancer activity of these complexes can be achieved by the MTT assay.
The MTT assay is a colorimetric viability assay based on enzymatic reduction of the MTT molecule to formazan when it is exposed to viable cells. The outcome of the reduction is a color change of the MTT molecule. Absorbance measurements relative to a control determine the percentage of remaining viable cancer cells following their treatment with varying concentrations of a tested compound, which is translated to the compound anticancer activity and its IC50 values. The MTT assay is widely common in cytotoxicity studies due to its accuracy, rapidity, and relative simplicity.
Herein we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of air sensitive metal based drugs and cell viability measurements, including preparation of the cell plates, incubation of the compounds with the cells, viability measurements using the MTT assay, and determination of IC50 values.

A method for synthesis of air-sensitive titanium and vanadium anticancer agents is described, along with the evaluation of their cytotoxic activity towards human cancer cell line by the MTT Assay.

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate crystal microbalance, LCM) and its use for gas adsorption measurements in zeolite H-ZSM-5. Prior to the adsorption measurements, zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals were synthesized on the gold electrode in the center of the LCM, without covering the connection points of the gold electrodes to the oscillator, by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method, so that the zeolite crystals remain attached to the oscillating microbalance while keeping good electroconductivity of the LCM during the adsorption measurements. Compared to a conventional quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) which is limited to temperatures below 80 &#176;C, the LCM can realize the adsorption measurements in principle at temperatures as high as 200-300 &#176;C (i.e., at or close to the reaction temperature of the target application of one-stage DME synthesis from the synthesis gas), owing to the absence of crystalline-phase transitions up to its melting point (1,470 &#176;C). The system was applied to investigate the adsorption of CO2, H2O, methanol and dimethyl ether (DME), each in the gas phase, on zeolite H-ZSM-5 in the temperature and pressure range of 50-150 &#176;C and 0-18 bar, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption isotherms of these gases in H-ZSM-5 can be well fitted by Langmuir-type adsorption isotherms. Furthermore, the determined adsorption parameters, i.e., adsorption capacities, adsorption enthalpies, and adsorption entropies, compare well to literature data. In this work, the results for CO2 are shown as an example.

A protocol for high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurements on zeolite H-ZSM-5 using an adsorption measurement device based on a langatate crystal microbalance is presented. Prior to the adsorption measurements, the synthesis of zeolite H-ZSM-5 on the langatate crystal microbalance sensor by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method is demonstrated.

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate ...

Engineering

Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods

Whilst columnar zinc oxide (ZnO) structures in the form of rods or wires have been synthesized previously by different liquid- or vapor-phase routes, their high cost production and/or incompatibility with microfabrication technologies, due to the use of pre-deposited catalyst-seeds and/or high processing temperatures exceeding 900 &#176;C, represent a drawback for a widespread use of these methods. Here, however, we report the synthesis of ZnO rods via a non-catalyzed vapor-solid mechanism enabled by using an aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method at 400 &#176;C with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as the precursor and ethanol as the carrier solvent. This method provides both single-step formation of ZnO rods and the possibility of their direct integration with various substrate types, including silicon, silicon-based micromachined platforms, quartz, or high heat resistant polymers. This potentially facilitates the use of this method at a large-scale, due to its compatibility with state-of-the-art microfabrication processes for device manufacture. This report also describes the properties of these structures (e.g., morphology, crystalline phase, optical band gap, chemical composition, electrical resistance) and validates its gas sensing functionality towards carbon monoxide.

Columnar zinc oxide structures in the form of rods are synthesized via aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition without the use of pre-deposited catalyst-seed particles. This method is scalable and compatible with various substrates based on either silicon, quartz or polymers.

Whilst columnar zinc oxide (ZnO) structures in the form of rods or wires have been synthesized previously by different liquid- or vapor-phase routes, ...

Resource Recycling of Red Soil to Synthesize Fe2O3/FAU-type Zeolite Composite Material for Heavy Metal Removal

Heavy metal-polluted water is of great concern to human health and the eco-environment. In situ water remediation techniques enabled by highly efficient adsorption materials are of great importance in these circumstances. Among all the materials used in water remediation, iron-based nanomaterials and porous materials are of great interest, benefiting from their rich redox reactivity and adsorption function. Here, we developed a facile protocol to directly convert the widely spread red soil in south China to fabricate the Fe2O3/faujasite (FAU)-type zeolite composite material. 
The detailed synthesis procedure and synthesis parameters, such as reaction temperature, reaction time, and the Si/Al ratio in the raw materials, have been carefully tuned. The as-synthesized composite materials show good adsorption capacity for typical heavy metal(loid) ions. With 0.001 g/mL Fe2O3/FAU-type zeolite composite material added to different heavy metal(loid)-polluted aqueous solutions (single type of heavy metal(loid) concentration: 1,000 mg/L [ppm]), the adsorption capacity was shown to be 172, 45, 170, 40, 429, 693, 94, and 133 mg/g for Cu (II), Cr (III), Cr (VI), As (III), Cd (II), Pb (II), Zn (II), and Ni (II) removal, respectively, which can be further expanded for heavy metal-polluted water and soil remediation.

Resource Recycling of Red Soil to Synthesize Fe2O3/FAU-type Zeolite Composite Material for Heavy Metal Removal

This article presents a novel and convenient route to synthesize Fe2O3/faujasite (FAU)-type zeolite composite material from red soil. The detailed synthesis parameters have been finely tuned. The obtained composite material can be used for efficient heavy metal-contaminated water remediation, indicating its potential applications in environmental engineering.

Heavy metal-polluted water is of great concern to human health and the eco-environment. In situ water remediation techniques enabled by highly efficient ...

Environment

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

This protocol presents the use of Lewis acidic multi-role reagents to circumvent kinetic trapping observed during the self-assembly of information-encoded oligomeric strands mediated by paired dynamic covalent interactions in a manner mimicking the thermal cycling commonly employed for the self-assembly of complementary nucleic acid sequences. Primary amine monomers bearing aldehyde and amine pendant moieties are functionalized with orthogonal protecting groups for use as dynamic covalent reactant pairs. Using a modified automated peptide synthesizer, the primary amine monomers are encoded into oligo(peptoid) strands through solid-phase submonomer synthesis. Upon purification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterization by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), sequence-specific oligomers are subjected to high-loading of a Lewis acidic rare-earth metal triflate which both deprotects the aldehyde moieties and affects the reactant pair equilibrium such that strands completely dissociate. Subsequently, a fraction of the Lewis acid is extracted, enabling annealing of complementary sequence-specific strands to form information-encoded molecular ladders characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The simple procedure outlined in this report circumvents kinetic traps commonly experienced in the field of dynamic covalent assembly and serves as a platform for the future design of robust, complex architectures.

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of information-encoded peptoid oligomers and for the sequence-directed self-assembly of these peptoids into molecular ladders using amines and aldehydes as dynamic covalent reactant pairs and Lewis acidic rare-earth metal triflates as multi-role reagents.

This protocol presents the use of Lewis acidic multi-role reagents to circumvent kinetic trapping observed during the self-assembly of information-encoded ...

Organic Structure-directing Agent-free Synthesis for *BEA-type Zeolite Membrane

Membrane separation has drawn attention as a novel-energy saving separation process. Zeolite membranes have great potential for hydrocarbon separation in petroleum and petrochemical fields because of their high thermal, chemical, and mechanical strength. A *BEA-type zeolite is an interesting membrane material because of its large pore size and wide Si/Al range. This manuscript presents a protocol for *BEA membrane preparation by a secondary growth method that does not use an organic structure-directing agent (OSDA). The preparation protocol consists of four steps: pretreatment of support, seed preparation, dip-coating, and membrane crystallization. First, the *BEA seed crystal is prepared by conventional hydrothermal synthesis using OSDA. The synthesized seed crystal is loaded on the outer surface of a 3 cm long tubular &#945;-Al2O3 support by a dip-coating method. The loaded seed layer is prepared with the secondary growth method using a hydrothermal treatment at 393 K for 7 days without using OSDA. A *BEA membrane having very few defects is successfully obtained. The seed preparation and dip-coating steps strongly affect the membrane quality.

A *BEA seed crystal was loaded on a porous &#945;-Al2O3 support by the dip-coating method, and hydrothermally grown without using an organic structure-directing agent. A *BEA-type zeolite membrane having very few defects was successfully prepared by the secondary growth method.

Membrane separation has drawn attention as a novel-energy saving separation process. Zeolite membranes have great potential for hydrocarbon separation in ...

Metal Oxide Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Activities

There is a significant global demand for improvements in synthesis techniques and their optimal characteristics, especially for industrial-scale applications. Sol-gel-based solution combustion synthesis (SG-SCS) is a simple method to produce ordered porous materials. In this regard, Pearson&#39;s hard and soft acids and bases theory assists in selecting host-dopant reactivity to form a proper heterojunction.
The formation of a heterojunction also changes the essential properties of the materials, improving photocatalysis via charge transfer or synergistic activities. A calcination temperature of 500 &#176;C is ideal for this process based on the results of the stability assessment via a differential thermogravimetry ratio analysis (DTG).
The nanoscale dimensions of the nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites (NCs) generated were validated using X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy micrographs and BET analyses confirmed the porosity nature of the materials. HRTEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray investigations established the materials composition. The study found that NCs degraded the acid orange 8 (AO8) color more efficiently than bare ZnO.

The development of a heterojunction boosts the photocatalytic activities of solution combustion synthesis, which is a time-/energy-efficient process. Advanced analytical characterization techniques were used in this protocol to evaluate the materials&#39; characteristics, and nanocomposites demonstrated improved acid orange-8 dye degradation.

There is a significant global demand for improvements in synthesis techniques and their optimal characteristics, especially for industrial-scale ...

Triazole and Tetrazole Functionalized Zr-MOFs Synthesis and Characterization

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials that are formed through coordination bonds between metal clusters and organic ligands. Given their coordinative nature, the organic ligands and strut framework can be readily removed from the MOF and/or exchanged with other coordinative molecules. By introducing target ligands to MOF-containing solutions, functionalized MOFs can be obtained with new chemical tags via a process called post-synthetic ligand exchange (PSE). PSE is a straightforward and practical approach that enables the preparation of a wide range of MOFs with new chemical tags via a solid-solution equilibrium process. Furthermore, PSE can be performed at room temperature, allowing the incorporation of thermally unstable ligands into MOFs. In this work, we demonstrate the practicality of PSE by using heterocyclic triazole- and tetrazole-containing ligands to functionalize a Zr-based MOF (UiO-66; UiO = University of Oslo). After digestion, the functionalized MOFs are characterized via various techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange 

Post-synthetic ligand exchange (PSE) is a versatile and powerful tool for installing functional groups into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Exposing MOFs to solutions containing triazole- and tetrazole-functionalized ligands can incorporate these heterocyclic moieties into Zr-MOFs through PSE processes.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials that are formed through coordination bonds between metal clusters and organic ligands. ...

Synthesis and Discovery of Phosphonate-Based MOFs: A Solvothermal Approach

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods

High-throughput (HT) methods are an important tool for the fast and efficient screening of synthesis parameters and the discovery of new materials. This manuscript describes the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) from solution using an HT reactor system, resulting in the discovery of various phosphonate-based MOFs of the composition [Al2H12-x(PMP)3]Clx&#8729;6H2O (H4PMP = N,N &#39;-piperazine bis(methylenephosphonic acid)) for x = 4, 6, denoted as Al-CAU-60-xHCl, containing trivalent aluminum ions. This was accomplished under solvothermal reaction conditions by systematically screening the impact of the molar ratio of the linker to the metal and the pH of the reaction mixture on the product formation. The protocol for the HT investigation includes six steps: a) synthesis planning (DOE = design of&#160;experiment) within the HT methodology, b) dosing and working with in-house developed HT reactors, c) solvothermal synthesis, d) synthesis workup using in-house developed filtration blocks, e) characterization by HT powder X-ray diffraction, and f) evaluation of the data. The HT methodology was first used to study the influence of acidity on the product formation, leading to the discovery of Al-CAU-60&#8729;xHCl (x = 4 or 6).

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Discovery in Microporous Material Chemistry 

The targeted synthesis of new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is difficult, and their discovery depends on the knowledge and creativity of the chemist. High-throughput methods allow complex synthetic parameter fields to be explored quickly and efficiently, accelerating the process of finding crystalline compounds and identifying synthetic and structural trends.

High-throughput (HT) methods are an important tool for the fast and efficient screening of synthesis parameters and the discovery of new materials. This ...