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  • Resumo
  • Resumo
  • Introdução
  • Protocolo
  • Resultados
  • Discussão
  • Divulgações
  • Agradecimentos
  • Materiais
  • Referências
  • Reimpressões e Permissões

Resumo

CD4+ Regulatory T cells are potent immune-modulators and serve important functions in immune homeostasis. The paucity of these cells in peripheral blood makes functional studies challenging, specifically in the context of HIV-1-infection. We here describe a method to isolate and expand functional CD4+ Tregs from peripheral blood from HIV-1-infected individuals.

Resumo

CD4 + células T reguladoras (Tregs) são moduladores imunes potentes e têm uma função importante na homeostase imune humano. Esgotamento das Tregs levou a aumentos mensuráveis ​​nas respostas de células T antígeno-específicas em ambientes de vacina para o câncer e agentes infecciosos. Contudo, o seu papel no VIH-1 imuno-patogénese permanece controverso, visto que pode servir tanto para suprimir a activação imunitária ao HIV-1 e, portanto, associada deletério retardar a progressão da doença VIH-1, ou, alternativamente, suprimir a imunidade específica do HIV-1 e, assim, promover a vírus se espalhar. Compreender e função moduladora Treg no contexto do HIV-1 pode conduzir a novas estratégias potenciais para a imunoterapia ou vacinas contra o HIV. Contudo, questões importantes permanecem abertas sobre a sua função no contexto da infecção pelo HIV-1, que tem de ser cuidadosamente estudada.

Representando aproximadamente 5% das células T no sangue periférico CD4 + humanas, estudar a população Treg provou ser difícil, EScipalmente no VIH-1, em que os indivíduos infectados com HIV-1 de células T CD4 associada e com que a depleção de Treg ocorre. A caracterização de células T reguladoras, em indivíduos com doença avançada da doença do HIV-1 ou amostras de tecido, para o qual apenas pequenas amostras biológicas podem ser obtidos, é, portanto, extremamente desafiador. Propomos uma solução técnica para ultrapassar estas limitações, com isolamento e expansão de Tregs de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV-1 positivas.

Aqui, nós descrevemos um método fácil e robusto para desenvolver com sucesso Tregs isolado a partir de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV-1-infected in vitro. Fluxo-ordenadas CD3 + CD4 + CD25 + CD127 acessível Tregs foram estimuladas com anti-CD3/anti-CD28 grânulos revestidos e cultivadas na presença de IL-2. O expandida Tregs expressa níveis elevados de FOXP3, CTLA4 e Helios em comparação com as células T convencionais e mostraram ser altamente supressiva. Acesso mais fácil a um grande número de Tregs permitirá aos investigadores para lidar com important perguntas sobre o seu papel no HIV-1 imunopatogênese. Acreditamos responder a estas perguntas podem fornecer informações úteis para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra o HIV-1 eficaz.

Introdução

Com mais de 34 milhões de pessoas que vivem com HIV / AIDS em todo o mundo e um número estimado de 2,5 milhões de pessoas infectadas em 2011, a necessidade de uma vacina anti-HIV eficaz para conter a epidemia de HIV em todo o mundo continua a ser fundamental. No entanto, apesar de três décadas de esforços de pesquisa intensa, a HIV-1 vacina ensaios de eficácia até à data resultaram em apenas uma proteção modesta 1-3 e os correlatos de imunidade protetora continuam a ser mal compreendido. Elucidar a natureza da resposta imunitária necessária para a protecção é essencial para a criação de uma estratégica eficaz contra o HIV-1, vacina e outras estratégias imunoterapêuticas objectivo infecção HIV-1.

Naturais CD4 + células T reguladoras (Tregs) são essenciais para a manutenção da homeostase imune celular, controlando a activação imunitária excessiva, limitando, assim, danos no tecido imune-mediada. No entanto, eles também podem suprimir as respostas imunes contra os agentes patogénicos e evitar a sua recarga. Câncer e Hepaestudos de vacinas Callicebus B têm demonstrado que a diminuição da actividade de Tregs pode melhorar a resposta à vacina e antigénio específico da imunidade contra vírus 4-7. No entanto, no contexto da infecção pelo HIV-1, o impacto exato de células T reguladoras permanece incompletamente compreendida. Tregs foram mostrados para diminuir a replicação do vírus em células T ativadas 8 e possivelmente impactar ativação imune 9. Eles também foram mostrados para suprimir respostas imunes-1 HIV-específicas, que poderão ter resultados negativos para a progressão da doença 10,11. Assim, antes de ser capaz de modular a actividade Treg para aumentar a eficácia de uma vacina contra o HIV-1, que é ainda mais importante para ganhar conhecimento sobre a sua função no contexto da doença.

As células T reguladoras CD4 + humanas são uma população de células relativamente raras, o que representa cerca de 5% de células T CD4 + no sangue periférico, e os seus números absolutos decréscimo adicional de CD4 com o HIV-associados + depleção de células T 12 </ Sup>. Ensaios atuais para avaliar a função Treg, tais como ensaios de proliferação de células T com Treg co-cultura, use o número de células relativamente grandes 12. Portanto, a função e a especificidade das células T reguladoras caracterizar em indivíduos com doença avançada da doença do HIV-1 tem sido um desafio, apesar da sua importância para a patogénese do VIH.

O isolamento e a expansão ex vivo de Tregs de pacientes de HIV-1 pode representar uma solução para ultrapassar algumas destas limitações. Aqui nós descrevemos um protocolo fácil e robusta para expandir Tregs funcional derivado de HIV-1 indivíduos infectados in vitro, nós ainda explicar como fenótipo-los e testar sua função de supressão utilizando ensaios de citometria de fluxo. Acreditamos que este protocolo vai facilitar o acesso a Tregs e ajudar a compreender o seu papel no HIV-1 a progressão da doença.

Protocolo

1. Regulatory T cell isolation from HIV-1 Positive Blood

  1. Carefully transfer blood, collected in ACD tubes, into a 50 ml conical tube for a final volume of 15 ml blood per tube.
  2. Add 25 μl/ml of blood of RosetteSep Human CD4+ T Cell Enrichment Cocktail, mix carefully and incubate 20 min at room temperature.
  3. Add 15 ml of PBS/2% FBS to the blood and mix carefully. Layer the diluted blood sample on top of 15 ml of Histopaque at room temperature in a 50 ml conical tube. Spin the conical tube for 20 min at 1,200 x g with a slow start and no brakes.
  4. Transfer the CD4+ T cell enriched PBMC layer in a new 50 ml conical tube, wash the cells by adding PBS/2% FBS and spin them down for 10 min at 1,200 x g. Then count the cells, wash again and resuspend the cells at about 20 x 106/200 μl.
  5. Add the following antibodies (concentration):
    anti-CD3-Phycoerythrin-Cyanine 7 (PE-Cy7) (1/100)
    anti-CD4-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) (1/40)
    anti-CD25-Allophycocyanin (APC) (1/40)
    anti-CD127-Phycoerythrin (PE) (1/20)
    Incubate 30 min in the dark at 4 °C
  6. Wash the cells with PBS/2% FBS. Resuspend the cells at 20 x 106/ml in PBS/2% FBS and filter them on a 35 μm nylon mesh.
  7. Using a FACS Aria cell sorter equipped for handling biohazardous material, sort the CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low Treg in X-VIVO 15 media (see gating strategy in Figure 1). Conventional T cells (CD3+CD4+CD25-CD127+) can be isolated and expanded as negative controls.

2. Cell Culture

  1. After isolation, wash the Treg with X-VIVO 15 media.
  2. Resuspend the cells at 250 x 103/ml in X-VIVO 15 media complemented with 10% Human Serum and Penicillin-Streptomycin (50 U/ml).
  3. Wash Human T-Activator CD3/CD28 beads according to manufacturer's protocol. Add beads to isolated Tregs at a ratio of 1:1 bead per cell.
  4. After two days of culture, double the media volume and add IL-2 (300 U/ml).
  5. Culture the Tregs for 2 weeks. Change media (X-VIVO 15/Human serum/P/S/IL-2) at days 5, 7, 9, 12. Add beads at a 1:1 ratio at day 9. When changing media, keep cells at 250 x 103/ml.

3. Phenotyping

At the end of the expansion culture, expanded CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low Treg can be phenotyped by flow cytometry and compared to expanded CD3+CD4+CD25-CD127+ conventional T cells as a control.

  1. Harvest expanded Tregs/Tconvs and wash them in PBS. Label dead cells using the LIVE/DEAD Fixable Violet Dead Cell Stain Kit according to manufacturer's protocol. Wash the cells in PBS/2% FBS.
  2. Add the following antibodies (concentration):
    anti-CD3-PECy7 (1/100)
    anti-CD4-Qdot-655 (1/200)
    anti-CD25-PECy5 (1/100)
    Incubate 30 min in the dark at 4 °C
  3. Wash the cells and perform the intracellular staining using the Foxp3/ Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set according to manufacturer's protocol and the following antibodies:
    anti-FOXP3-PE (1/50)
    anti-HELIOS-FITC (1/40)
    anti-CTLA4-APC (1/20)
    Acquire the data on a flow cytometer.

4. Suppression Assay

At the end of the expansion culture, the suppressive function i.e. the capacity of the expanded Treg isolated from HIV-1 positive individuals to suppress the proliferation of activated T cells can be assessed in vitro.

  1. Thaw autologous cryopreserved ex vivo PBMCs. Leave them for about 3 hr in a 37 °C incubator in RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin/streptomycin, L-glutamine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer (=R+ media), and 10% FBS (=R10 media).
  2. Label the dead cells using the LIVE/DEAD Fixable Violet Dead Cell Stain Kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. Wash the cells in PBS/2% FBS.
  3. Incubate the cells with anti-CD3-PECy7 for 30 min in the dark at 4 °C. Wash the cells with PBS/2% FBS. Resuspend the cells in PBS/2% FBS and filter them on a 35 μm nylon mesh.
  4. Using a FACS Aria cell sorter equipped for handling biohazardous material, sort the viable CD3+ T cells in R10 media.
  5. Label the T cells with a cell tracing reagent such as CellTrace Violet or Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer at 5 μM diluted in PBS for 7 min at 37 °C according to the manufacturer's protocol. Resuspend cells in R+ media supplemented with 10% human serum (=hR10 media) at 1 x 106/ml.
  6. Harvest the expanded Tregs, resuspend the cells at 0.5 x 106/ml in hR10 and prepare dilutions at 0.25 x 106/ml and 0.125 x 106/ml.
  7. Prepare anti-CD2/anti-CD3/anti-CD28 microbeads according to the manufacturer's protocol, resuspend the microbeads at 0.75 x 106/ml and prepare dilutions at 0.625, 0.562, 0.5 x 106/ml in hR10 media.
  8. In a 96 wells round bottom plate, transfer cells and beads according to the following plan:
T cells:Treg ratio1:01:1/21:1/41:1/8
T cells (50 μl)1 x 106/ml1 x 106/ml1 x 106/ml1 x 106/ml
Tregs (50 μl)no0.5 x 106/ml0.25 x 106/ml0.125 x 106/ml
Beads (100 μl)0.5 x 106/ml0.75 x 106/ml0.625 x 106/ml0.562 x 106/ml
hR10 (50 μl)yesnonono
i.e.    
T cells50 x 10350 x 10350 x 10350 x 103
Tregs025 x 10312.5 x 1036.25 x 103
Beads50 x 10375 x 10362.5 x 10356.25 x 103
  1. After 4 days of culture, wash the cells and incubate them for 30 min at 4 °C with the following antibodies:
    anti-CD3-PECy7 (1/100)
    anti-CD4-APC (1/100)
    anti-CD8-AF700 (1/100)

Acquire the data on a flow cytometer. Use the FlowJo proliferation platform to calculate the percentage of divided cells.

Resultados

The expression of interleukin 2 receptor (CD25) and the interleukin 7 receptor (CD127) have been described as reliable surface markers to identify functional Treg populations 13 and have been shown to correlate with CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs 9,12. Figure 1 represents the gating strategy used to flow-sort single CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs from PBMC isolated from an HIV-1-positive individual. The CD25/CD127 anti...

Discussão

Using the protocol described above, Tregs can be successfully isolated and expanded from HIV-1-infected individuals in vitro. Expanded Tregs express high levels of FOXP3, CTLA4 and HELIOS, are highly suppressive and display a highly demethylated Treg-Specific Demethylation Region (TSDR) locus of the FOXP3 gene (data not shown) 15, suggesting true origin from the regulatory T cell lineage, as opposed to activation-induced transient FOXP3 upregulation. Deep sequencing demonstrated that the TCR repertoir...

Divulgações

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Agradecimentos

This work was supported in part by research funding from the Elisabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (Pediatric HIV Vaccine Program Award MV-00-9-900-1429-0-00 to MMA), MGH/ECOR (Physician Scientist Development Award to MMA), NIH NIAID (KO8219 AI074405 and AI074405-03S1 to MMA), and the Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), an NIH funded program (P30 AI060354) which is supported by the following NIH Co-Funding and Participating Institutes and Centers: NIAID, NCI, NICHD, NHLBI, NIDA, NIMH, NIA, FIC, and OAR. These studies were furthermore supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Terry and Susan Ragon Foundation.

Materiais

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
RosetteSep Human CD4+ T Cell Enrichment CocktailStemcells technologies15062
PBSSigmaD8537
FBSSigmaF4135
HistopaqueSigmaH8889
Anti-CD3-PECy7BD Pharmingen557851
Anti-CD4-FITCeBioscience11-0049-42
Anti-CD25-APCeBioscience17-0259-42
Anti-CD127-PEBD Pharmingen557938
Round-Bottom tube with 35 μm a nylon meshBD Falcon352235
X-VIVO 15Lonza04-418Q
Penicillin/StreptomycinMediatech30-001-Cl
Human SerumGemini Bio-Products100-512
Human T-activator CD3/CD28Life Technologies111.31D
IL-2NIH Aids Research Reference Reagent Program136
LIVE/DEAD Fixable Violet Dead Cell Stain KitLife technologiesL34955
Anti-CD4-qdot-655Life TechnologiesQ10007
Anti-CD25-PECy5eBiosciences15-0259-42
Foxp3 / Transcription Factor Staining Buffer SeteBiosciences00-5523-00
Anti-FOXP3-PEeBiosciences12-4776-42
Anti-HELIOS-FITCBiolegend137204
Anti-CTLA4-APCBD Pharmingen555855
CellTrace Violet Cell Proliferation KitLife TechnologiesC34557
Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer KitLife TechnologiesV12883
HEPESMediatech25-060-Cl
Treg Suppression inspectorMiltenyi Biotec130-092-909
Anti-CD4-APCBD Pharmingen340443
Anti-CD8-AF700BD Pharmingen557945
RPMI 1640SigmaR0883
GlutamineMediatech25-002-Cl
Materials
BD Vacutainer Blood Collection Tube w/ ACID CITRATE DEXTROSE (ACD)Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD)364606
FACSAria IIu Cell SorterBD Biosciences-
LSR II Flow CytometerBD Biosciences-
FlowJoTree Starv887

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Keywords HIV 1Regulatory T CellsTregsCD4 T CellsImmune ModulationImmunopathogenesisExpansionIn VitroFlow CytometryFOXP3CTLA4HELIOSSuppression

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