Apoiado pela Fundação de Amparo Pesquisa um do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Somos gratos aos árbitros anônimos cujos comentários nos ajudaram a melhorar tanto o manuscrito e vídeo.

Todos os produtos químicos armazenados na forma sólida, como 6-OHDA e apomorfina, foram diluídos em água de injeção estéril e filtrado dentro de uma capela de fluxo laminar, para evitar a contaminação. Além disso, neurotoxinas e substâncias neuroactive foram armazenados, preparados, manipulados e eliminados de acordo com normas estabelecidas pelas diretrizes internacionais 6 e os locais de Biossegurança. 1 - A anestesia e cirurgia Adulto masculino camundongos suíços (25-30g) são pré-medicados com Atropina (0,2 mg / Kg, sc) para reduzir o tônus ​​vagal e anestesiados com injeção intraperitoneal de ketamina (90-120 mg / Kg) e xilazina (10 mg / Kg) . O animal é colocado sobre uma almofada de aquecimento controlada eletronicamente (Insight) para garantir a temperatura corporal é mantida a 37 ° C, como indução de sedação leva alguns minutos. O nível de anestesia é verificada em todo o processo por meio de testes a ausência de reflexo de retirada. Da dose do anestésico deve ser Ajustado para cada cepa / colônia. Dependendo do animal e da duração da cirurgia, doses adicionais de Ketamina pode ser necessária. Depois disso, a solução salina (NaCl 0,9%) é aplicado em ambos os olhos para proteger a córnea de secar e testar a ausência do reflexo de pestanejo neste primeiro momento. A pele toda a cabeça é raspada com um trimmer para garantir o mínimo contato com áreas não estéreis. Anestésico local (xilocaína) é aplicado às barras de ouvido para evitar desconforto. Apenas uma vez retirada e reflexo de pestanejo desapareceram, indicando o nível de anestesia é profundo o suficiente para a cirurgia (fase 3), o animal é posicionado sobre a armação estereotáxica utilizando bocal e bares ouvido especialmente concebidos para esta espécie (Insight). Uma vez positionated, uma pomada oftalmológica (MARCA) é aplicada para proteger os olhos dos animais em toda a cirurgia. Somente após ter certeza de que os olhos estão corretamente protegidos, o procedimento continuará com a desinfecção da pele da região cirúrgica, repetindo três aplicações de iodopovidona seguido por etanol 70%, com auxílio de swab estéril algodões Depois, a colocação correta das barras ouvido é assegurada através de testes de movimentos laterais da cabeça (a cabeça não deve mover-se para garantir que os bares estão firmemente fixos). Inclinação dorsoventral adequada da cabeça será verificado mais tarde quando marcos crânio são revelados. Uma incisão sagital (1,5 cm) é feita com um bisturi estéril (# lâmina 15). O periósteo sobre a área de interesse é cuidadosamente raspado afastado com uma lâmina nova, e osso é limpo com o olhar estéril e cotonetes, para descobrir marcos crânio: bregma é definido como o ponto de intersecção das suturas sagital e coronal, enquanto lambda é o ponto de interseção da sutura sagital ea linha de melhor ajuste passando as partes esquerda e direita da sutura lambdóide. A ponta de uma agulha de referência alinhados verticalmente é o primeiro zero no bregma, em análise através do microscópio cirúrgico, em seguida, mudou-se a tocar o ponto lambda. Se a cabeça está posicionada corretamente, lambda deve ser ao nível dorso-ventral mesma bregma, e ambos os marcos devem ser distantes de 4,2 milímetros ao longo do eixo rostro-caudal. Se não, as barras de orelhas e nosepiece deve ser soltar e delicadamente a cabeça inclinada em torno do eixo interaural, a fim de atingir a posição desejada, que define o &quot;flat crânio&quot; de referência para medidas stereotaxical. A ponta da agulha de referência é então posicionado nas coordenadas desejado: ântero-posterior (AP 0,5 milímetros) e lateral (L -2,0 mm, esquerda). O local é marcado no crânio e um buraco (1,2 mm de diâmetro) de pequeno porte é aberto com uma broca esterilizada, usando a ação intermitente para evitar o calor da região. Fragmentos de ossos são cuidadosamente removido com uma cureta odontológica estéril e lavadas com NaCl 0,9% morna. O esterilizados 5 mL Hamilton seringa (26s bitola, 0,47 mm de diâmetro externo) é carregado com a solução de 6-OHDA (ou veículo para animais do grupo controle) e alinhados verticalmente no aparelho estereotáxico. A ponta da agulha (tipo 2 ou 12 bisel °) é então inserido dentro do buraco aberto, até tocar a superfície pial, para determinar o ponto de referência da coordenada dorso-ventral. Uma vez determinada essa coordenada, a agulha é diminuída lentamente para atingir as coordenadas do striatum (AP: 0,5; L: -2,0 e DV: -3,0 mm, abaixo da superfície pial 7). A solução 6-OHDA (10 mg 6-OHDA em NaCl 0,9% com ácido ascórbico 0,02%), que foi preparada e filtrada dentro de uma capela de fluxo laminar, e deve ser protegido da luz por papel alumínio ao longo do processo, é então injetado no uma vazão de 0.1μL/min. Para os animais de controle, um volume igual de veículo (0,02% ácido ascórbico e 0,9% NaCl em água estéril) é injetado. Uma vez que o 2,0 mL inteira foi injetado, a seringa é mantida no lugar por 5 min antes de ser recolhido de forma muito lenta a partir do cérebro, em nada menos do que em 5 minutos. O crânio é limpo ea incisão é fechada com uma sutura # 6-0 nylon (Shalon). Para tirar um extracuidados contra a infecção, uma pomada antibiótica locais, como a neomicina, pode ser aplicado à pele suturada. Animais são retirados da moldura, dado 0,5 ml de solução salina (sc.) para evitar a desidratação, e manteve quente e sob observação até a recuperação completa. Em seguida, são alojados com alimentos e água ad libitum. Analgésico é adicionado à garrafa de água potável para os dois primeiros dias após a cirurgia (dado um consumo diário médio de 5,5 ml, e uma dose recomendada de ibuprofeno 0,03 mg / g de peso corporal / dia, adicionar 0,82 mL de 20 mg / mL de suspensão Ibuprofen-Abbott para 100 mL de água potável). Camundongos geralmente se recupera rapidamente a partir do procedimento, vagando e procurando pellets comida, água facilmente. Em qualquer caso de desconforto aparente, ou qualquer sinal de infecção, os animais devem ser sacrificados de acordo com as directrizes locais. 2 - teste comportamental Embora deficiência motora podem ser observadas após uma semana, um intervalo de pós-lesão de um mês é permitido antes quantificação fiável com o teste de rotação. O animal recebe uma injeção subcutânea de apomorfina DA agonista (0,5 mg / Kg), e é colocado em um cilindro opaco de 30 cm de diâmetro, colocado 45 centímetros abaixo da câmera de gravação. É importante remover os resíduos e odores de animais previamente testados antes de cada teste. Depois de um período de habituação 5 min, os movimentos são registrados ao longo de um horizonte de 5 min. Ambos os contra-rotação e de corpo inteiro ipsilateral são medidos e comparados com o grupo controle (veículo injetado). Se o procedimento foi realizado corretamente, os animais de controle não apresenta qualquer rotação, enquanto que 6-OHDA animais lesionados vai começar a girar para o lado contralateral, uma vez que o agonista predominantemente ativa o striatum supersensível desnervados do lado lesionado. Animais marcar mais de 7 rpm (exibindo pelo menos 7 de corpo inteiro rotações por minuto contralateral) são considerados sucesso lesada. O animal pode ser seguramente retornado à sua moradia min 30 após o teste, que pode ser repetida semanalmente. Em nossas mãos, a menos de 5% dos ratos lesionados exibido taxas de rotação abaixo do ideal.

<ol>
	<li>Ungerstedt, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=6-hydroxy-dopamine+induced+degeneration+of+central+monoamine+neurons.">6-hydroxy-dopamine induced degeneration of central monoamine neurons.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 5, 107-110 (1968).</li><li>Akerud, P., Canals, J. M., Snyder, E. Y., Arenas, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotection+through+delivery+of+glial+cell+line-derived+neurotrophic+factor+by+neural+stem+cells+in+a+mouse+model+of+Parkinson's+Disease.">Neuroprotection through delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by neural stem cells in a mouse model of Parkinson's Disease.</a> J. Neurosci. 21, 8108-8118 (2001).</li><li>Ghosh, A., Roy, A., Liu, X., Kordower, J. H., Mufson, E. J., Hartley, D. M., Ghosh, S., Mosley, R. L., Gendelman, H. E., Pahan, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+inhibition+of+NF-kappaB+activation+prevents+dopaminergic+neuronal+loss+in+a+mouse+model+of+Parkinson's+Disease.">Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB activation prevents dopaminergic neuronal loss in a mouse model of Parkinson's Disease.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104, 18754-18759 (2007).</li><li>Alvarez-Fischer, D., Henze, C., Strenzke, C., Westrich, J., Ferger, B., H&#246;glinger, G. U., Oertel, W. H., Hartmann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+striatal+6-OHDA+model+of+Parkinson's+disease+in+wild+type+and+a-synuclein-deleted+mice.">Characterization of the striatal 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease in wild type and a-synuclein-deleted mice.</a> Exp. Neurol. 210, 182-193 (2008).</li><li>Ungerstedt, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=6-Hydroxydopamine-induced+degeneration+of+the+nigrostriatal+dopamine+pathway:+The+turning+syndrome.">6-Hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway: The turning syndrome.</a> Pharmacology and Therapeutics Part B: General and Systematic Pharmacology. 2, 37-40 (1976).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behaviour Research. , 209 (2003).</li><li>Franklin, K. B. J., Paxinos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (1997).</li><li>Hudson, J. L., Horne, C. G. v. a. n., Str&#246;mberg, I., Brock, S., Clayton, J., Masserano, J., Hoffer, B. J., Gerhardt, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlation+of+apomorphine-+and+amphetamine-induced+turning+with+nigrostriatal+dopamine+content+in+unilateral+6-hydroxydopamine+lesioned+rats.+Brain+Res.">Correlation of apomorphine- and amphetamine-induced turning with nigrostriatal dopamine content in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Brain Res.</a> , 626-6167 (1993).</li><li>Truong, L., Allbutt, H., Kassiou, M., Henderson, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+a+preclinical+model+of+Parkinson's+disease:+A+study+of+behaviour+in+rats+with+graded+6-OHDA+lesions.">Developing a preclinical model of Parkinson's disease: A study of behaviour in rats with graded 6-OHDA lesions.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 169, 1-9 (2006).</li><li>Harvey, B. K., Wang, Y., Hoffer, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+rodent+models+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Transgenic rodent models of Parkinson's disease.</a> Acta Neurochir. (Wien.). 101, 89-92 (2008).</li><li>Isacson, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ole+Isacson:+Development+of+New+Therapies+for+Parkinson's+Disease.">Ole Isacson: Development of New Therapies for Parkinson's Disease.</a> JoVE. 3, (2007).</li></ol>

Experimentos foram realizados em conformidade com as Diretrizes internacionais para o Cuidado e Uso de Mamíferos em Neurociências e Comportamento Pesquisa<sup&gt; 6</sup&gt;, Após aprovação pelo Animal Care Institucional e Comitê de Uso (Comissão de Avaliação de Uso de Animais los Pesquisa: UFRJ / CAUAP protocolo n DAHEICB 027). As medidas adequadas foram tomadas para minimizar a dor eo desconforto dos animais experimentais.

Extensa lesão unilateral da via Nigro-estriatal pode ser alcançado de forma confiável em camundongos por uma única injeção estereotáxica de 6-OHDA no striatum. A extensão da lesão pode ser verificado post-mortem por imuno-histoquímica para a tirosina hidroxilase (que catalisa a etapa limitante da taxa da síntese de DA, ou seja, a conversão de L-Tirosina para dihidroxifenilalanina), como ilustrado no vídeo. In vivo, as rotações contralaterais induzidas por apomorfina é um melh...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
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		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Ketamine hydrochloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>K&ouml;nig</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>90-120 mg/Kg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Xylazine hydrochloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>K&ouml;nig</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>10 mg/Kg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Atropine Sulfate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Isofarma</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Isofarma</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6 &#x2013; Hydroxydopamine Hydrochloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>5 &mu;g/&mu;L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>L - Ascorbic Acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>USB Corporation</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Xylocaine (Lidocaine Chloridrate)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ASTRA Chemistry</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>5% 50 mg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nebacetin (Neomycin Sulfate + Bacitracin)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Altana Pharma</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>5 mg/g + 250 Ul/g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>R-(-)-Apomorphine hydrochloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.5 mg/Kg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GenTeal lOphthalmic ointment Hypromellose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NOVARTIS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td> 0.33%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ibuprofen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Abbott</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>4 mg/ 100 ml drinking water</td>
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<tr>
<td>Povidine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>JohnsonDiversey</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>R-(-)-Apomorphine hydrochloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.5 mg/Kg</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
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murine model for parkinson's disease: from 6-oh dopamine lesion to behavioral test

Doença de Parkinson (PD) afeta pelo menos 6,5 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, independentemente do sexo, as fronteiras sociais, étnicas, econômicas ou geográficas. Principais sintomas, como rigidez, tremor e bradikinesia, desenvolver-se quando cerca de 3 / 4 de células dopaminérgicas são perdidos na substância negra, e não conseguem prever o regulamento, suave coordenada dos circuitos motores estriatal. Depressão e alucinações são comuns, e demência, eventualmente, ocorre em 20% dos pacientes. Neste momento, não existe um tratamento para retardar ou parar a progressão da DP. Pelo contrário, o objectivo do medicações atualmente disponíveis mais para o alívio destes sintomas. Novas estratégias cirúrgicas podem reversivelmente ligar os circuitos danificados funcionalmente através da estimulação elétrica de estruturas cerebrais profundas, mas apesar de estimulação profunda do cérebro é um grande avanço, não é adequado para todos os pacientes. Permanece, portanto, necessário para testar abordagens nova terapia celular em modelos pré-clínicos. Perturbações neurotóxicas seletiva de vias dopaminérgicas podem ser reproduzidas pela injeção de 6 hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) ou MPTP (1-metil-4-fenil-1 ,2,3,6-tertahydropyridine), enquanto esgotando drogas e produtos químicos prejudiciais à oxidativo pode também reproduzir características específicas de PD em roedores. Ao contrário de MPTP, 6-OHDA lesões causar perda irreversível maciça neuronal, e podem ser uni ou bilateral. O modelo de lesão 6-OHDA é de confiança, leva ao déficit motor robusto, e é o mais amplamente utilizado após 40 anos de pesquisa em rats1. Como as interações entre as células enxertadas e host pode agora ser estudado mais profundamente em ratos e não em ratos, o modelo foi transposto para 2,3 camundongos, onde foi recentemente caracterizada 4. Neste vídeo, demonstramos como a lesão da via Nigro-estriatal esquerda de ratos anestesiados por lentamente entregando 2,0 mL de 6-OHDA através de uma agulha inserida stereotaxically micro-seringa. A perda da entrada dopaminérgica ocorre dentro de dias, e as deficiências funcionais podem ser monitorados ao longo do pós-operatório semanas e meses por rotações de classificação de animais induzida por agentes dopaminérgicos 5. Aqui, vamos mostrar de corpo inteiro rotações contralateral ocorre 10 minutos após uma única administração subcutânea da apomorfina, medido um mês após a lesão. Resultados e as desvantagens são discutidas abaixo.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Model for Parkinson's Disease: from 6-OH Dopamine Lesion to Behavioral Test at JoVE.com

Murine Model for Parkinson&#039;s Disease: from 6-OH Dopamine Lesion to Behavioral Test

Doença de Parkinson é causada pela perda da inervação dopaminérgica para o estriado, que pode ser induzida experimentalmente por 6-OH-dopamina. Descrevemos como executar uma lesão estereotáxica e monitorar induzida por apomorfina comportamento rotacional em camundongos. Este modelo é útil e confiável para testes de novas terapias para a doença de Parkinson.

Modelo murino para a doença de Parkinson: a partir de 6-OH lesão dopamina para teste comportamental

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects at least 6.5 million people worldwide, irrespective of gender, social, ethnic, economic, or geographic boundaries. Key ...

murine-model-for-parkinson-s-disease-from-6-oh-dopamine-lesion-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Murine Model for Parkinson's Disease: from 6-OH Dopamine Lesion to Behavioral Test

31.4K visualizações.  Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Doença de Parkinson é causada pela perda da inervação dopaminérgica para o estriado, que pode ser induzida experimentalmente por 6-OH-dopamina. Descrevemos como executar uma lesão estereotáxica e monitorar induzida por apomorfina comportamento rotacional em camundongos. Este modelo é útil e confiável para testes de novas terapias para a doença de Parkinson.

Vídeo: Murine Model for Parkinson's Disease: from 6-OH Dopamine Lesion to Behavioral Test

Ole Isacson: Development of New Therapies for Parkinson's Disease

Ole Isacson: Development of New Therapies for Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Ole Isacson gives a concise overview of Parkinsons's disease, its causes, therapeutic strategies, and advances in Parkinson's research.

Ole Isacson: desenvolvimento de novas terapias para a doença de Parkinson

Biologia

Primary Dissociated Midbrain Dopamine Cell Cultures from Rodent Neonates

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation from systemic input from elsewhere in the brain. In our lab, we use these neurons to assess dopamine release kinetics using carbon fiber amperometry, as well as expression levels of dopamine related genes and proteins using quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry. In this video, we show you how we generate these cultures from rodent neonates.
The process involves several steps, including the plating of cortical glial astrocytes, the conditioning of neuronal cell culture media by the glial substrate, the dissection of the midbrain in neonates, the digestion, extraction and plating of dopamine neurons and the addition of neurotrophic factors to ensure cell survival.
The applications suitable for such a preparation include electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, quantitative PCR, video microscopy (i.e., of real-time vesicular fusion with the plasma membrane), cell viability assays and other toxicological screens.

Primary dissociated midbrain dopamine cell cultures allow for the study of presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons. They can be used to monitor real-time dopamine release kinetics and protein/mRNA levels of regulators of dopamine exocytosis. Here, we show you how to generate these cultures from rodent neonates.

Principal Dissociated Midbrain dopamina culturas de células de recém-nascidos de roedores

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation ...

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson's Disease Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations at risk. In the process of attempting to identify novel genetic factors associated with PD, scientists have generated many lists of candidate genes, polymorphisms, and proteins that represent important advances, but these leads remain mechanistically undefined. Our work is aimed toward significantly narrowing such lists by exploiting the advantages of a simple animal model system. While humans have billions of neurons, the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has precisely 302, of which only eight produce dopamine (DA) in hemaphrodites. Expression of a human gene encoding the PD-associated protein, alpha-synuclein, in C. elegans DA neurons results in dosage and age-dependent neurodegeneration.
Worms expressing human alpha-synuclein in DA neurons are isogenic and express both GFP and human alpha-synuclein under the DA transporter promoter (Pdat-1). The presence of GFP serves as a readily visualized marker for following DA neurodegeneration in these animals. We initially demonstrated that alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration could be rescued in these animals by torsinA, a protein with molecular chaperone activity 1. Further, candidate PD-related genes identified in our lab via large-scale RNAi screening efforts using an alpha-synuclein misfolding assay were then over-expressed in C. elegans DA neurons. We determined that five of seven genes tested represented significant candidate modulators of PD as they rescued alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration 2. Additionally, the Lindquist Lab (this issue of JoVE) has performed yeast screens whereby alpha-synuclein-dependent toxicity is used as a readout for genes that can enhance or suppress cytotoxicity. We subsequently examined the yeast candidate genes in our C. elegans alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration assay and successfully validated many of these targets 3, 4.
Our methodology involves generation of a C. elegans DA neuron-specific expression vector using recombinational cloning of candidate gene cDNAs under control of the Pdat-1 promoter. These plasmids are then microinjected in wild-type (N2) worms, along with a selectable marker for successful transformation. Multiple stable transgenic lines producing the candidate protein in DA neurons are obtained and then independently crossed into the alpha-synuclein degenerative strain and assessed for neurodegeneration, at both the animal and individual neuron level, over the course of aging.

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson&#039;s Disease Genes

This video demonstrates how to use C. elegans to assess dopaminergic neuron neurodegeneration as a model for Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, genetic screens are used to identify factors that either enhance degeneration or are neuroprotective.

Aplicação de um elegans dopamina C. Ensaio degeneração dos neurônios de Validação do Potencial Doença de Parkinson Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations ...

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The initiation step, which involves the assembly of the ribosomal subunits at the mRNA initiation codon, involved initiation factor including eIF4G1. Defects in this rate limiting step of translation are linked to diverse disorders. To study the potential consequences of such deregulations, Xenopus laevis oocytes constitute an attractive model with high degrees of conservation of essential cellular and molecular mechanisms with human. In addition, during meiotic maturation, oocytes are transcriptionally repressed and all necessary proteins are translated from preexisting, maternally derived mRNAs. This inexpensive model enables exogenous mRNA to become perfectly integrated with an effective translation. Here is described a protocol for assessing translation with a factor of interest (here eIF4G1) using stored maternal mRNA that are the first to be polyadenylated and translated during oocyte maturation as a physiological readout. At first, mRNA synthetized by in vitro transcription of plasmids of interest (here eIF4G1) are injected in oocytes and kinetics of oocyte maturation by Germinal Vesicle Breakdown detection is determined. The studied maternal mRNA target is the serine/threonine-protein-kinase mos. Its polyadenylation and its subsequent translation are investigated together with the expression and phosphorylation of proteins of the mos signaling cascade involved in oocyte maturation. Variations of the current protocol to put forward translational defects are also proposed to emphasize its general applicability. In light of emerging evidence that aberrant protein synthesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, such a model provides the opportunity to easily assess this impairment and identify new targets.

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis control occurs mainly at the translation initiation step, deficiencies in which are linked to diverse disorders. To better understand their etiology, we described here a protocol using Xenopus laevis oocytes assessing the translation of mos transcript in the presence of a mutant of translation initiation factor eIF4G1.

Xenopus laevis como um modelo para identificar Tradução Impairment

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The ...

Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting Strategies to Isolate and Purify Synovial Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from a Rabbit Model

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the main cell source for cell-based therapy. MSCs from articular cavity synovial fluid could potentially be used for cartilage tissue engineering. MSCs from synovial fluid (SF-MSCs) have been considered promising candidates for articular regeneration, and their potential therapeutic benefit has made them an important research topic of late. SF-MSCs from the knee cavity of the New Zealand white rabbit can be employed as an optimized translational model to assess human regenerative medicine. By means of CD90-based magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) technologies, this protocol successfully obtains rabbit SF-MSCs (rbSF-MSCs) from this rabbit model and further fully demonstrates the MSC phenotype of these cells by inducing them to differentiate to osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Therefore, this approach can be applied in cell biology research and tissue engineering using simple equipment and procedures.

This article presents a simple and economic protocol for the straightforward isolation and purification of mesenchymal stem cells from New Zealand white rabbit synovial fluid.

Magnético-ativado da pilha classificação estratégias para isolar e purificar sinovial fluidos derivados mesenquimais células-tronco de um modelo de coelho

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the main cell source for cell-based therapy. MSCs from articular cavity synovial fluid could potentially be used for ...

Noninvasive Monitoring of Lesion Size in a Heterologous Mouse Model of Endometriosis

Here, we describe a protocol for the implementation of a heterologous mouse model in which progression of endometriosis can be assessed in real time through noninvasive monitoring of fluorescence emitted by implanted ectopic human endometrial tissue. For this purpose, biopsies of human endometrium are obtained from donor women ongoing oocyte donation. Human endometrial fragments are cultured in the presence of adenoviruses engineered to express cDNA for the reporter fluorescent protein mCherry. Upon visualization, labeled tissues with an optimal rate of fluorescence after infection are subsequently chosen for the implantation in recipient mice. One week prior to the implantation surgery, recipient mice are oophorectomized, and estradiol pellets are placed subcutaneously to sustain the survival and growth of lesions. On the day of surgery mice are anesthetized, and peritoneal cavity accessed through a small (1.5 cm) incision by the linea-alba. Fluorescently labeled implants are tweezed, briefly soaked in glue and attached to the peritoneal layer. Incisions are sutured, and animals left to recover for a couple of days. Fluorescence emitted by endometriotic implants is usually non-invasively monitored every 3 days for 4 weeks with an in vivo imaging system. Variations in the size of endometriotic implants can be estimated in real time by quantification of the mCherry signal and normalization against the initial time-point showing maximal fluorescence intensity.
Traditional preclinical rodents of models of endometriosis do not allow non-invasive monitoring of lesion in real time but rather allow evaluation of the effects of drugs assayed at the end point. This protocol allows one to track lesions in real time and is more useful to explore the therapeutic potential of drugs in preclinical models of endometriosis. The main limitation of the model thus generated is that non-invasive monitoring is not possible over long periods of time due to the episomal expression of Ad-virus.

Here, we present a protocol for live-imaging of fluorescently labeled human endometrial fragments grafted in mice. The method allows studying the effects of drugs of choice on endometriotic lesion size through monitoring and quantification of fluorescence emitted by the fluorescent reporter on real time

Monitorização não invasiva do tamanho da lesão em um modelo de Mouse heteróloga de endometriose

Here, we describe a protocol for the implementation of a heterologous mouse model in which progression of endometriosis can be assessed in real time ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.

Análise de espectrometria de massa para identificar a ubiquização do CENP-A marcado pelo EYFP (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer ...

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and calcium handling. For this purpose, atrial or ventricular cardiomyocytes of high quality are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements or to explore calcium handling abnormalities. However, the limited yield of high-quality cardiomyocytes obtained by current isolation protocols does not allow both measurements in the same mouse. This article describes a method to isolate high-quality murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, for subsequent simultaneous measurements of calcium transients and L-type calcium current from one animal. Mouse hearts are obtained, and the aorta is rapidly cannulated to remove blood. Hearts are then initially perfused with a calcium-free solution (37 &#176;C) to dissociate the tissue at the level of intercalated discs and afterwards with an enzyme solution containing little calcium to disrupt extracellular matrix (37 &#176;C). The digested heart is subsequently dissected into atria and ventricles. Tissue samples are chopped into small pieces and dissolved by carefully pipetting up and down. The enzymatic digestion is stopped, and cells are stepwise reintroduced to physiologic calcium concentrations. After loading with a fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, isolated cardiomyocytes are prepared for simultaneous measurement of calcium currents and transients. Additionally, isolation pitfalls are discussed and patch-clamp protocols and representative traces of L-type calcium currents with simultaneous calcium transient measurements in atrial and ventricular murine myocytes isolated as described above are provided.

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. For this purpose, high quality cardiomyocytes are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements. Here, a method to isolate murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, which allows simultaneous measurements of calcium-transients and L-type calcium current, is described.

Isolamento de miócitos murinos atrial e ventricular de alta qualidade para medidas simultâneas de Ca2+ transitórios e corrente de cálcio tipo L

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and ...

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) refer to motor complications that arise from prolonged L-DOPA administration to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The most common pattern observed in the clinic is the peak-dose dyskinesia which consists of clinical manifestations of choreiform, dystonic, and ballistic movements. The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD mimics several characteristics of LIDs. After repeated L-DOPA administration, 6-OHDA-lesioned rats exhibit dyskinetic-like movements (e.g., abnormal involuntary movements, AIMs). This protocol demonstrates how to induce and analyze AIMs in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats with 90%-95% dopaminergic depletion in the nigrostriatal pathway. Repeated administration (3 weeks) of L-DOPA (5 mg/kg, combined with 12.5 mg/kg of benserazide) can induce the development of AIMs. The time course analysis reveals a significant increase in AIMs at 30-90 min (peak-dose dyskinesia). Rodent models of LIDs are an important preclinical tool to identify effective antidyskinetic interventions.

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Rodent models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias are invaluable tools to identify therapeutic interventions to attenuate the development or alleviate the manifestations that emerge due to the repeated administration of L-DOPA. This protocol demonstrates how to induce and analyze dyskinetic-like movements in the unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Avaliação de discinesias induzidas por L-dopa no modelo unilateralmente de ratos lesionados com 6-OHDA da doença de Parkinson

L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) refer to motor complications that arise from prolonged L-DOPA administration to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). ...

Cultura 3D de Organoides de Criptas Intestinais Murinas e Célula-Tronco Única

The 3D Culturing of Organoids from Murine Intestinal Crypts and a Single Stem Cell for Organoid Research

At present, organoid culture represents an important tool for in vitro studies of different biological aspects and diseases in different organs. Murine small intestinal crypts can form organoids that mimic the intestinal epithelium when cultured in a 3D extracellular matrix. The organoids are composed of all cell types that fulfill various intestinal homeostatic functions. These include Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, and tuft cells. Well-characterized molecules are added into the culture medium to enrich the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) labeled with leucine-rich repeats containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 and are used to drive differentiation down specific lineages; these molecules include epidermal growth factor, Noggin (a bone morphogenetic protein), and R-spondin 1. Additionally, a protocol to generate organoids from a single erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor B2 (EphB2)-positive ISC is also detailed. In this methods article, techniques to isolate small intestinal crypts and a single ISC from tissues and ensure the efficient establishment of organoids are described.

Autor em destaque: A cultura 3D de organoides de criptas intestinais murinas e uma única célula-tronco para pesquisa de organoides  

We describe a protocol to isolate murine small intestinal crypts and culture intestinal 3D organoids from the crypts. Additionally, we describe a method to generate organoids from a single intestinal stem cell in the absence of a sub-epithelial cellular niche.

A Cultura 3D de Organoides de Criptas Intestinais Murinas e uma Única Célula-Tronco para Pesquisa de Organoides

At present, organoid culture represents an important tool for in vitro studies of different biological aspects and diseases in different organs. Murine ...