Este trabalho foi financiado em parte por uma doação da Sociedade Americana Otológica a CAM e por uma concessão dos Hospitais Centro Médico da Universidade de caso para KNA e CAM. Gostaríamos de agradecer a Jeff Churney em Foco Medical Group, Inc. (Hinckley, OH) para fornecer-nos com uma câmera microscópio. Serviços de produção de vídeo uma cortesia da Fusão Criativa Marketing, Inc. (Valdosta, GA) Agradecemos Jonathan e Alex Frankel Levitt em CWRU por seus comentários durante a elaboração do vídeo.

Parte 1: Anestesia e preparação para a cirurgia <ol><li> Um adulto, do sexo feminino Duncan-Hartley cobaia de Charles River International Laboratories, Inc. (Wilmington, MA) é anestesiados com cetamina 60 mg / kg e xilazina 12 mg / kg por via intramuscular. </li><li> Lubrificante petróleo é aplicada para os olhos para proteger o animal de lesão da córnea devido à secagem. </li><li> O animal é raspado a partir do topo da cabeça até os ombros e entre as orelhas. </li><li> A área depilada é preparado de forma estéril, em primeiro lugar com 7,5% iodopovidona seguido por álcool etílico 70%. </li><li> O animal é colocado sobre uma mesa de operação com manta para aquecimento e para uma plataforma que eleva a cabeça e flexiona o pescoço. A cabeça do animal é direcionado para longe do cirurgião. Flexão adequada do pescoço é necessária a fim de expor adequadamente a crista occipital. </li><li> O animal é coberto de forma estéril. </li></ol> Parte 2: Incisão e exposição do osso occipital <ol><li> Bupivacaína adrenalina (Marcaine) 0,25% é aplicada ao longo do local da incisão prospectivo (incisão na pele da linha média dorsal ao longo da região occipital). Isso faz com que a vasoconstrição local, limitando o sangramento, e fornece analgesia pós-operatória com duração depois que o animal acorda. </li><li> Linha média dorsal incisão na pele é feita sobre o couro cabeludo ao longo do occipital. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1: incisão da pele é feita ao longo da linha média dorsal, como mostrado acima. </li><li> Para obter uma exposição adequada, a pele fica retraída lateralmente, colocando uma pequena hemostat curvas em cada lado da incisão. </li><li> Uma incisão horizontal é feita ao longo do músculo do pescoço para expor o occipital óssea. Nesta fase o animal pode se contorcer, apesar anestesia adequada, devido à transecção do nervo occipital maior. Transecção da medula espinhal é um perigo com incisão horizontal na região suboccipital. Esta complicação pode ser evitada garantindo que o osso subjacente é sempre senti debaixo da lâmina de bisturi. </li><li> Com a musculatura suboccipital incisão ao osso, um hemostat terceiro é usado para retirar a borda do músculo superior. Este hemostat é mantida no lugar pelo assistente cirúrgico. </li><li> Um elevador Lempert periosteal é usada para expor a sutura têmporo-occipital. </li></ol> Parte 3: Perfuração da sutura têmporo-occipital <ol><li> Após a exposição da sutura têmporo-occipital (Figura 2), uma broca de 1,5 mm otológica diamante rebarba é usado para perfurar inferio-lateralmente à sutura. </li><li> Abaixo da tabela externa do crânio, a textura esponjosa do diploe (O osso esponjoso intervir entre as tabelas do crânio) se tornará visível. Uma vez que o diploe foi perfurado de distância, a tabela interna do crânio aparece, junto com uma tonalidade azul fraca que é o seio sigmóide. </li><li> As margens do seio sigmóide são definidas sem penetrar na embarcação. </li><li> Uma vez que o osso que cobre o seio sigmóide foi suficientemente diluída, maior ampliação é utilizado e uma pick reta é usado para remover cuidadosamente o osso que cobre o seio sigmóide. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2 A área a ser perfurado parcialmente recobre a sutura têmporo-occipital. Parte 4: obstrução do ducto <ol><li> O seio sigmóide esqueletizado é retraído medialmente para revelar o opérculo. </li><li> A 0,5 milímetro de diamante rebarba é usado para perfurar medial do opérculo e no saco endolinfático e duto. </li><li> O ducto endolinfático é então embalado com cera de osso usando uma picareta em linha reta. </li><li> O defeito do crânio é então reforçado com Gelfoam (Pfizer, New York, NY). </li><li> 4-0 Polysorb sutura (Estados Unidos Surgical, Norwalk, CT) é usado para trazer o músculo juntos. Há então uma transição suave para uma técnica de sutura subcutânea para o fechamento da incisão na pele. Com este encerramento não há necessidade de remover suturas mais tarde e não há risco de que o animal garra no local e retirar uma sutura. </li></ol> Parte 5: cuidados pós-operatórios A cobaia é colocado em uma incubadora para manter a temperatura corporal e verificado em intervalos de 30 minutos até que desperto e capaz de manter uma posição esternal. O animal é inspecionado para a taxa de respiração e cor do corpo. Este centro utiliza enrofloxacina (0,2 mL a 22,7 mg / mL, por via subcutânea) e buprenorfina (0,05 mL em 0.3mg/mL, por via subcutânea) no pós-operatório profilaxia de infecções e controle da dor, respectivamente. Analgésico é administrado uma vez no dia da cirurgia e duas vezes no dia pós-operatório de um e dois. Embora os antibióticos não são necessários para su assépticargery, um de cinco dias, duas vezes ao curso de um dia de antibióticos profiláticos pode ser givenonce de pós-operatório de três dias. Complicações e Gestão <ol><li> Depressão respiratória O cirurgião deve sempre estar ciente de respiração do animal s. Se a respiração diminui ou pára, interromper a cirurgia e inspecionar visualmente para o movimento do tórax. Se o animal está passando por dificuldade respiratória ou respiração difícil, verifique se a boca e das vias aéreas não estão ocluídos. </li><li> Sigmóide seio Gelfoam Use penetração e de compressão juntamente com a ponta de sucção até que o sangramento é interrompido. </li><li> Penetração dural cobrir o defeito com Gelfoam. </li><li> Dano vestibular Não perfurar mais de 1 mm lateral ao seio sigmóide. Fazê-lo riscos ferindo o canal semicircular posterior, o que invalidaria todos os dados para a cobaia. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Andrews, J. C., Bohmer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+surgical+approach+to+the+endolymphatic+sac+and+the+cochlear+aqueduct+in+the+guinea+pig.">The surgical approach to the endolymphatic sac and the cochlear aqueduct in the guinea pig.</a> Am J Otolaryngol. 10, 61-66 (1989).</li><li>Kimura, R., Schuknecht, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membranous+hydrops+in+the+inner+ear+of+the+guinea+pig+after+obliteration+of+the+endolymphatic+sac.">Membranous hydrops in the inner ear of the guinea pig after obliteration of the endolymphatic sac.</a> Pract Otolaryngol. , (1965).</li></ol>

Experimentos em animais foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes e regulamentos estabelecidos pela Institutional Animal Care e do Comitê Use na Case Western Reserve University.

Nas semanas seguintes a obstrução cirúrgica do ducto endolinfático, o tema animais experiências perda auditiva flutuante neurossensorial medida pela audiometria de tronco cerebral evocados. A amostra de resposta auditiva de tronco cerebral de gravação (ABR) é mostrado na Figura 3. A orelha esquerda serve como um controle não operados. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig4.jpg"><img border="0" src="/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig3tmb.jpg" alt="Figura 3" /></a> Figura 3...

surgical induction of endolymphatic hydrops by obliteration of the endolymphatic duct

Indução cirúrgica de hidropisia endolinfática (ELH) na cobaia por obliteração e obstrução do ducto endolinfático é um modelo animal bem-aceito da doença e uma importante correlação para as doenças humanas de Meniere. Em 1965, Robert Kimura e Harold Schuknecht descrita pela primeira vez uma abordagem intradural para a obstrução do ducto endolinfático (Kimura, 1965). Apesar de eficaz, esta técnica, que requer a penetração da cobertura protetora do cérebro, decorrentes de um nível indesejável de morbidade e mortalidade nos indivíduos animal. Conseqüentemente, Andrews e Bohmer desenvolveu uma abordagem extradural, que previsivelmente produz menos das complicações associadas com o sistema nervoso central (SNC) de penetração. (Andrews e Bohmer 1989) A abordagem extradural descrito aqui primeiro exige uma incisão mediana na região do occipital para expor a camada subjacente muscular. Operamos apenas no lado direito. Após retração do tecido apropriado sobrejacente, uma incisão horizontal é feita na musculatura da região occipital direito de expor a linha de sutura direito temporo-occipital. O osso imediatamente inferio-lateral da linha de sutura (Fig. 1) é então perfurado com uma broca otológico até o seio sigmóide torna-se visível. Retração medial do seio sigmóide revela o opérculo do ducto endolinfático, que abriga o saco endolinfático. Perfuração medial do opérculo até a área do saco endolinfático revela o ducto endolinfático, que depois é embalado com cera óssea a produzir obstrução e, finalmente, ELH. Nas semanas seguintes, o animal irá demonstrar a progressiva, perda auditiva flutuante e evidência histológica de ELH.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct at JoVE.com

Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct

Este vídeo mostra como cirurgicamente obstruem o ducto endolinfático cobaia para produzir hydrops endolinfático.

Indução cirúrgica da hidropisia endolinfática por obliteração do ducto endolinfático

Surgical induction of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) in the guinea pig by obliteration and obstruction of the endolymphatic duct is a well-accepted animal ...

surgical-induction-endolymphatic-hydrops-obliteration-endolymphatic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.3K visualizações.  Case Western Reserve University. Este vídeo mostra como cirurgicamente obstruem o ducto endolinfático cobaia para produzir hydrops endolinfático.

Vídeo: Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct

Imaging Effector Memory T cells in the Ear After Induction of Adoptive DTH

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a DTH reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the CCR7- effector / memory T cell response.
An adoptive DTH is induced by the intraperitoneal injection of GFP-labeled Ova-specific CCR7- effector / memory T cell line (Beeton, C J. Visualized Experiments, Issue 8). Cells are then allowed to equilibrate in the rat for 48 hours before challenge by injecting one ear with saline (control ear) and the other with a 1:1 mix of Ova and Ova conjugated to Texas-Red (Ova-TR) to allow visualization of resident antigen-presenting cells.
We describe a method of tissue preparation useful for imaging the motility of cells within the deep dermal layer during an immune response, in conjunction with visualization of collagen fibers by second harmonic generation. Ear tissue is cut into 5 x 5 mm squares (slightly larger is better) and mounted onto plastic cover slips using Vetbond&trade;, which are then secured using silicone grease in an imaging chamber and superfused by oxygen-bubbled tissue culture medium at 37&deg;C.

Here we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a delayed type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the effector / memory T cell response.

As células de memória efetoras T imagem no ouvido após a indução de DTH Adoptive

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Biologia

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying the formation and initial patterning of the nervous system. This video demonstrates how to graft organizer tissue into a host, a method by which Hensen s node (the organizer in the chick embryo) is grafted to a host competent ectoderm. The organizer graft instructs overlying na ve tissue to adopt a neural fate via neural inducing signals. This mechanism is referred to as neural induction, and constitutes the initial step in the formation of brain and spinal cord in amniotes. This method is essentially used for the characterization of putative neural inducing molecules in chick. This video demonstrates the different steps in the assay for neural induction; First, the donnor embryo is explanted and pinned on a dish. Then, the host embryo is prepared for New culture. The graft is excised and transplanted to the host area pellucida margin. The host is cultured for 18-22 hrs. The assembly is fixed and processed for further applications (e.g. in situ hybridization). This method was originally devised by Waddington 1,2 and Gallera 3,4.

Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the brain. It is a mechanism by which Hensen's node (organizer), instructs adjacent tissue to adopt a neural fate, i.e. to give rise to the nervous system. This video demonstrates an assay for neural induction in chick embryo.

Ensaio para Indução Neural no embrião de galinha

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment

Cerebral aneurysms are abnormal widening or ballooning of a localized segment of an intracranial blood vessel.  Surgical clipping is an important treatment for aneurysms which attempts to exclude blood from flowing into the aneurysmal segment of the vessel while preserving blood flow in a normal fashion.  Improper clip placement may result in residual aneurysm with the potential for subsequent aneurysm rupture or partial or full occlusion of distal arteries resulting in cerebral infarction.  Here we describe the use of an ultrasonic flow probe to provide quantitative evaluation of arterial flow before and after microsurgical clip placement at the base of a middle cerebral artery aneurysm.  This information helps ensure adequate aneurysm reconstruction with preservation of normal distal blood flow.

Description of the surgical obliteration of a cerebral aneurysm utilizing an ultrasonic flow probe to assess arterial flow prior to and after aneurysm clip placement.

Microcirúrgica Obliteration Clipe de Aneurisma Cerebral Médio Usando avaliação intra-operatória de fluxo

Cerebral aneurysms are abnormal widening or ballooning of a localized segment of an intracranial blood vessel.  Surgical clipping is an important ...

Isolation of Basal Cells and Submucosal Gland Duct Cells from Mouse Trachea

The large airways are directly in contact with the environment and therefore susceptible to injury from toxins and infectious agents that we breath in 1. The large airways therefore require an efficient repair mechanism to protect our bodies. This repair process occurs from stem cells in the airways and isolating these stem cells from the airways is important for understanding the mechanisms of repair and regeneration. It is also important for understanding abnormal repair that can lead to airway diseases 2. The goal of this method is to isolate a novel stem cell population from the mouse tracheal submucosal gland ducts and to place these cells in in vitro and in vivo model systems to identify the mechanisms of repair and regeneration of the submucosal glands 3. This production shows methods that can be used to isolate and assay the duct and basal stem cells from the large airways 3.This will allow us to study diseases of the airway, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, there are no methods for isolation of submucosal gland duct cells and there are no in vivo models to study the regeneration of submucosal glands.

Here we demonstrate our protocol for isolation of basal and submucosal gland duct cells from mouse tracheas. We also demonstrate the method of injecting stem cells into the dorsal mouse fat pad to create an in vivo model of submucosal gland regeneration.

Isolamento de células basais e células Duct submucosa Glândulas de Rato Traquéia

The large airways are directly in contact with the environment and therefore susceptible to injury from toxins and infectious agents that we breath in 1. ...

Culturing Primary Rat Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) facilitates water reabsorption by renal collecting duct principal cells and thereby fine-tunes body water homeostasis. AVP binds to vasopressin V2 receptors (V2R) on the surface of the cells and thereby induces synthesis of cAMP. This stimulates cellular signaling processes leading to changes in the phosphorylation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2). Protein kinase A phoshorylates AQP2 and thereby triggers the translocation of AQP2 from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane facilitating water reabsorption from primary urine. Aberrations of AVP release from the pituitary or AVP-activated signaling in principal cells can cause central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, respectively; an elevated blood plasma AVP level is associated with cardiovascular diseases such as chronic heart failure and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Here, we present a protocol for cultivation of primary rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, which express V2R and AQP2 endogenously. The cells are suitable for elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying the control of AQP2 and thus to discover novel drug targets for the treatment of diseases associated with dysregulation of AVP-mediated water reabsorption. IMCD cells are obtained from rat renal inner medullae and are used for experiments six to eight days after seeding. IMCD cells can be cultured in regular cell culture dishes, flasks and micro-titer plates of different formats, the procedure only requires a few hours, and is appropriate for standard cell culture laboratories.

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) controls fine-tuning of body water homeostasis through facilitating water reabsorption by renal principal cells. Here, we present a protocol for the cultivation of primary rat inner medullary collecting duct cells suitable for the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying AVP-mediated water reabsorption.

Cultura primária Rat coletor medular interno células dos ductos

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) facilitates water reabsorption by renal collecting duct principal cells and thereby fine-tunes body water homeostasis. AVP ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

Indução e Análise de epitelial para mesenquimal Transição

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. As such, hepatocytes are an important model for a large variety of research questions. In particular, the use of human hepatocytes is especially important in the fields of pharmacokinetics, toxicology, liver regeneration and translational research. Thus, this method presents a modified version of a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure to isolate hepatocytes as described by Seglen 1.
Previously, hepatocytes have been isolated by mechanical methods. However, enzymatic methods have been shown to be superior as hepatocytes retain their structural integrity and function after isolation. This method presented here adapts the method designed previously for rat livers to human liver pieces and results in a large yield of hepatocytes with a viability of 77&plusmn;10%. The main difference in this procedure is the process of cannulization of the blood vessels. Further, the method described here can also be applied to livers from other species with comparable liver or blood vessel sizes.

A modified two-step collagenase perfusion procedure for isolation of human hepatocytes is described. This method can also be applied to other mammalian livers. The isolated hepatocytes are available in high yield and viability, making them a suitable model for scientific research in areas such as liver regeneration, pharmacokinetics and toxicology.

Isolamento de hepatócitos humanos por duas etapas Collagenase Perfusão Procedimento

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

In Vivo Rastreamento 4-Dimensional de tronco hematopoéticas e células progenitoras em adultos mouse na calota craniana de Medula Óssea

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus in the brain. This stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In horses the glucocorticoid corticosterone is responsible for several adaptations needed to support equine flight behaviour and subsequent removal from the aversive situation. Corticosterone metabolites can be detected in the feces of horses and assessment offers a non-invasive option to evaluate long term patterns of adrenal activity. Fecal assessment offers advantages over other techniques that monitor adrenal activity including blood plasma and saliva analysis. The non-invasive nature of the method avoids sampling stress which can confound results. It also allows the opportunity for repeated sampling over time and is ideal for studies in free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) used to assess feces for corticosterone, in addition to the associated biochemical validation.

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. The method offers a non-invasive option to assess long term patterns in both domestic and free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay involved and the associated biochemical validation.

Fecal Análise de glicocorticóides: Non-invasive Monitoring Adrenal em eqüídeos

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

Partial Bile Duct Ligation in the Mouse: A Controlled Model of Localized Obstructive Cholestasis

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile duct proliferation. However, long-term experiments can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In select mouse strains with underlying liver disease, meaningful comparisons can be made even with ligation of a single lobe of the liver, which can reduce animal losses and expenses. Here, we describe partial bile duct ligation (pBDL) in the mouse, in which only the left hepatic bile duct is ligated, causing biliary obstruction in the left lobe but not the remaining lobes. With careful microsurgical technique, pBDL experiments can be cost-effective, since the unligated lobe serves as an internal control to the ligated lobes, when subjected to the same conditions in the same animal. Unlike cBDL, a separate sham-operated control group is not necessary. pBDL is highly useful to directly compare localized versus systemic effects of cholestasis and other retained bile components. pBDL can also be repurposed as a novel method to investigate mechanisms related to medications and cell migration.

Here, we present partial bile duct ligation as a surgical model of liver injury and regeneration in rodents.

Ligadura do colédoco parcial no Mouse: um modelo controlado da colestase obstrutiva localizada

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile ...