이 작품은 CAM에 대한 미국 Otological 협회에서 교부금에 의해 및 KNA 및 CAM에 대학 병원 케이스 의료 센터에서 교부금에 의해 부분적으로 지원되었다. 우리는 현미경 카메라와 함께 우리에게 제공하는 의료 포커스 그룹 주식 회사 (힌클리, OH)에서 제프 Churney 감사하고 싶습니다. 동영상 제작 서비스를 우리는 비디오의 준비 기간 동안 자신의 의견을 조나단 프랭클과 CWRU에서 알렉스 르빗 감사 퓨전 크리에이 티브 마케팅 주식 회사 (밸도스타, GA)의 호의를 제공했습니다.

1 부 : 아나스타샤 및 수술 준비 <ol><li> 성인, 찰스 리버 국제 연구소, 주식 회사 (윌밍턴, MA)에서 여성 덩컨 - 하틀리 기니 돼지는 케타민을 60 MG / kg와 xylazine 12 MG / kg intramuscularly와 anesthetized 있습니다. </li><li> 석유 윤활유는 건조에 의한 각막 부상에서 동물을 보호하기 위해 눈을에 적용됩니다. </li><li> 동물은 어깨에 머리 위로부터와 귀 사이 면도있다. </li><li> 면도 면적이 7.5 % 알콜 에틸 70 % povidone - 요오드 다음과 먼저 살균 방식으로 준비합니다. </li><li> 동물은 온난 화 담요로 수술대에 그리고 머리와 flexes 목 이르게하는 플랫폼에 배치됩니다. 동물의 머리는 외과 의사가 떨어져 이동합니다. 목 적절한 굴곡이 적절하게 후두 능선을 폭로하기 위해 필요합니다. </li><li> 동물은 살균 방식으로 draped 있습니다. </li></ol> 부품 2 : 절개와 뼈다귀 후두의 노출 <ol><li> Bupivacaine 플러스 에피네프린 (Marcaine)는 0.25 %가 예비 절개 사이트 (후두 따라 정중선 등의 피부 절개)를 따라 적용됩니다. 이것은 출혈을 제한, 지역 vasoconstriction 원인, 그리고 동물이 깨어 후 지속적인 사후 수술 진통제를 제공합니다. </li><li> 미드 라인 등의 피부 절개는 후두 따라 두피에 이루어집니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1 : 위의 그림과 같이 피부 절개가, 등의 정중선을 따라 이루어집니다. </li><li> 적절한 노출을 얻으려면 피부는 절개의 양쪽에 작은 곡선 hemostat을 배치하여 옆으로 철회합니다. </li><li> 가로 절개가 뼈에 후두를 노출하는 목 근육을 따라 이루어집니다. 이 단계에서 동물은 큰 후두 신경의 절개에 의한 적절한 마취에도 불구하고 트위치 수 있습니다. 척수의 절개면은 suboccipital 지역에 수평 절개있는 위험이다. 이 합병증은 기본 뼈가 항상 메스 칼날 아래 느낌입니다함으로써 피할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 뼛속까지 베인 suboccipital 근육과 함께, 제 3 hemostat이 뛰어난 근육 우위를 철회하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 hemostat는 수술 보조의 장소에서 개최됩니다. </li><li> Lempert periosteal 엘리베이터는 temporo - 후두 봉합을 폭로하는 데 사용됩니다. </li></ol> 파트 3 : temporo - 후두 봉합을 드릴링 <ol><li> temporo - 후두 봉합 (그림 2), 1.5 mm 다이아몬드 버와 otologic 훈련의 노출시 치료 inferio - 옆으로 훈련하는 데 사용됩니다. </li><li> 두개골의 외부 테이블 아래 diploë의 해면 조직 (두개골의 테이블 사이에 개입 해면 모양의 뼈)가 표시됩니다. diploë이 떨어져 곤란되면 두개골의 내부 테이블은 sigmoid 부비동입니다 ​​희미한 푸른 색조와 함께 나타납니다. </li><li> sigmoid 부비동의 마진은 혈관을 관통하지 않고 정의됩니다. </li><li> sigmoid 부비동을 overlying 뼈가 충분히 thinned되면, 높은 배율이 활용되고 바로 선택은 신중하게 sigmoid 부비동을 overlying 뼈를 제거하는 데 사용됩니다. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2 부분적으로 몰락하는 지역은 temporo - 후두 치료를 overlies. 4 부 : 덕트의 옵스트럭션 <ol><li> skeletonized sigmoid 부비동은 operculum를 공개 medially 철회합니다. </li><li> 0.5 mm 다이아몬드 버는 operculum에 중간과 endolymphatic의 색 및 덕트에 드릴하는 데 사용됩니다. </li><li> endolymphatic 덕트는 다음 바로 선택을 사용하여 뼈 왁스들이 즐비합니다. </li><li> 두개골의 결함은 다음 Gelfoam (화이자, 뉴욕, NY)로 강화됩니다. </li><li> 4-0 POLYSORB (미국 외과, 노르 워크, CT) 봉합은 근육을 함께 가지고하는 데 사용됩니다. 피부 절개를 폐쇄 피하 봉합 기술로 원활하게 전환이 다음 있습니다. 이 폐쇄와 함께 나중에 봉합을 제거할 필요가없고 동물이 사이트에서 발톱하고 봉합을 꺼내다는 위험이 없습니다. </li></ol> 제 5 부 : 포스트 수술 케어 기니 돼지는 체온을 유지하기 위해 인큐베이터에 넣고 깨어과 수 흉골 순위를 유지하는 데 때까지 30 분 간격으로 확인합니다. 동물은 호흡 속도 및 신체 색상 검사입니다. 이 센터는 각각 게시 수술 감염 예방과 통증 제어를위한 enrofloxacin (subcutaneously 22.7 MG / ML에서 0.2 ML)과 buprenorphine (subcutaneously 0.3mg/mL에서 0.05 ML을)를 사용합니다. 진통제는 수술 당일과 수술 이후 두 번 하루에 한 두에 한번 주어집니다. 항생제는 무균 님을 필요하지지만rgery, 예방 항생제의 5 일간, 하루에 두 번 과정 후 수술 일 셋에 givenonce 수 있습니다. 합병증 및 관리 <ol><li> 호흡기 우울증은 의사는 항상 동물의 호흡을 알고 있어야합니다. 호흡이 느려 또는 중지하는 경우 수술을 중단하고 시각적으로 가슴 운동을위한 검사. 동물이 호흡 문제가 발생하거나 호흡을 고심한 흔적이있는 경우, 구강과기도가 occluded 없습니다 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 출혈까지 흡입 팁과 함께 Sigmoid 부비동의 침투 사용 Gelfoam과 압축이 중지됩니다. </li><li> 듀럴 침투는 Gelfoam과 결함을 커버. </li><li> Vestibular 손상 sigmoid 부비동에 측면 이상의 1mm 드릴을하지 마십시오. 그래서 기니 돼지에 대한 모든 데이터를 무효화시킬 후부 반원의 운하를 손상 위험을하고 있어요. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Andrews, J. C., Bohmer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+surgical+approach+to+the+endolymphatic+sac+and+the+cochlear+aqueduct+in+the+guinea+pig.">The surgical approach to the endolymphatic sac and the cochlear aqueduct in the guinea pig.</a> Am J Otolaryngol. 10, 61-66 (1989).</li><li>Kimura, R., Schuknecht, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membranous+hydrops+in+the+inner+ear+of+the+guinea+pig+after+obliteration+of+the+endolymphatic+sac.">Membranous hydrops in the inner ear of the guinea pig after obliteration of the endolymphatic sac.</a> Pract Otolaryngol. , (1965).</li></ol>

동물 실험 케이스 웨스턴 리저브 대학에서 기관 애니멀 케어 및 사용위원회에 의해 명시된 지침과 규정에 따라 수행되었다.

endolymphatic 덕트의 방해 수술 다음 주 후면, 동물 주제는 청각 evoked brainstem 응답에 의해 측정으로 변동 감각 청력 손실을 경험. 청각 brainstem 반응 (ABR) 녹음의 예제는 그림 3에 표시됩니다. 왼쪽 귀는 unoperated 제어 역할을합니다. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig4.jpg"><img border="0" src="/files/ftp_upload/1728/1728fig3tmb.jpg" alt="그림 3" /></a> 그림 3 : 실험용 돼지 28주 수술에서 ...

surgical induction of endolymphatic hydrops by obliteration of the endolymphatic duct

endolymphatic 덕트의 말살과 방해하여 실험용 돼지에 endolymphatic hydrops의 외과의 유도 (ELH)은 조건과 인간의 Meniere의 질병에 대한 상관 관계를 중요 잘 수락 동물 모델입니다. 1965 년, 로버트 기무라와 해롤드 Schuknecht 먼저 endolymphatic 덕트의 방해에 대한 intradural 접근법 (기무라 1965)을 설명했다. 효과적이지만, 두뇌의 보호 덮개의 침투력이 필요합니다이 기술은, 동물 과목 병적 상태와 사망률의 바람직하지 않은 수준을 발생. 따라서, 앤드류스와 Bohmer는 예측할 수 중추 신경계 (CNS) 침투. (앤드류스와 Bohmer 1989)과 관련된 합병증의 더 적은을 생산 extradural 접근 방법을 개발 extradural 접근 방식은 여기에 설명된 먼저 기본 근육의 레이어를 노출하는 후두의 지역에서 정중선 절개가 필요합니다. 우리는 오른쪽에 작동합니다. overlying 조직의 적절한 철회 후, 가로 절개가 오른쪽 temporo - 후두 봉합 라인 노출 권리 후두의 근육에 이루어집니다. sigmoid 부비동가 표시 될 때까지 뼈를 바로 inferio - 측면 봉합 라인 (그림 1) 다음 otologic 드릴 뚫고있다. sigmoid 부비동의 중간 철회는 endolymphatic의 색을 전시 endolymphatic 덕트의 operculum를 보여. endolymphatic의 색 영역에 operculum에 중간 드릴링하면 다음 방해하고 궁극적 ELH을 생산하기 위해 뼈를 왁스들이 즐비합니다 endolymphatic 덕트를 보여줍니다. 다음 주 후면, 동물 진보, 변동 청력 손실 및 ELH의 histologic 증거를 보여줄 것입니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct at JoVE.com

Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct

이 동영상은 수술 endolymphatic hydrops의 생산 실험용 돼지의 endolymphatic 덕트를 방해하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

Endolymphatic 덕트의 말살로 Endolymphatic의 Hydrops의 외과 유도

Surgical induction of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) in the guinea pig by obliteration and obstruction of the endolymphatic duct is a well-accepted animal ...

surgical-induction-endolymphatic-hydrops-obliteration-endolymphatic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.3K 조회수.  Case Western Reserve University. 이 동영상은 수술 endolymphatic hydrops의 생산 실험용 돼지의 endolymphatic 덕트를 방해하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

비디오: Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct

Imaging Effector Memory T cells in the Ear After Induction of Adoptive DTH

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a DTH reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the CCR7- effector / memory T cell response.
An adoptive DTH is induced by the intraperitoneal injection of GFP-labeled Ova-specific CCR7- effector / memory T cell line (Beeton, C J. Visualized Experiments, Issue 8). Cells are then allowed to equilibrate in the rat for 48 hours before challenge by injecting one ear with saline (control ear) and the other with a 1:1 mix of Ova and Ova conjugated to Texas-Red (Ova-TR) to allow visualization of resident antigen-presenting cells.
We describe a method of tissue preparation useful for imaging the motility of cells within the deep dermal layer during an immune response, in conjunction with visualization of collagen fibers by second harmonic generation. Ear tissue is cut into 5 x 5 mm squares (slightly larger is better) and mounted onto plastic cover slips using Vetbond&trade;, which are then secured using silicone grease in an imaging chamber and superfused by oxygen-bubbled tissue culture medium at 37&deg;C.

Here we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a delayed type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the effector / memory T cell response.

입양 DTH의 유도 후 귀에 영상 효과기 메모리 T 세포

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a ...

연구

생물학

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying the formation and initial patterning of the nervous system. This video demonstrates how to graft organizer tissue into a host, a method by which Hensen s node (the organizer in the chick embryo) is grafted to a host competent ectoderm. The organizer graft instructs overlying na ve tissue to adopt a neural fate via neural inducing signals. This mechanism is referred to as neural induction, and constitutes the initial step in the formation of brain and spinal cord in amniotes. This method is essentially used for the characterization of putative neural inducing molecules in chick. This video demonstrates the different steps in the assay for neural induction; First, the donnor embryo is explanted and pinned on a dish. Then, the host embryo is prepared for New culture. The graft is excised and transplanted to the host area pellucida margin. The host is cultured for 18-22 hrs. The assembly is fixed and processed for further applications (e.g. in situ hybridization). This method was originally devised by Waddington 1,2 and Gallera 3,4.

Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the brain. It is a mechanism by which Hensen's node (organizer), instructs adjacent tissue to adopt a neural fate, i.e. to give rise to the nervous system. This video demonstrates an assay for neural induction in chick embryo.

칙의 배아에서 신경 유도에 대한 분석

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment

Cerebral aneurysms are abnormal widening or ballooning of a localized segment of an intracranial blood vessel.  Surgical clipping is an important treatment for aneurysms which attempts to exclude blood from flowing into the aneurysmal segment of the vessel while preserving blood flow in a normal fashion.  Improper clip placement may result in residual aneurysm with the potential for subsequent aneurysm rupture or partial or full occlusion of distal arteries resulting in cerebral infarction.  Here we describe the use of an ultrasonic flow probe to provide quantitative evaluation of arterial flow before and after microsurgical clip placement at the base of a middle cerebral artery aneurysm.  This information helps ensure adequate aneurysm reconstruction with preservation of normal distal blood flow.

Description of the surgical obliteration of a cerebral aneurysm utilizing an ultrasonic flow probe to assess arterial flow prior to and after aneurysm clip placement.

Intraoperative 흐름 평가를 사용하여 중간 뇌동맥류야의 Microsurgical 클립 말살

Cerebral aneurysms are abnormal widening or ballooning of a localized segment of an intracranial blood vessel.  Surgical clipping is an important ...

Isolation of Basal Cells and Submucosal Gland Duct Cells from Mouse Trachea

The large airways are directly in contact with the environment and therefore susceptible to injury from toxins and infectious agents that we breath in 1. The large airways therefore require an efficient repair mechanism to protect our bodies. This repair process occurs from stem cells in the airways and isolating these stem cells from the airways is important for understanding the mechanisms of repair and regeneration. It is also important for understanding abnormal repair that can lead to airway diseases 2. The goal of this method is to isolate a novel stem cell population from the mouse tracheal submucosal gland ducts and to place these cells in in vitro and in vivo model systems to identify the mechanisms of repair and regeneration of the submucosal glands 3. This production shows methods that can be used to isolate and assay the duct and basal stem cells from the large airways 3.This will allow us to study diseases of the airway, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, there are no methods for isolation of submucosal gland duct cells and there are no in vivo models to study the regeneration of submucosal glands.

Here we demonstrate our protocol for isolation of basal and submucosal gland duct cells from mouse tracheas. We also demonstrate the method of injecting stem cells into the dorsal mouse fat pad to create an in vivo model of submucosal gland regeneration.

마우스 기관에서 자연적으로 흐르는 것과 셀 및 Submucosal 글 랜드 덕트 세포의 분리

The large airways are directly in contact with the environment and therefore susceptible to injury from toxins and infectious agents that we breath in 1. ...

Culturing Primary Rat Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) facilitates water reabsorption by renal collecting duct principal cells and thereby fine-tunes body water homeostasis. AVP binds to vasopressin V2 receptors (V2R) on the surface of the cells and thereby induces synthesis of cAMP. This stimulates cellular signaling processes leading to changes in the phosphorylation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2). Protein kinase A phoshorylates AQP2 and thereby triggers the translocation of AQP2 from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane facilitating water reabsorption from primary urine. Aberrations of AVP release from the pituitary or AVP-activated signaling in principal cells can cause central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, respectively; an elevated blood plasma AVP level is associated with cardiovascular diseases such as chronic heart failure and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Here, we present a protocol for cultivation of primary rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, which express V2R and AQP2 endogenously. The cells are suitable for elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying the control of AQP2 and thus to discover novel drug targets for the treatment of diseases associated with dysregulation of AVP-mediated water reabsorption. IMCD cells are obtained from rat renal inner medullae and are used for experiments six to eight days after seeding. IMCD cells can be cultured in regular cell culture dishes, flasks and micro-titer plates of different formats, the procedure only requires a few hours, and is appropriate for standard cell culture laboratories.

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) controls fine-tuning of body water homeostasis through facilitating water reabsorption by renal principal cells. Here, we present a protocol for the cultivation of primary rat inner medullary collecting duct cells suitable for the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying AVP-mediated water reabsorption.

덕트 세포를 수집 배양 차 쥐 내부 수질

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) facilitates water reabsorption by renal collecting duct principal cells and thereby fine-tunes body water homeostasis. AVP ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

간엽 전환을 유도하고 상피의 분석

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. As such, hepatocytes are an important model for a large variety of research questions. In particular, the use of human hepatocytes is especially important in the fields of pharmacokinetics, toxicology, liver regeneration and translational research. Thus, this method presents a modified version of a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure to isolate hepatocytes as described by Seglen 1.
Previously, hepatocytes have been isolated by mechanical methods. However, enzymatic methods have been shown to be superior as hepatocytes retain their structural integrity and function after isolation. This method presented here adapts the method designed previously for rat livers to human liver pieces and results in a large yield of hepatocytes with a viability of 77&plusmn;10%. The main difference in this procedure is the process of cannulization of the blood vessels. Further, the method described here can also be applied to livers from other species with comparable liver or blood vessel sizes.

A modified two-step collagenase perfusion procedure for isolation of human hepatocytes is described. This method can also be applied to other mammalian livers. The isolated hepatocytes are available in high yield and viability, making them a suitable model for scientific research in areas such as liver regeneration, pharmacokinetics and toxicology.

2 단계 콜라게나 제 관류 절차에 의한 인간의 간세포의 분리

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

성인 마우스 두개골 골수에서 조혈 줄기 및 전구 세포의 생체 내 4 차원 추적에서

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus in the brain. This stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In horses the glucocorticoid corticosterone is responsible for several adaptations needed to support equine flight behaviour and subsequent removal from the aversive situation. Corticosterone metabolites can be detected in the feces of horses and assessment offers a non-invasive option to evaluate long term patterns of adrenal activity. Fecal assessment offers advantages over other techniques that monitor adrenal activity including blood plasma and saliva analysis. The non-invasive nature of the method avoids sampling stress which can confound results. It also allows the opportunity for repeated sampling over time and is ideal for studies in free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) used to assess feces for corticosterone, in addition to the associated biochemical validation.

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. The method offers a non-invasive option to assess long term patterns in both domestic and free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay involved and the associated biochemical validation.

대변​​ 글루코 코르티코이드 분석 : equids는 비 침습적 부신 모니터링

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

Partial Bile Duct Ligation in the Mouse: A Controlled Model of Localized Obstructive Cholestasis

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile duct proliferation. However, long-term experiments can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In select mouse strains with underlying liver disease, meaningful comparisons can be made even with ligation of a single lobe of the liver, which can reduce animal losses and expenses. Here, we describe partial bile duct ligation (pBDL) in the mouse, in which only the left hepatic bile duct is ligated, causing biliary obstruction in the left lobe but not the remaining lobes. With careful microsurgical technique, pBDL experiments can be cost-effective, since the unligated lobe serves as an internal control to the ligated lobes, when subjected to the same conditions in the same animal. Unlike cBDL, a separate sham-operated control group is not necessary. pBDL is highly useful to directly compare localized versus systemic effects of cholestasis and other retained bile components. pBDL can also be repurposed as a novel method to investigate mechanisms related to medications and cell migration.

Here, we present partial bile duct ligation as a surgical model of liver injury and regeneration in rodents.

마우스에 부분적 담 관 결 찰: 지역화 된 폐쇄성 Cholestasis의 제어 모델

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile ...