genotyping transgenic plants and harvesting seeds for selecting rice varieties enriched with resistant starch

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Edição eficiente de genoma baseada em CRISPR para amido resistente no melhoramento de arroz

Traditional breeding relies on introducing traits into crops or producing plant populations with enough variation, which requires long-term field observation1,2. Due to the limitations of traditional breeding, gene editing technology has been developed, which can precisely modify the genome of crops to obtain desired traits of plant populations3. The most widely used gene editing system in plants is CRISPR/Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated Cas endonuclease), which relies on a programmable RNA-guided endonuclease to create targeted double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA4,5. These DSBs are then repaired by the cell's natural DNA repair mechanisms6,7, often resulting in the introduction of the desired genetic changes. Although this technology has been implemented in various crops, including wheat8, maize9, soybean10, and rice11, it is predominantly used to reveal biological problems. Compared to its extensive application in elucidating plant gene functions, research on applying gene editing technologies to crop breeding remains relatively scarce12.
The process of gene editing in crops typically follows a well-defined workflow that encompasses several key steps13. The first step involves identifying the specific gene or genetic region that needs to be modified to achieve the desired trait. Secondly, a gene editing strategy is designed, involving the selection of an appropriate gene editing system (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 or CRISPR-Cas12) and the design of specific guide RNAs to direct the endonuclease to the target site. Thirdly, the gene editing system is then incorporated into a delivery vector, which is used to introduce the editing machinery into the plant cells. These vectors can be DNA, RNA, or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Subsequently, the gene editing vectors are delivered into plant cells using various methods, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, particle bombardment, or electroporation. Immediately, the transformed plant cells are cultured under appropriate conditions to generate genetically edited callus or embryogenic tissues. These tissues are then regenerated into whole plants through tissue culture techniques. The regenerated plants are subjected to rigorous molecular characterization to confirm the presence of the desired genetic changes. 
A previous article by Tsakirpaloglou et al.14 provides a broad overview of the gene editing process, from vector design to the generation of edited seedlings, but it does not delve into the detailed analysis of specific traits associated with the targeted gene nor the subsequent evaluation of agronomic performance or functional validation of the edited crops. We have gone beyond simply demonstrating the feasibility of editing a gene in rice. Our work comprehensively assesses the impact of this edit on the biochemical, molecular, and agronomic traits of the edited rice lines. This includes evaluating starch composition, a critical factor influencing grain quality and nutritional value, which has not been extensively explored in previous gene editing studies. 
Rice starch typically consists of ~20% amylose and ~80% amylopectin15. SBEIIb is an enzyme essential for amylopectin synthesis and is expressed in the endosperm16. The knockdown of OsSBEIIb by hairpin RNA (RNAi) and microRNA expression increased the resistant starch content17,18. Resistant starch is a substrate starch that cannot be digested and absorbed in the small intestine but is able to be broken down into short-chain fatty acids and gases by certain digestive bacteria in the intestines. Since it cannot be broken down quickly, it has a lower glycemic index compared to other starches and does not cause a rapid rise in blood sugar within a short period of time after eating, which can alleviate diabetes to a certain extent in diet19. In addition, resistant starch has more physiological functions, such as reducing insulin response, regulating intestinal function, preventing fat accumulation, facilitating weight control, and promoting the absorption of mineral ions. Therefore, it is being widely pursued as a new type of dietary fiber20. 
To overcome these challenges and successfully utilize gene editing technologies for breeding functional rice varieties, we have refined and optimized the operational protocols within rice. Our focus has been to meticulously analyze the design of target gene loci, carefully select the most suitable gene editing tools, and conduct rigorous phenotypic analysis throughout the breeding process. As a testament to the power and efficiency of these technologies, we present a case study showcasing the rapid development of a functional rice variety enriched with high-resistant starch. This example underscores the potential of gene editing in accelerating the breeding of functional rice, addressing the current dearth of research in this field.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor em destaque: Simplificando o melhoramento de arroz com CRISPR / Cas para obter características fenotípicas e agronômicas ideais

Melhoramento por Design para Arroz Funcional com Tecnologias de Edição de Genoma

Genotipagem de Plantas Transgênicas e Colheita de Sementes para Seleção de Variedades de Arroz Enriquecido com Amido Resistente

genotyping-transgenic-plants-harvesting-seeds-for-selecting-rice

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Genotyping Transgenic Plants and Harvesting Seeds for Selecting Rice Varieties Enriched with Resistant Starch

265 visualizações. Para começar, obtenha o RNA SG e transforme o Agrobacterium com o DNA plasmático. Transplante as plantas transgênicas em vasos e cultive-as por um mês em uma estufa. Para testar o tipo de mutação, colete dois a três miligramas de folhas frescas de cada perfilho de uma única muda como uma única amostra usando protocolos estabelecidos.Extraia o DNA genômico das amostras de folhas coletadas. Projete primers de PCR para amplificar a região do ge...

Vídeo: Genotipagem de Plantas Transgênicas e Colheita de Sementes para Seleção de Variedades de Arroz Enriquecido com Amido Resistente

Breeding by Design for Functional Rice with Genome Editing Technologies

The conventional approaches to crop breeding, which rely predominantly on time-consuming and labor-intensive methods such as traditional hybridization and mutation breeding, face challenges in efficiently introducing targeted traits and generating diverse plant populations. Conversely, the emergence of genome editing technologies has ushered in a paradigm shift, enabling the precise and expedited manipulation of plant genomes to intentionally introduce desired characteristics. One of the most widespread editing tools is the CRISPR/Cas system, which has been used by researchers to study important biology-related problems. However, the precise and effective workflow of genome editing has not been well-defined in crop breeding. In this study, we demonstrated the entire process of breeding rice varieties enriched with high levels of resistant starch (RS), a functional trait that plays a crucial role in preventing diseases such as diabetes and obesity. The workflow encompassed several key steps, such as the selection of functional SBEIIb gene, designing the single-guide RNA (sgRNA), selecting an appropriate genome editing vector, determining the vector delivery method, conducting plant tissue culture, genotyping mutation and phenotypic analysis. Additionally, the time frame necessary for each stage of the process has been clearly demonstrated. This protocol not only streamlines the breeding process but also enhances the accuracy and efficiency of trait introduction, thereby accelerating the development of functional rice varieties.

The protocol describes breeding resistant starch rice varieties by design using genome editing technologies in a precise, efficient, and technically simple way.

The conventional approaches to crop breeding, which rely predominantly on time-consuming and labor-intensive methods such as traditional hybridization and ...