Este estudo foi apoiado por FMMU nova descoberta fundação e financiando parte do NIH.

1. Cultura de Células da glia Células gliais podem ser cultivadas em diferentes regiões do sistema nervoso central. Todo o processo é mostrado na figura processo. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111process.jpg" alt="Processo 1" /> Dia 1 placa de cultura de revestimento e lamínulas <ol><li> Rodada microscópio seco esterilizado de vidro lamínulas em autoclave. </li><li> Placa as lamelas esterilizados em placa de cultura esterilizado de 24 poços. </li><li> Brasão as lamelas com poli-lisina e incubar por 2 horas sob temperatura de raiz. </li><li> Revestir as placas de 6 bem a cultura da mesma maneira como no passo 3. </li><li> Lavar as lamelas e 6 bem-placa de cultura duas vezes com água destilada e ar seco no capô cultura. </li><li> Adicionar 200 mL meio DMEM (com FBS 10%) em cada poço em 24 poços da placa e 2 mL em cada poço em 6 bem-prato e colocá-los em incubadoras com menos de 37 graus com 5% de CO 2 </li></ol> Córtex dia 2 de isolamento e cultura de células gliais <ol><li> Esterilizar o capô dissecção positiva de fluxo. </li><li> Ligue a luz UV por 20 min. </li><li> Spray de todas as superfícies com álcool 70% e esperar 15 min antes do uso. </li><li> mudança tensa: filhotes de ratos Anesthetize (P2-P6) por hipotermia, e decapitar na base do magnum framen usando uma tesoura operacional. </li><li> Abrir o crânio ao longo da sutura sagital utilizando uma tesoura de íris e descolar do crânio. </li><li> Remover o cérebro anterior e colocá-los em meio L15 refrigerados, sob estereomicroscópio, limpar cuidadosamente a membrana dura-máter e pia com os vasos sanguíneos, isolar o córtex e lave várias vezes com L15 médio. </li><li> Corte o córtex em pedaços pequenos com tesoura de microcirurgia. </li><li> Adicionar 0,125% de tripsina-EDTA preparado com L15 médio em pedaços córtex e incubar em 37 graus por 15 min. </li><li> Transferência de blocos de tecido em meio DMEM 20mL com FBS 20% em 50 mL do tubo, adicione DNase solução estoque para 10ug/mL concentração final, aspire a solução tecido cima e para baixo por 20 vezes com fogo de vidro polido Pasteure pipeta, recolher a suspensão de células individuais. </li><li> Lavar a suspensão de células com um tempo médio DMEM, re-suspender as células em DMEM com 10% de FBS, a contagem de células ao microscópio com um hemocitômetro células, semente de 5000-10000/cm 2. Manter as células em uma incubadora de 37 graus de 5%, mudança de metade do meio 2 vezes por semana. </li></ol> 2. Dorsal Root Gânglios Neurônios Isolamento, Cultura e Purificação Dia 1 Prepare Cultura Material <ol><li> Revestimento do lamínulas esterilizadas com poli-lisina lamínulas, lave duas vezes com destilar a água eo ar seco, colocá-los em placas de 24 poços. </li><li> Adicionar médio Neurobasal 100μL com 2% B27 e NGF 2.5s (50 ng / mL), colocar placa em 37 graus 5% CO 2. </li></ol> Dia 2 Isolate DRGs a partir de embriões <ol><li> Esterilizados a capela de fluxo do mesmo modo como a cultura de células gliais. </li><li> Euthanize um rato grávidas (E15) por overdose com CO 2, abdômen esterilizados por etanol 70%, os embriões foram isolados do útero e colocado em meio L15 refrigerados. </li><li> Isolar cabos Espinhal com gânglios da raiz dorsal conectada sob estereomicroscópio e transferência para pratos de 35mm com média L15 refrigerados. </li><li> Coletar suspensão única célula e lave uma vez com NBF médio (médio Neurobasal contendo 2% B27 e 2.5s NGF (50 ng / mL)). </li></ol> Dia 3 Purify neurônios DRG <ol><li> 18h-24h após a semeadura neurônio, adicionar uma solução de 1 mM de ações concentradas FUDR à cultura neurônio para uma concentração final de 20 mM e um volume final de 200 mL. </li><li> 72h depois, substituir a metade da média com o meio Neurobasal contendo 2% B27 e 2.5s NGF (50ng/mL) sem FUDR. Depois disso, mude o meio de todos os outros dias. </li></ol> 3. Co-cultura de neurônios DRG com células gliais <ol><li> Quando a cultura de células gliais chegou confluência (cerca de 20 dias após a semeadura), eles estavam prontos para co-cultura com os neurônios. </li><li> 24 horas antes de adicionar os neurônios purificada, médio células gliais foram alteradas para médio Neurobasal contendo 2% B27 e 2.5s NGF (50 ng / mL). </li><li> Neurônios purificada foram coletados de poços cultura, a suspensão de células individuais foram obtidos pela passagem mecânica através do fogo pipeta Pasteure polido. </li><li> Após contagem do número, os neurônios foram semeadas em 500/cm 2 em células gliais confluentes em meio contendo 2% Neurobasal B27 e 2.5s NGF (50ng/mL). </li><li> Neurônios de adesão e crescimento neuritos em células gliais poderiam ser registrados e analisados ​​em momentos diferentes por um software de análise de imagem e imunocitoquímica utilizando anticorpos tipo específico de célula. </li></ol> 4. Resultados representante <ol><li> Cultura de células gliais: Após a semeadura, as células gliais se tornará confluentes em torno de 20 dias. Microsc sob contraste de faseope, foi facilmente identificado que as diferentes subpopulações de células gliais morfológica formada subestruturas padrão diferente de crescimento e os astrócitos GFAP positivos representaram mais de 90% como mostrado pela técnica immuocytochemisty (Figura 1, Figura 2). </li><li> DRG cultura neurônios: Em nosso método, após 72 horas de tratamento FUDR, a pureza de neurônios DRG vai chegar tão alto quanto 99% dentro de seis dias, os neurônios DRG mostraram a sua morfologia única e com um crescimento de alta densidade neurite (Figura 3, Figura 4). </li><li> Co-cultura de células gliais e neurônios: os neurônios DRG adesão e crescimento de neuritos ocorreu prontamente em células da glia dentro de 4 horas após a semeadura, observações cuidadosas mostraram que a adesão neurônio e crescimento neurite foram influenciados por subpopulações de células da glia que formavam subestruturas padrão especial de crescimento, isso poderia ser facilmente identificados sob microscópio com contraste de fase e por imunocitoquímica (Figura 5, Figura 6). </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Morfologia de células gliais confluentes. Cortical células gliais foram semeadas em lamínulas revestido polilisina e cultivadas por 20 dias, observe o padrão de crescimento diferentes de células gliais, as células do lado esquerdo e dispostos de forma radiada. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Confluentes células gliais rotulado por Glial ácidas anticorpo proteína fibrilar (GFAP). Note o arranjo radiado de GFAP (vermelho) células positivas no lado direito. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3" /> Figura 3. Neurônios dos gânglios da raiz dorsal cresceu in vitro sem tratamento FUDR. As células contaminantes formados DRG fundo neurônios. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig4.jpg" alt="Figura 4" /> Figura 4. Neurônios dos gânglios da raiz dorsal cresceu in vitro após tratamento FUDR. As células de fundo contaminação havia sido eliminada completamente. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig5.jpg" alt="Figura 5" /> Figura 5. Neurônios dos gânglios da raiz dorsal cultivadas em células gliais. Neurônios adesão e crescimento neurite foram inibidos nas células irradiadas organizado e limitado sobre as células gliais lado direito. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig6.jpg" alt="Figura 6" /> Figura 6. Neurônios dos gânglios da raiz dorsal que crescem em células gliais marcados por anticorpos neurofilamento. A neurite (verde) foram inibidos na irradiada dispostos células gliais lado esquerdo e limitado no lado direito, todas as células gliais foram marcados por GFAP anticorpo (vermelho).

<ol>
	<li>Rossignol, S., Schwab, M., Schwartz, M., Fehlings, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+injury:+time+to+move?.">Spinal cord injury: time to move?.</a> J Neurosci. 27 (44), 11782-11792 (2007).</li><li>Yiu, G., He, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glial+inhibition+of+CNS+axon+regeneration.">Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 7 (8), 617-627 (2006).</li><li>Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mystery+and+magic+of+glia:+a+perspective+on+their+roles+in+health+and+disease.">The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease.</a> Neuron. 60 (3), 430-440 (2008).</li><li>Matyash, V., Kettenmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+in+astrocyte+morphology+and+physiology.">Heterogeneity in astrocyte morphology and physiology.</a> Brain Res Rev. , (2009).</li><li>Wanner, I. B., Deik, A., Torres, M., Rosendahl, A., Neary, J. T., Lemmon, V. P., Bixby, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+in+vitro+model+of+the+glial+scar+inhibits+axon+growth.+Glia.">A new in vitro model of the glial scar inhibits axon growth. Glia.</a> 56 (15), 1691-1709 (2008).</li><li>Kuffler, D. P., Sosa, I. J., Reyes, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schwann+cell+chondroitin+sulfate+proteoglycan+inhibits+dorsal+root+ganglion+neuron+neurite+outgrowth+and+substrate+specificity+via+a+soma+and+not+a+growth+cone+mechanism.">Schwann cell chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan inhibits dorsal root ganglion neuron neurite outgrowth and substrate specificity via a soma and not a growth cone mechanism.</a> J Neurosci Res. 87 (13), 2863-2871 (2009).</li><li>Kleitman, N., Wood, P. M., Bunge, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+culture+method+for+the+study+of+myelination.">Tissue culture method for the study of myelination.</a> Culturing nerve cells. , P559-P559 (1998).</li></ol>

Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

Este protocolo experimento foi projetado para atingir dois objetivos de estudar as células da glia, astrócitos influência heterogeneidade especialmente sobre neurônio adesão e crescimento neurite. O primeiro objetivo era manter a heterogeneidade astrócitos, tanto quanto possível, neste experimento, a célula glial confluentes astrócitos cultura enriquecida foi misturado cultura primária, sem qualquer tratamento químico e propagação de digestão, o que pode prejudicar ainda mais a célula e induzir a resposta...

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		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>DMEM(high glucose)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10313-039</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L15 medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>11415-114</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10437-077</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Neurobasal Medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>21103-049</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>poly-lysine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P4832</td>
<td>culture grade</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NGF(2.5S)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>13257-019</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>B27 supplyment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>17504-044</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.25% trypsin-EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25200-056</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FUDR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F0503</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>neurofilament antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Abcam</td>
<td>ab24575</td>
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study glial cell heterogeneity influence on axon growth using a new coculture method

No sistema nervoso central de todos os mamíferos, os axônios cortados após a lesão não são capazes de regenerar as suas metas originais e recuperação funcional é muito pobre 1. O fracasso do axônio regeneração é um resultado combinado de vários fatores, incluindo o ambiente hostil de células gliais, as moléculas inibidoras de mielina relacionadas e diminuição da capacidade de regeneração intrínseca neurônio 2. Astrócitos são o tipo de célula glial predominante no sistema nervoso central e desempenham papel importante nas funções do axônio em fisiologia e patologia condições 3. Contraste com os oligodendrócitos homólogos, os astrócitos são uma população heterogênea de células compostas por diferentes subpopulações de astrócitos com morfologias diferentes e expressão do gene 4. O significado funcional dessa heterogeneidade, tais como suas influências sobre o crescimento do axônio, é largamente desconhecida. Para o estudo da célula glial, especialmente a função da heterogeneidade de astrócitos no comportamento dos neurônios, foi estabelecido um novo método de co-cultura purificada de alta neurônios gânglios da raiz dorsal com células gliais obtidos a partir do córtex de ratos. Por esta técnica, nós fomos capazes de comparar diretamente adesão neurônio e crescimento do axônio em diferentes subpopulações astrócitos sob a mesma condição. Neste relatório, nós damos o protocolo detalhada deste método para astrócitos isolamento e cultura, gânglios da raiz dorsal de isolamento e purificação neurônios, e os co-cultura de neurônios DRG com astrócitos. Este método também pode ser estendido para outras regiões do cérebro para estudar celular ou regionais específicos de interacção entre os neurônios e células gliais.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Study Glial Cell Heterogeneity Influence on Axon Growth Using a New Coculture Method at JoVE.com

Study Glial Cell Heterogeneity Influence on Axon Growth Using a New Coculture Method

Neste protocolo, descrevemos um novo método para estudar a influência da heterogeneidade das células gliais no crescimento do axônio com uma<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema de co-cultura. Rat cortical células gliais foram cultivadas a confluência e cocultured altamente purificado com ratos neurônios do gânglio dorsal da raiz. Influência das células gliais em diferentes neurônios adesão e crescimento do axônio foi comparado diretamente na mesma cultura. Este método oferece uma nova forma de estudar diretamente a influência heterogeneidade glial células em neurônios de adesão e crescimento do axônio.

Estudo Influência Heterogeneidade células gliais no crescimento Axon Usando um método de co-cultura New

In the central nervous system of all mammals, severed axons after injury are unable to regenerate to their original targets and functional recovery is ...

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Neuroscience

17.2K visualizações.  Cedars Sinai Medical Center, UCLA. Neste protocolo, descrevemos um novo método para estudar a influência da heterogeneidade das células gliais no crescimento do axônio com uma In vitro Sistema de co-cultura. Rat cortical células gliais foram cultivadas a confluência e cocultured altamente purificado com ratos neurônios do gânglio dorsal da raiz. Influência das células gliais em diferentes neurônios adesão e crescimento do axônio foi comparado diretamente na mesma cultura. Este m...

Vídeo: Study Glial Cell Heterogeneity Influence on Axon Growth Using a New Coculture Method

Genetic Study of Axon Regeneration with Cultured Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

It is well known that mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate their axons after injuries due to diminished intrinsic ability to support axon growth and a hostile environment in the mature CNS1,2. In contrast, mature neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate readily after injuries3. Adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are well known to regenerate robustly after peripheral nerve injuries. Each DRG neuron grows one axon from the cell soma, which branches into two axonal branches: a peripheral branch innervating peripheral targets and a central branch extending into the spinal cord. Injury of the DRG peripheral axons results in substantial axon regeneration, whereas central axons in the spinal cord regenerate poorly after the injury. However, if the peripheral axonal injury occurs prior to the spinal cord injury (a process called the conditioning lesion), regeneration of central axons is greatly improved4. Moreover, the central axons of DRG neurons share the same hostile environment as descending corticospinal axons in the spinal cord. Together, it is hypothesized that the molecular mechanisms controlling axon regeneration of adult DRG neurons can be harnessed to enhance CNS axon regeneration. As a result, adult DRG neurons are now widely used as a model system to study regenerative axon growth5-7.
Here we describe a method of adult DRG neuron culture that can be used for genetic study of axon regeneration in vitro. In this model adult DRG neurons are genetically manipulated via electroporation-mediated gene transfection6,8. By transfecting neurons with DNA plasmid or si/shRNA, this approach enables both gain- and loss-of-function experiments to investigate the role of any gene-of-interest in axon growth from adult DRG neurons. When neurons are transfected with si/shRNA, the targeted endogenous protein is usually depleted after 3-4 days in culture, during which time robust axon growth has already occurred, making the loss-of-function studies less effective. To solve this problem, the method described here includes a re-suspension and re-plating step after transfection, which allows axons to re-grow from neurons in the absence of the targeted protein. Finally, we provide an example of using this in vitro model to study the role of an axon regeneration-associated gene, c-Jun, in mediating axon growth from adult DRG neurons9.

An in vitro model for genetic study of axon regeneration using cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons is described. The method includes a re-suspension/re-plating step to allow axon re-growth from neurons undergoing genetic manipulation. This approach is especially useful for loss-of-function studies of axon regeneration using RNAi-based protein knockdown.

Estudo genético da regeneração do axônio com cultivadas Adulto neurônios do gânglio da raiz dorsal

It is well known that mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate their axons after injuries due to diminished intrinsic ability ...

Neurociência

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is found in Lewy body dementia, inclusion body myositis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy 1-4. Amylopathies progressively develop with time. For this reason simple organisms with short lifespans may help to elucidate molecular aspects of these conditions. Here, we describe experimental protocols to study A&beta;-mediated neurodegeneration using the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, we construct transgenic worms by injecting DNA encoding human A&beta;42 into the syncytial gonads of adult hermaphrodites. Transformant lines are stabilized by a mutagenesis-induced integration. Nematodes are age synchronized by collecting and seeding their eggs. The function of neurons expressing A&beta;42 is tested in opportune behavioral assays (chemotaxis assays). Primary neuronal cultures obtained from embryos are used to complement behavioral data and to test the neuroprotective effects of anti-apoptotic compounds.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

We describe methods to study aspects of amylopathies in the worm C. elegans. We show how to construct worms expressing human A&beta;42 in neurons and how to test their function in behavioral assays. We further show how to obtain primary neuronal cultures that can be used for pharmacological testing.

A<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Sistema Modelo para Estudo Amylopathy

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of ...

A Method to Make a Craniotomy on the Ventral Skull of Neonate Rodents

The use of a craniotomy for in vivo experiments provides an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of diverse cellular processes in the mammalian brain in adulthood and during development. Although most in vivo approaches use a craniotomy to study brain regions located on the dorsal side, brainstem regions such as the pons, located on the ventral side remain relatively understudied. The main goal of this protocol is to facilitate access to ventral brainstem structures so that they can be studied in vivo using electrophysiological and imaging methods. This approach allows study of structural changes in long-range axons, patterns of electrical activity in single and ensembles of cells, and changes in blood brain barrier permeability in neonate animals. Although this protocol has been used mostly to study the auditory brainstem in neonate rats, it can easily be adapted for studies in other rodent species such as neonate mice, adult rodents and other brainstem regions.

A surgical method is described to expose the ventral skull in neonate rats. Using this approach it is possible to open a craniotomy to perform acute electrophysiology and two-photon microscopy experiments in the brainstem of anesthetized pups.

Um método para fazer uma craniotomia no crânio ventral de neonatos Roedores

The use of a craniotomy for in vivo experiments provides an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of diverse cellular processes in the mammalian brain ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by neuronally-released transmitter. However, the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity in response to changes in neuronal activity has received little attention. Here we describe a model system that can be used to globally scale up or down astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in acute brain slices. Included are methods on how to prepare parasagittal hippocampal slices, construct chambers suitable for long-term slice incubation, bidirectionally manipulate neuronal action potential frequency, load astrocytes and astrocyte processes with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, and measure changes in astrocytic Gq GPCR activity by recording spontaneous and evoked astrocyte Ca2+ events using confocal microscopy. In essence, a &#8220;calcium roadmap&#8221; is provided for how to measure plasticity of astrocytic Gq GPCRs. Applications of the technique for study of astrocytes are discussed. Having an understanding of how astrocytic receptor signaling is affected by changes in neuronal activity has important implications for both normal synaptic function as well as processes underlying neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.

Here we describe an adaptation of protocols used to induce homeostatic plasticity in neurons for the study of plasticity of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors. Recently used to examine changes in astrocytic group I mGluRs in juvenile mice, the method can be applied to measure scaling of various astrocytic GPCRs, in tissue from adult mice in situ and in vivo, and to gain a better appreciation of the sensitivity of astrocytic receptors to changes in neuronal activity.

Induzir Plasticidade de astrocítica Receptores de Manipulação de Neuronal queima de moeda

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

Preparation of Primary Mixed Glial Cultures from Adult Mouse Spinal Cord Tissue

It has been well-accepted that spinal cord glial responses contribute significantly to the development of neuropathic pain. Tremendous information regarding glial activities at the cellular and molecular levels has been obtained through in vitro cell culture systems. The in vitro systems utilized, mainly include primary glia derived from neonatal brain cortical tissue and immortalized cell lines. However, these systems may not reflect the characteristics of spinal cord glial cells in vivo. In order to further investigate the roles of spinal cord glial cells in the development of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain using a culture system that better reflects the in vivo condition, our laboratory has developed a method to establish primary spinal cord mixed glial cultures from adult mice. Briefly, spinal cords are collected from adult mice and processed through papain digestion followed by myelin removal with a density-gradient medium. Single cell suspensions are cultured in complete Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle media (cDMEM) supplemented with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) at 35.9 oC. These culture conditions were optimized specifically for the growth of mixed glial cells. Under these conditions, cells are ready to be used for experimentation between 12 - 14 d&#160;(cells are usually in log phase during this time) after the establishment of the culture (D 0) and can be kept in culture conditions up to D 21. This culture system can be used to investigate the responses of spinal cord glial cells upon stimulation with various substances and agents. Besides neuropathic pain, this system can be used to study glial responses in other diseases that involve pathological changes of spinal cord glial cells.

The development of neuropathic pain involves pathological changes of spinal cord glial cells. A reliable glial culture system derived from adult spinal cord tissue and designed for studying these cells in vitro is lacking. Therefore, we show here how&#160;to establish primary mixed glial cultures from adult mouse spinal cord tissue.

Preparação de culturas mista glial primários de rato adulto Spinal Cord Tissue

It has been well-accepted that spinal cord glial responses contribute significantly to the development of neuropathic pain. Tremendous information ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat open surfaces is complex,&#160;including: pausing, turning, and meandering. This complexity in the repertoire of movement hinders detailed analysis of the events occurring during a single crawl stride cycle. To overcome this obstacle, linear agarose channels were made that constrain larval behavior to straight, sustained, rhythmic crawling. In principle, because agarose channels and the Drosophila larval body are both optically clear, the movement of larval structures labeled by genetically-encoded fluorescent probes can be monitored in intact, freely-moving larvae. In the past, larvae were placed in linear channels and crawling at the level of whole organism, segment, and muscle were analyzed1. In the future, larvae crawling in channels can be used for calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity. Moreover, these methods can be used with larvae of any genotype and with any researcher-designed channel. Thus the protocol presented below is widely applicable for studies using the Drosophila larva as a model to understand motor control.

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

The Drosophila larva is a powerful model system to study neural control of behavior. This publication describes the use of linear agarose channels to elicit sustained bouts of linear crawling and methods to quantify the dynamics of larval structures during repetitive crawling behavior.

Usando Canais Linear de agarose para o Estudo<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Comportamento larval Crawling

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons (GRNs) detect tastant molecules, they encode information about the identity and concentration of the tastant as patterns of electrical activity that then propagate to follower neurons in the brain. These patterns constitute internal representations of the tastant, which then allow the animal to select actions and form memories. The use of relatively simple animal models has been a powerful tool to study basic principles in sensory coding. Here, we propose three new methods to study gustatory coding using the moth Manduca sexta. First, we present a dissection procedure for exposing the maxillary nerves and the subesophageal zone (SEZ), allowing recording of the activity of GRNs from their axons. Second, we describe the use of extracellular electrodes to record the activity of multiple GRNs by placing tetrode wires directly into the maxillary nerve. Third, we present a new system for delivering and monitoring, with high temporal precision, pulses of different tastants. These methods allow the characterization of neuronal responses in vivo directly from GRNs before, during and after tastants are delivered. We provide examples of voltage traces recorded from multiple GRNs, and present an example of how a spike sorting technique can be applied to the data to identify the responses of individual neurons. Finally, to validate our recording approach, we compare extracellular recordings obtained from GRNs with tetrodes to intracellular recordings obtained with sharp glass electrodes.

We present three new methods to study gustatory coding. Using a simple animal, the moth Manduca sexta (Manduca), we describe a dissection protocol, the use of extracellular tetrodes to record the activity of multiple gustatory receptor neurons, and a system for delivering and monitoring precisely timed pulses of tastants.

Novos métodos para estudar codificação gustativa

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons ...

Visualization of Motor Axon Navigation and Quantification of Axon Arborization In Mouse Embryos Using Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy

Spinal motor neurons (MNs) extend their axons to communicate with their innervating targets, thereby controlling movement and complex tasks in vertebrates. Thus, it is critical to uncover the molecular mechanisms of how motor axons navigate to, arborize, and innervate their peripheral muscle targets during development and degeneration. Although transgenic Hb9::GFP mouse lines have long served to visualize motor axon trajectories during embryonic development, detailed descriptions of the full spectrum of axon terminal arborization remain incomplete due to the pattern complexity and limitations of current optical microscopy. Here, we describe an improved protocol that combines light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and robust image analysis to qualitatively and quantitatively visualize developing motor axons. This system can be easily adopted to cross genetic mutants or MN disease models with Hb9::GFP lines, revealing novel molecular mechanisms that lead to defects in motor axon navigation and arborization.

Here, we describe a protocol for visualizing motor neuron projection and axon arborization in transgenic Hb9::GFP mouse embryos. After immunostaining for motor neurons, we used light sheet fluorescence microscopy to image embryos for subsequent quantitative analysis. This protocol is applicable to other neuron navigation processes in the central nervous system.

Visualização do axônio Motor navegação e quantificação do axônio arborização em embriões de rato usando microscopia de fluorescência folha de luz

Spinal motor neurons (MNs) extend their axons to communicate with their innervating targets, thereby controlling movement and complex tasks in ...

Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for the investigation of processes of neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuro-repair involving the visual system, as these often correlate well with retinal changes. As a functional readout, visually evoked compensatory eye and head movements are commonly used in experimental models involving the visual function. Combining both techniques allows a quantitative in vivo investigation of structure and function, which can be used to investigate the pathological conditions or to evaluate the potential of novel therapeutics. A great benefit of the presented techniques is the possibility to perform longitudinal analyses allowing the investigation of dynamic processes, reducing variability and cuts down the number of animals needed for the experiments. The protocol described aims to provide a manual for acquisition and analysis of high quality retinal scans of mice and rats using a low cost customized holder with an option to deliver inhalational anesthesia. Additionally, the proposed guide is intended as an instructional manual for researchers using optokinetic response (OKR) analysis in rodents, which can be adapted to their specific needs and interests.

A detailed protocol for the assessment of structural and visual readouts in rodents by optical coherence tomography and optokinetic response is presented. The results provide valuable insights for ophthalmologic as well as neurologic research.

Usando a tomografia de coerência óptica e resposta Optokinetic como estrutural e funcional sistema Visual leituras em camundongos e ratos

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for ...

A Method for 3D Reconstruction and Virtual Reality Analysis of Glial and Neuronal Cells

Serial sectioning and subsequent high-resolution imaging of biological tissue using electron microscopy (EM) allow for the segmentation and reconstruction of high-resolution imaged stacks to reveal ultrastructural patterns that could not be resolved using 2D images. Indeed, the latter might lead to a misinterpretation of morphologies, like in the case of mitochondria; the use of 3D models is, therefore, more and more common and applied to the formulation of morphology-based functional hypotheses. To date, the use of 3D models generated from light or electron image stacks makes qualitative, visual assessments, as well as quantification, more convenient to be performed directly in 3D. As these models are often extremely complex, a virtual reality environment is also important to be set up to overcome occlusion and to take full advantage of the 3D structure. Here, a step-by-step guide from image segmentation to reconstruction and analysis is described in detail.

The described pipeline is designed for the segmentation of electron microscopy datasets larger than gigabytes, to extract whole-cell morphologies. Once the cells are reconstructed in 3D, customized software designed around individual needs can be used to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis directly in 3D, also using virtual reality to overcome view occlusion.

Um método para reconstrução 3D e análise de realidade virtual de células gliais e neuronais

Serial sectioning and subsequent high-resolution imaging of biological tissue using electron microscopy (EM) allow for the segmentation and reconstruction ...