O apoio e aconselhamento de Markus Pajtler Bohrer e Robert foram inestimáveis ​​para a visualização deste protocolo.

Os autores afirmam que experiências em animais foram realizados de acordo com as Comunidades Europeias Directiva do Conselho (86/609/CEE), seguindo as orientações do NIH sobre o cuidado e uso de animais em procedimentos experimentais e os regulamentos estabelecidos pelo animal Institucional Cuidado e Uso Committee (IACUC) da Universidade de Duisburg-Essen (Alemanha). Parte 1: Configurando (não mostrado no vídeo) PREPARAÇÃO DE MATERIAIS E SOLUÇÕES (antes de tomar os ovos da incubadora) <ul><li> Os ovos devem ser incubados em incubadora umidificada por 11 dias a 37 ° C (100 ° F). </li><li> Spray de etanol 70%, placas limpas, precisas pinças limpas, 4 ° C (40 ° F) DMEM estéril frio no gelo e 60 mL seringas esterilizadas </li><li> 50 mL tubos estéreis corning têm de ser half-filled com 4 ° C frio DMEM para misturar os embriões macerados em uma proporção de 1:1 (massa maceradas: DMEM). Assim que os ovos são retirados da dissecção da incubadora embriões de galinha tem que ser iniciado. </li><li> Esterilizar instrumentos de dissecação em autoclave ou no dia da dissecção, mergulhe as ferramentas em etanol 70% por 20 minutos. </li></ul> Parte 2: Dissecção da embriões de galinha (demonstrado no vídeo) <ol><li> Wet os ovos incubados com um spray de etanol 70% por pelo menos 30 segundos e seque-os cuidadosamente com toalhas de papel macio limpo, enquanto não apertar os ovos em excesso. Nota: Recomendamos não dissecar mais de 60 embriões de galinha simultaneamente. </li><li> Abra os ovos com cuidado com o rápido contra uma borda afiada e retirar o embrião com cuidado de não destruir o saco vitelino ou o embrião de galinha em si. </li><li> Pesquisa para o início do cordão umbilical de forma rápida e abrir o embrulho clara, sem destruir o saco vitelino ou qualquer vasinhos. Então dissecar o cordão umbilical com uma pinça precisa limpar. </li><li> Leve o embrião fora do saco vitelino. Nota: Os embriões devem ser decapitado rapidamente (não mostrado no vídeo). </li><li> Coletar os embriões em meio essencial mínimo a 4 ° C. </li></ol> Parte 3: maceração do embriões de galinha <ol><li> Pegue o êmbolo de uma seringa de 60 ml estéril. </li><li> Transferência de cerca de 10 embriões em uma seringa de 60 mL. </li><li> Coloque o êmbolo com cuidado para a seringa para não arriscar perder o material macerado. </li><li> Macerar empurrando o êmbolo. </li><li> Coletar a massa maceradas nos tubos preparados corning half-filled com DMEM, na proporção de 1:1 (massa maceradas: DMEM). Usando 10 embriões um volume de aproximadamente 25 mL é produzido. </li><li> Coloque a mistura em um agitador por 45 min a 4 ° C. </li></ol> Parte 4: A centrifugação do embrião de galinha - Suspensão DMEM <ol><li> Transferir o embrião de galinha - suspensão DMEM nos tubos de centrifugação. </li><li> Adicionar hialuronidase estéril a uma concentração de 1 mg por 25 mg de embrião. </li><li> Tara os tubos de centrifugação com muita precisão. Nota: Esta etapa deve ser realizada com cautela, de centrifugação é executado em alta g-force e danos materiais ou centrífuga poderia ocorrer se usar tubos de desequilibrado. Com alta precisão de acordo com peso do equipamento, quanto as três posições após o ponto decimal para todos os tubos devem ser recebidos, ajustando o montante em falta com DMEM. </li><li> Reduzir a temperatura da centrífuga a 4 ° C. Nota: Além disso, o rotor de centrifugação deve ser armazenado em uma câmara de refrigeração ou geladeira durante a noite. </li><li> Centrífuga 6 horas pelo menos para 180,000 xgx h. Nota: Para resultados superiores em relação à separação das fases de uso único 266,000 xgx h. Se possível, use o ajuste de vácuo. </li></ol> Parte 5: Filtração do Extrato de embrião de galinha Após a centrifugação, três fases podem ser notados: A fase líquida superior dingy com fragmentos de gordura, a fase de líquidos claros no meio e do sedimento no fundo do tubo de centrifugação. Nota: vibração ou movimento rápido da mistura centrifugada tem que ser evitado, pois isso destruiria o resultado da etapa de centrifugação por perder a fase de líquido claro central. Nota: Todos os seguintes passos devem ser realizados em condições estéreis usando um fluxo de ar laminar de bancada: <ol><li> Pipeta a fase clara líquido em um sistema de filtro com poros de 0,45 mM. Em seguida, ligue a bomba de vácuo conectada. Nota: Não toque na pelota no fundo. Isso levaria a uma contaminação do extrato e um bloqueio do sistema de filtragem. </li><li> Transfira o extrato de pré-em um sistema de filtro com poros de 0,22 mm e ligar a bomba de vácuo ligada novamente. </li><li> Alíquota do extrato do embrião atingido pintoestéril em tubos de 15 mL corning. </li><li> Armazenar rapidamente as alíquotas a -80 ° C (-62 ° F). Nota: A CEE durar até dois anos se armazenado a -80 ° C. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bronner-Fraser, M., Fraser, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+lineage+analysis+reveals+multipotency+of+some+avian+neural+crest+cells.">Cell lineage analysis reveals multipotency of some avian neural crest cells.</a> Nature. 335, 161-164 (1988).</li><li>Stemple, D. L., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+a+stem+cell+for+neurons+and+glia+from+the+mammalian+neural+crest.">Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest.</a> Cell. 71, 973-985 (1992).</li><li>Rao, M. S., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+and+controlled+in+vitro+differentiation+of+murine+multipotent+neural+crest+stem+cells.">Immortalization and controlled in vitro differentiation of murine multipotent neural crest stem cells.</a> J Neurobiol. 32, 722-746 (1997).</li><li>Paratore, C., Goerich, D. E., Suter, U., Wegner, M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+glial+fate+acquisition+of+neural+crest+cells+are+regulated+by+an+interplay+between+the+transcription+factor+Sox10+and+extrinsic+combinatorial+signaling.">Survival and glial fate acquisition of neural crest cells are regulated by an interplay between the transcription factor Sox10 and extrinsic combinatorial signaling.</a> Cell. 128, 3949-3961 (2001).</li><li>Kim, J., Lo, L., Dormand, E., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SOX10+maintains+multipotency+and+inhibits+neuronal+differentiation+of+neural+crest+stem+cells.">SOX10 maintains multipotency and inhibits neuronal differentiation of neural crest stem cells.</a> Neuron. 38, 17-31 (2003).</li><li>Anderson, D. J., Groves, A., Lo, L., Ma, Q., Rao, M., Shah, N. M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+lineage+determination+and+the+control+of+neuronal+identity+in+the+neural+crest.">Cell lineage determination and the control of neuronal identity in the neural crest.</a> Review Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 62, 493-504 (1997).</li><li>Dorsky, R. I., Moon, R. T., Raible, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+signals+and+cell+fate+specification+in+premigratory+neural+crest.">Environmental signals and cell fate specification in premigratory neural crest.</a> Review Bioessays. 22, 708-716 (2000).</li><li>Sieber-Blum, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+controlling+lineage+specification+in+the+neural+crest.">Factors controlling lineage specification in the neural crest.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 197, 1-33 (2000).</li><li>Dupin, E., Real, C., Ledouarin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+crest+stem+cells:+control+of+neural+crest+cell+fate+and+plasticity+by+endothelin-3.">The neural crest stem cells: control of neural crest cell fate and plasticity by endothelin-3.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 73, 533-545 (2001).</li><li>Maurer, J., Fuchs, S., J&#228;ger, R., Kurz, B., Sommer, L., Schorle, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+controlled+differentiation+of+neural+crest+stem+cell+lines+using+conditional+transgenesis.">Establishment and controlled differentiation of neural crest stem cell lines using conditional transgenesis.</a> Differentiation. 75, 890-891 (2007).</li><li>Wu, Y. Y., Mujtaba, T., Rao, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+stem+and+precursor+cells+from+fetal+tissue.">Isolation of stem and precursor cells from fetal tissue.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 198, 29-40 (2002).</li></ol>

Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

Este protocolo é baseado em modificações de procedimentos que têm sido descritas 10,11 no passado. Além de publicações antigas que aqui mostram os passos individuais diferentes do processo mais expandida. Isto suporta o experimentador com detalhes importantes assegurando corretos procedimentos e resultados confiáveis. Além disso, como o processo de dissecção é uma parte essencial de extração CEE descrevemos o procedimento de tomar os embriões fora do saco vitelino em cada detalhe. Há vários p...

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<td>11 days incubated chicken eggs</td>
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<td>S&ouml;rries-Trockels Vermehrungszucht GmbH &amp; Co.KG</td>
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<td>Alcoholic disinfection spray</td>
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<td>Sch&uuml;lke &amp; Mayr GmbH</td>
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<td>DMEMGlutamax</td>
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<td>GIBCO Invitrogen</td>
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<td>Syringe sterile (60 ml)</td>
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<td>BD Biosciences</td>
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<td>Tubes sterile (50; 15 ml)</td>
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<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
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<td>Pipet tips sterile</td>
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<td>Starlab GmbH</td>
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<td>Hyaluronidase typeIV-S</td>
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<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
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<td>Milipore stericups sterile (0.45; 0.22 &mu;l)</td>
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<td>Fisher Scientific AG</td>
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<td>Pipettes sterile (25; 10; 5 ml)</td>
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<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
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<td>Centrifuge L5-50</td>
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<td>Rotor type Ti-45</td>
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production of chick embryo extract for the cultivation of murine neural crest stem cells

A crista neural surge a partir da neuro-ectoderma durante a embriogênese e persiste apenas temporariamente. Os primeiros experimentos já corrigido células progenitoras pluripotentes a ser parte integrante da crista neural 1. Fenotipicamente, as células-tronco da crista neural (NCSC) são definidos por, simultaneamente, expressando p75 (low-affine nervo receptor do fator de crescimento, LNGFR) e SOX10 durante a sua migração da crista neural 2,3,4,5. Estas células progenitoras podem se diferenciar em células musculares lisas, células cromafins, neurônios e células gliais, bem como a cartilagem melanócitos e osso 6,7,8,9. Para cultivar NCSC in vitro, um especial da crista neural meio de células-tronco (NCSCM) é necessária 10. A parte mais complexa do NCSCM é a preparação de extrato de pinto embrião (CEE), que representa uma fonte essencial de fatores de crescimento para o NCSC, bem como para outros tipos de explantes neural. Outros ingredientes NCSCM lado CEE estão disponíveis comercialmente. Produzindo CCE usando equipamentos de laboratório padrão é de grande importância para saber sobre os detalhes desafiador como o isolamento, maceração, centrifugação, filtração e processos. Neste protocolo, descrevemos técnicas precisas para produzir uma quantidade maximizada de puro e de alta qualidade CEE.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

Para cultivar células-tronco da crista neural (NCSC) in vitro, um meio especial (NCSCM) é necessária. Parte essencial da NCSCM é extrair pinto embrião (CEE). Nós aqui descrever as técnicas precisas para produzir uma quantidade maximizada de puro e de alta qualidade CEE, incluindo detalhes como o isolamento, maceração, centrifugação, filtração e processos.

Produção de Extrato de embrião de galinha para o cultivo de células-tronco neurais murino Crest

The neural crest arises from the neuro-ectoderm during embryogenesis and persists only temporarily. Early experiments already proofed pluripotent ...

production-chick-embryo-extract-for-cultivation-murine-neural-crest

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.6K visualizações.  University Children's Hospital Essen. Para cultivar células-tronco da crista neural (NCSC) in vitro, um meio especial (NCSCM) é necessária. Parte essencial da NCSCM é extrair pinto embrião (CEE). Nós aqui descrever as técnicas precisas para produzir uma quantidade maximizada de puro e de alta qualidade CEE, incluindo detalhes como o isolamento, maceração, centrifugação, filtração e processos.

Vídeo: Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

Isolamento e Cultura de células da crista neural-tronco de folículos capilares humanos

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

Neurociência

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Isolamento e cultivo de células da crista neural do tubo neural embrionário murino

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

Derivação sem alimentador de células da crista neural progenitoras pluripotentes humanas de células-tronco

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Enumeration of Neural Stem Cells Using Clonal Assays

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. NSCs and neural progenitors (NPs) are commonly cultured in vitro as neurospheres. This protocol describes in detail how to determine the NSC frequency in a given cell population under clonal conditions. The protocol begins with the seeding of the cells at a density that allows for the generation of clonal neurospheres. The neurospheres are then transferred to chambered coverslips and differentiated under clonal conditions in conditioned medium, which maximizes the differentiation potential of the neurospheres. Finally, the NSC frequency is calculated based on neurosphere formation and multipotency capabilities. Utilities of this protocol include the evaluation of candidate NSC markers, purification of NSCs, and the ability to distinguish NSCs from NPs. This method takes 13 days to perform, which is much shorter than current methods to enumerate NSC frequency.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) refer to cells&#160;which can self-renew and differentiate into the three neural lineages. Here, we describe a protocol to determine NSC frequency in a given cell population using neurosphere formation and differentiation under clonal conditions.

Enumeração de células-tronco neurais Usando clonais Ensaios

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. ...

Development of a Refined Protocol for Trans-scleral Subretinal Transplantation of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into Rat Eyes

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is characterized by the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are a monolayer of cells functionally supporting and anatomically wrapping around the neural retina. Current pharmacological treatments for the non-neovascular AMD (dry AMD) only slow down the disease progression but cannot restore vision, necessitating studies aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Replacing the degenerative RPE cells with healthy cells holds promise to treat dry AMD in the future. Extensive preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapies for AMD involve the transplantation of stem cell-derived RPE cells into the subretinal space of animal models, in which the subretinal injection technique is applied. The approach most frequently used in these preclinical animal studies is through the trans-scleral route, which is made difficult by the lack of direct visualization of the needle end and can often result in retinal damage. An alternative approach through the vitreous allows for direct observation of the needle end position, but it carries a high risk of surgical traumas as more eye tissues are disturbed. We have developed a less risky and reproducible modified trans-scleral injection method that uses defined needle angles and depths to successfully and consistently deliver RPE cells into the rat subretinal space and avoid excessive retinal damage. Cells delivered in this manner have been previously demonstrated to be efficacious in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat for at least 2 months. This technique can be used not only for cell transplantation but also for delivery of small molecules or gene therapies.

Subretinal injection has been widely applied in preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapy for age-related macular degeneration. In this visualized article, we describe a less risky, reproducible and precisely modified subretinal injection technique via the trans-scleral approach to deliver cells into rat eyes.

Desenvolvimento de um protocolo refinado para Trans-escleral apresentam transplante de células epiteliais de pigmento Retinal humano nos olhos de rato

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is ...

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic mechanisms have been intensively studied. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine displays dynamic features during embryonic and postnatal development of the brain, plays a regulatory function in gene expression, and is involved in multiple neurological disorders. Here, we describe the detailed methods including immunofluorescence staining and&#160;DNA dot-blot to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cultured cells and brain tissues of mouse.

Here, we present a protocol to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cells and brain tissues, utilizing immunofluorescence staining and DNA dot-blot methods.

A detecção de 5-Hidroximetilcitosina em células-tronco neurais e cérebros de camundongos

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic ...

﻿Releasing Murine Neural Stem Cells by Stereotaxic Intracerebroventricular Injection of Release Cocktail

Releasing Murine Neural Stem Cells by Stereotaxic Intracerebroventricular Injection of Release Cocktail   

Liberação de células-tronco neurais murinas por injeção intracerebroventricular estereotáxica de coquetel de liberação 

Derivação de neurônios entéricos de células-tronco pluripotentes humanas

Differentiation of Enteric Nervous System Lineages from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The human enteric nervous system, ENS, is a large network of glial and neuronal cell types with remarkable neurotransmitter diversity. The ENS controls bowel motility, enzyme secretion, and nutrient absorption and interacts with the immune system and the gut microbiome. Consequently, developmental and acquired defects of the ENS are responsible for many human diseases and may contribute to symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Limitations in animal model systems and access to primary tissue pose significant experimental challenges in studies of the human ENS. Here, a detailed protocol is presented for effective in vitro derivation of the ENS lineages from human pluripotent stem cells, hPSC, using defined culture conditions. Our protocol begins with directed differentiation of hPSCs to enteric neural crest cells within 15 days and yields diverse subtypes of functional enteric neurons within 30 days. This platform provides a scalable resource for developmental studies, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative applications.

Autor em destaque: Cultura robusta de neurônios entéricos humanos a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes humanas

Deriving enteric nervous system (ENS) lineages from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) provides a scalable source of cells to study ENS development and disease, and to use in regenerative medicine. Here, a detailed in vitro protocol to derive enteric neurons from hPSCs using chemically defined culture conditions is presented.

Diferenciação de linhagens do sistema nervoso entérico de células-tronco pluripotentes humanas

The human enteric nervous system, ENS, is a large network of glial and neuronal cell types with remarkable neurotransmitter diversity. The ENS controls ...