Este trabalho foi financiado (em parte) pelo Helmholtz Alliance ICEMED - Imagem e curar doenças metabólicas Ambiental, através do Fundo Iniciativa e Rede da Associação Helmholtz, uma concessão do Else Kroener-Fresenius Foundation, e uma bolsa da Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ( SFB 655: células em tecidos).

O trabalho adere à Declaração de Helsinski ea Demonstração animal ARVO. Os animais foram utilizados para a coleta de tecido e todos os métodos relevantes foram seguidos de acordo com as instruções do biotério da Universidade de Dresden. Os animais foram manipulados e alojados de acordo com as diretrizes federais alemães para o uso e cuidado de animais de laboratório, eo estudo foi aprovado pelo Landesdirektion Dresden. Favor consultar com política veterinária da sua instituição (IACUC ou outro board) sobre a eutanásia metodologia apropriada. Ação específica e as concentrações de trabalho de reagentes podem ser encontrados nas Tabelas de reagentes que acompanham esse protocolo. 1. Preparação Cultura Dish <ol><li> Pratos de revestimento com um volume suficiente de 75 ug / ml de poli-L-ornitina (isto é, 2 ml / poço de uma placa de 6 poços) durante a noite na incubadora de cultura celular, 2 dias antes da data marcada dissecção. </li><li&gt; Aspirar o poli-L-ornitina no dia seguinte e lavar cada poço 2x com 3 ml de PBS durante 5 min. </li><li> Retirar a lavagem final, em seguida, adicionar a fibronectina (diluído 1:250, 4 ug / ml em PBS) para a placa e colocar os pratos na incubadora durante a noite. </li><li> Aspirar a fibronectina no dia da dissecção e lavar os pratos 2x com PBS. Retorne as placas ainda contendo o PBS de lavagem final para a incubadora até que o tecido dissociado está pronto para cultura. Naquele tempo, retire a PBS antes de chapeamento do tecido. </li><li> Armazenar as placas revestidas com poli-L-ornithinein incubadora durante até 3 semanas. As placas revestidas com fibronectina pode ser armazenado durante até 1 semana. Fibronectina revestimento pode ser realizado em menos de 2 horas, se urgente. A fibronectina é suscetível a desnaturação, não agitar a solução ou deixar secar os pratos. </li></ol> 2. Dissecção / chapeamento <ol><li> Este protocolo é aplicável à utilização de três ratos adultos (3-6 meses de idade). </li><li> Chill cérebro seccionamento bloco em gelo antes da eutanásia dos ratos. </li><li> Coloque um tubo Falcon de 15 ml, que contém 5 ml de meio N2 com bFGF adicionado em gelo. </li><li> Eutanásia os ratos de acordo com a política veterinária da sua instituição. </li><li> Remover o cérebro do crânio, fazendo uma incisão abaixo da linha média da cabeça. Use uma pinça para descascar o osso permitindo o cérebro para ser cuidadosamente extraído. </li><li> Coloque o cérebro em um prato de 10 centímetros de Petri contendo PBS gelado. Isto irá remover qualquer cabelo residual e sangue. (Figura 1A) </li><li> Coloque o cérebro para o bloco de corte refrigerados. (Figura 1B) </li><li> Insira uma nova lâmina de barbear limpa para o bloco como mostrado na Figura 1C. </li><li> Inserir uma segunda mm caudal de barbear limpo lâmina 3 para o primeiro, tal como ilustrado na figura 1D. </li><li> Retire cuidadosamente as lâminas do bloco, levando com eles a seção de interesse. </li><li> Passe o secção ao largo da lâmina de imersão em PBS. (Figura 1E) </li><li> Colheita de tecido da área de interesse (neste exemplo usamos a comissura anterior, (anterior) ACA, Figura 1F) usando # 5 fórceps e recolher em um tubo de 15 ml contendo 1 ml de meio de N2 contendo bFGF. </li><li> Movimentar o tubo em uma capa de cultura de célula de fluxo laminar, continuando o restante do protocolo em condições estéreis. </li><li> Mecanicamente dissociar o tecido usando uma ponta de pipeta 1 ml ligado a uma pipeta P1000. Pipeta cima e para baixo várias vezes (cerca de 20x, a uma taxa de 1 ciclo de pipetagem por segundo), enquanto pressiona a abertura da ponta da pipeta contra o fundo do tubo cónico (Figuras 1G 1-3). Pare de trituração quando a solução torna-se homogênea. </li><li> Deixar a solução descansar por 2 minutos para permitir que qualquer tecido nondissociated maior para liquidar o fundo. (Figura 1G 4) </li><li> Recolher o homogenEOU sobrenadante e colocar num tubo cónico contendo 8,5 ml de meio de N2 + 20 ng / ml de bFGF, 500 ng / ml Dll4, 500 ng / ml de Ang2, e 200 nMJAK inibidor. </li><li> Placa-os em três poços de uma placa de 6 poços, usando 3 ml de solução diluída de células / poço. </li><li> Colocar a placa num incubador humidificado de células a 37 ° C, 5% CO 2, 5% O 2. </li></ol> 3. Cuidados diários <ol><li> Substituir o meio das placas de cultura com Meio N2 contendo bFGF, Ang2, Dll4, e inibidor de JAK 24 h após o plaqueamento. </li><li> Adicionar um bolus de bFGF, Dll4, Ang2, e inibidor de JAK, no dia seguinte. </li><li> Continue esse processo alternado de mudanças de mídia e adições fatores para um total de 10-14 dias. </li></ol> 4. Indução de Diferenciação <ol><li> Retire bFGF, Dll4, Ang2 e JAK inibidor contendo meio e substituí-lo por meio de N2 que não contém quaisquer outros fatores. </li><li> Mude o meio cada segundo dia. </li><li> Fixar as células depois de 10 dias e realizar imunocitoquímica. </li></ol> 5. Detecção imunocitoquímica <ol><li> Aspirar o meio e fixar placas de cultura de células com 2 ml de paraformaldeído a 4% durante 20 min. </li><li> Lavar 2x com 3 ml de PBS durante 5 min cada. </li><li> Aspirar PBS, depois permeabilizar as células e bloquear por adição de 2 ml de PBS contendo 5% de soro normal de burro (NDS) e 0,1% de Triton X-100 durante 20 min. </li><li> Preparar a mistura de anticorpo primário em PBS contendo 5% de NDS. Anticorpo anti-nestina pode ser utilizado para a identificação de SCs, enquanto TUJ1 (classe III β-tubulina), anticorpos de GFAP, e CNPase podem ser utilizados em conjunto para uma coloração tripla de marcadores de diferenciação. </li><li> Aspirar a solução de bloqueamento e adicionar 1,5 ml da mistura de anticorpo primário em cada poço. Incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 90 min. </li><li> Remover os anticorpos primários e lavar 2x com 3 ml de PBS, e 1x com 3 ml de PBS contendo 5% de NDS durante 5 min cada. </li><li> Prepare os anticorpos secundários em PBS contendo 5% de NDS. </li><li> Aspirar a lavagem final e adicionar 1,5 ml de solução de anticorpo secundário em cada poço. Incubar no escuro durante 40 min à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Remover a solução de anticorpo secundário e adicionar 2 ml de uma mancha DAPI recentemente preparada (500 ng / ml em PBS). Incubar durante 3 min. </li><li> Aspirar a solução DAPI depois lavar 3x com 3 ml de PBS durante 5 min cada. As células podem agora ser visualizadas com um microscópio de fluorescência. </li></ol>

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Muitos dos passos críticos para o isolamento bem sucedido, expansão e diferenciação de células estaminais neurais do cérebro adulto são partilhados em comum com as técnicas de cultura de tecidos padrão. O objetivo de ter em mente é que NSCs isolados do cérebro adulto deve manter como muitas de suas características in vivo quanto possível (Figura 2J). Muitas vezes, um equilíbrio entre a necessária cautela e velocidade apropriada precisa ser atingido. O cuidado com o isolamento do ...

O dogma central da neurobiologia, previsto pelas observações fundamentais da citoarquitetura cerebral feita por Ramón Cajal Y. mais de um século atrás, considerou que a neurogênese era improvável após a adolescência, dada a complexidade das redes neurais encontrados no SNC 1. Apesar do trabalho de Altman em 1960, e mais tarde Kaplan, demonstrando que 3 H-timidina poderia ser encontrado em neurônios maduros, indicando que, de fato, os neurônios estavam sendo geradas em áreas distintas do cérebro adulto, o dogma continuou a deter 2, 3. Evidência continuou a montar com a pesquisa de Nottebohm descrevendo as mudanças sazonais no número de neurônios presentes no cérebro aves canoras 4. Não foi até 1999, quando Gould et al trabalho. Publicado na geração de neurônios no hipocampo aumenta com o desempenho de tarefas de aprendizagem associativa em ratos, bem como as observações de Kornack e Rakic ​​demonstraçãoting continuou a neurogênese no macaco adulto que o conceito de um cérebro mais plástico menos rígido, foi reconhecido 5, 6. A pesquisa para a fonte celular para estes neurónios gerados de novo levar à descoberta de uma população particular de células estaminais (SCS), que residem em áreas do cérebro conhecida como nichos 7. A zona subventricular e zona granular sub do hipocampo são consideradas como as duas principais regiões de origem neural 8,9. As células isoladas a partir destes locais exibir a característica clássica de SCs derivados embrionárias ou fetais, a auto-renovação e diferenciação. No caso de células estaminais neurais (NSCs), que podem ser diferenciadas em neurónios, astrócitos e oligodendrócitos. Além disso, estes SCs coloração positiva para os marcadores NSC fetais, tais como o intermediário nestina proteína de filamento 10. Os trabalhos mais recentes destaca que SCs não pode ser limitado a estes two áreas, e são, de facto, localizada em todo o cérebro como uma grande população de células quiescentes fortemente associadas com a vascularização 11. As observações de que a CT são mobilizados em resposta a uma lesão sugere a possibilidade de ser capaz de utilizar estas células para fins regenerativos para ajudar na recuperação da doença neurodegenerativa e acidente vascular cerebral 12, 13. Este não é, ao contrário do papel que as células estaminais mesenquimais (MSCs) desempenhar na cicatrização dos tecidos conjuntivos, os quais são encontrados como células perivasculares que têm o potencial para se tornar osteoblastos, condrócitos e células adiposas 14. No entanto, NSC não podem ser colhidas da mesma forma que as MSCs de medula óssea por aspiração de rotina e técnicas de centrifugação de gradiente de densidade e subsequentemente utilizado em terapias à base de células autólogas. Em consequência, outras fontes de células, tais como o uso de NSC fetais ou precursores neuronais derivadas embcélulas-tronco ryonic foram amplamente exploradas na doença animal e modelos de lesão com variados graus de sucesso 15. Tecnologias de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas, utilizando fontes de células somáticas oferecer uma outra avenida potencial para a produção de terapias baseadas em células terapeuticamente úteis para uma ampla gama de aplicações, superando a disponibilidade limitada e preocupações éticas sobre o uso de células embrionárias e tecidos fetais 16. No entanto, a tradução clínica destes resultados tem provado ser uma tarefa difícil, como demonstrado nas lutas do tratamento de várias condições neurológicas com terapêutica baseada-SC aborda 17,18, bem como um caminho tortuoso para aprovação das autoridades regulatórias. Como uma abordagem alternativa, a introdução de tratamentos farmacológicos específicos pode modular números NSC e facilitar a recuperação em modelos de doença de Parkinson e derrame 19. Seja qual for a estratégia pode ser, a compreensão de como manipular eficazmente estas célulasrequer um sistema acessível in vitro. Culturas de NSC pode ser realizada tanto como culturas agregadas, também conhecido como neurospheres, ou como uma monocamada 8,20. Ambas as técnicas têm sido amplamente utilizados, o que permite o estabelecimento de condições de cultura definidos, ou seja, a utilização do Factor de Crescimento Epidérmico (EGF) ou o Factor de Crescimento de Fibroblastos básico (bFGF) como uma fonte de mitogénio, que fornecem para a expansão de precursores multipotenciais. Enquanto as culturas de neuroesferas podem ser mais adequados para estudar a capacidade de propagação clonal de um tipo de célula isolada, o sistema tem sido mostrado para produzir uma população mista de células durante a expansão 21. Além disso, a estrutura fechada das neuroesferas faz manipulação farmacológica das células impraticável, e a interpretação da influência destes factores pode ter poderia ser confundidos devido ao microambiente estabelecida dentro do próprio neuroesfera. Culturas em monocamada, por outro lado, pode serutilizado em telas de elevada capacidade de bibliotecas de moléculas pequenas, proporcionando uma poderosa ferramenta para explorar os mecanismos de transdução de sinais que regulam o crescimento e diferenciação, SC, e abre a oportunidade de descobrir novos compostos que visam especificamente esta população de células. Como consequência, a capacidade de gerar de forma reprodutível culturas de NSC adultas a partir de diferentes regiões de interesse no cérebro pode ser utilizado em um amplo espectro de aplicações de pesquisa, variando a partir de estudos de desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC), para explorar novas abordagens de medicina regenerativa . O protocolo aqui apresentado demonstra como a dissecar e avaliar o potencial de diferenciação das SCs SNC isolada a partir do cérebro do roedor adulto.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="596">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">6-well tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353934</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="190" rowspan="1" style="height:190px;width:216px;">Poly-L-ornithine</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">P-3655</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			5 mg/ml stock solution prepared in double distilled water (Stable for several months at -20 &#176;C).
			Working concentration 0.5 mg/ml in water (Stable for 1 month at 4 &#176;C).
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1030-Fn</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Do not agitate stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Filtration Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430769</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-090-CV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">See note below for complete N2 media preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Apo-transferrin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-2036</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I-0516</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:216px;">Putrescine</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-5780</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 M stock solution in ddH2O (Stable at 20 &#176;C for 6 months)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:216px;">Sodium Selenite</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S-5261</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 &#181;M stock solution in ddH2O (Stable at -20 &#176;C for 6 months)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Progesterone</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-8783</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">100 &#181;M stock solution in ethanol (Stable at -20&#176;C for 6 months)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-040-CV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">233-FB</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Working concentration 20 ng/ml&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Delta4 (Dll4)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1389-D4</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Working concentration&#160; 500 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Angiopoetin 2 (Ang2)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">623-AN</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Working concentration&#160; 500 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">JAK Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">420099</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Working concentration 200 nM&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-2058</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">15- and 50-ml Conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430053, 430829</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="243">
			<td colspan="4" height="243" style="height:243px;width:596px;">Other necessary items include: General dissection instruments, including razor blade and forceps, Adult rat (3-6 months old; Sprague-Dawley or Long Evans), CO2 intoxication chamber, Laminar flow hood for cell culture and incubator Incubator (humidified, 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2, 5% O2). Note: For complete N2 media preparation, to one bottle of DMEM/F-12 (500 ml) add 0.05 g of apotransferin, 0.0125 g of insulin (freshly predissolved in 1 ml of 10 mM NaOH), 50 &#956;l of putrescine, 30 &#956;l of sodium selenite, 100 &#956;l of progesterone stocks, and 5 ml of penicillin/streptomycin solution.&#160; Adjust pH to 7.2, if needed. Filter-sterilize and store at 4 &#176;C for up to 3 weeks and protect from light.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence Reagents Table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15719</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Normal Donkey Serum (NDS)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-9663</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-8417</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">5 mg/ml stock solution in methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Primary Antibody Table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Nestin</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Chemicon</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">MAB353</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:400
			Species: Mouse IgG1
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Hes3</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">sc-25393</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:100
			Species: Rabbit IgG
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Sox2</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">MAB2018&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:100
			Species: Mouse IgG2a
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">CNPase</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Chemicon</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">MAB326</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:200
			Species: Mouse IgG1
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">&#946;-tubulin III (TUJ1)</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">MAB1195</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:500
			Species: Mouse IgG2a
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="1" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Dako North America</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">Z0334</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor 1:500
			Species: Rabbit
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:95px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Secondary Antibody Table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="64" rowspan="1" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Alexa&#160;&#160; 568</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">A-21124</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:200
			Species: Goat anti Mouse IgG1
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="64" rowspan="1" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Alexa 488</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">A-21131</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:200
			Species: Goat anti Mouse IgG2a
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="64" rowspan="1" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Cy5</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:95px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td rowspan="1" style="width:119px;">59883</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">
			Dilution Factor: 1:200
			Species: Goat anti Rabbit
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

growing neural stem cells from conventional and nonconventional regions of the adult rodent brain

Trabalho recente mostra que o sistema nervoso central (SNC) de regeneração e tumorigénese envolve as populações de células estaminais (SCS) residentes no cérebro adulto. No entanto, os mecanismos dessas células normalmente quiescentes empregar para garantir o bom funcionamento das redes neurais, bem como o seu papel na recuperação de lesões e mitigação de processos neurodegenerativos são pouco compreendidos. Estas células residem nas regiões referidas como &quot;ameias&quot; que fornecem um ambiente de sustentação envolvendo os sinais de modulação de ambos os sistemas vasculares e imunológicas. O isolamento, manutenção e diferenciação de SCs do SNC em condições de cultura definidas que excluem fatores desconhecidos, torna acessíveis ao tratamento por meios farmacológicos ou genéticos, proporcionando, assim, uma visão sobre o seu comportamento in vivo. Aqui oferecemos informações detalhadas sobre os métodos de geração de culturas de SCs do SNC a partir de regiões distintas do cérebro adulto e abordagens para avaliar a sua dpotencial ifferentiation em neurônios, astrócitos e oligodendrócitos, in vitro. Esta técnica produz uma população homogénea de células como uma cultura em monocamada, que pode ser visualizado para estudar SCs indivíduo e da sua descendência. Além disso, pode ser aplicado através de vários sistemas de modelos animais e amostras clínicas, sendo utilizado anteriormente para prever respostas regenerativos no sistema nervoso adulto danificado.

A identificação da região de interesse a partir da qual a colheita de células estaminais neurais é o primeiro passo crítico e irá definir a quantidade de tempo que demora a obter uma placa confluente de células. Por exemplo, o SVZ é uma área neurogénica clássica e, por conseguinte, tem uma proporção relativa mais elevada de células estaminais neurais. No entanto, a técnica aqui apresentada pode ser utilizada com outras regiões não frequentemente reconhecidas como tendo um potencial neurogénica robusta...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain at JoVE.com

Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain

Células-tronco neurais colhidas a partir do cérebro de adultos estão aumentando utilizado em aplicações que vão desde a pesquisa básica do desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso para explorar potenciais aplicações clínicas em medicina regenerativa. Isso faz com que o controle rigoroso das condições de isolamento e cultivo utilizados para cultivar essas células críticas a soar os resultados experimentais.

Crescer a partir de células-tronco neurais convencionais e não convencionais Regiões do cérebro adulto de roedores

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the ...

growing-neural-stem-cells-from-conventional-nonconventional-regions

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.1K visualizações.  University of Dresden.  Células-tronco neurais colhidas a partir do cérebro de adultos estão aumentando utilizado em aplicações que vão desde a pesquisa básica do desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso para explorar potenciais aplicações clínicas em medicina regenerativa. Isso faz com que o controle rigoroso das condições de isolamento e cultivo utilizados para cultivar essas células críticas a soar os resultados experimentais. 

Vídeo: Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain

Growth and Differentiation of Adult Hippocampal Arctic Ground Squirrel Neural Stem Cells

Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii, AGS) are unique in their ability to hibernate with a core body temperature near or below freezing 1. These animals also resist ischemic injury to the brain in vivo 2,3 and oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro 4,5. These unique qualities provided the impetus to isolate AGS neurons to examine inherent neuronal characteristics that could account for the capacity of AGS neurons to resist injury and cell death caused by ischemia and extremely cold temperatures. Identifying proteins or gene targets that allow for the distinctive properties of these cells could aid in the discovery of effective therapies for a number of ischemic indications and for the study of cold tolerance. Adult AGS hippocampus contains neural stem cells that continue to proliferate, allowing for easy expansion of these stem cells in culture. We describe here methods by which researchers can utilize these stem cells and differentiated neurons for any number of purposes. By closely following these steps the AGS neural stem cells can be expanded through two passages or more and then differentiated to a culture high in TUJ1-positive neurons (~50%) without utilizing toxic chemicals to minimize the number of dividing cells. Ischemia induces neurogenesis 6 and neurogenesis which proceeds via MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt survival signaling pathways contributes to ischemia resistance in vivo7 and in vitro 8 (Kelleher-Anderson, Drew et al., in preparation). Further characterization of these unique neural cells can advance on many fronts, using some or all of these methods.

Neural stem cells were prepared from the hippocampus of adult non-hibernating yearling Arctic ground squirrels (AGS). These neural stem cells can be expanded through numerous passages, differentiated and maintained as a nearly 50:50 neuron to glial culture.

Crescimento e Diferenciação de Adultos Hippocampal terra ártico Squirrel células-tronco neurais

Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii, AGS) are unique in their ability to hibernate with a core body temperature near or below freezing 1. These ...

Neurociência

Isolation and Expansion of the Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a chemically defined serum-free culture system known as the neurosphere assay (NSA). In this assay, the majority of differentiated cell types die within a few days of culture but a small population of growth factor responsive precursor cells undergo active proliferation in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/ basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF). These cells form colonies of undifferentiated cells called neurospheres, which in turn can be subcultured to expand the pool of neural stem cells. Moreover, the cells can be induced to differentiate, generating the three major cell types of the CNS i.e. neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This assay provides an invaluable tool to supply a consistent, renewable source of undifferentiated CNS precursors, which could be used for in vitro studies and also for therapeutic purposes.
This video demonstrates the NSA method to generate and expand NSCs from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures. The procedure includes harvesting the brain from the adult mouse, micro-dissection of the periventricular region, tissue preparation and culture in the NSA. The harvested tissue is first chemically digested using trypsin-EDTA and then mechanically dissociated in NSC medium to achieve a single cell suspension and finally plated in the NSA. After 7-10 days in culture, the resulting primary neurospheres are ready for subculture to reach the amount of cells required for future experiments.

This video protocol demonstrates the neurosphere assay method to generate and expand neural stem cells from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures.

Isolamento e Expansão do Rato Adulto células-tronco neurais utilizando o ensaio Neurosphere

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Isolamento e cultivo de células da crista neural do tubo neural embrionário murino

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult neural stem cells in vitro. These assays can be used to compare the precursor potential of cells isolated from genetically different or differentially treated animals&#160;to determine the effects of exogenous factors on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and to generate neural precursor cell lines that can be assayed over continuous passages. The neurosphere assay is traditionally used for the post-hoc identification of stem cells, primarily due to the lack of definitive markers with which they can be isolated from primary tissue&#160;and has the major advantage of giving a quick estimate of precursor cell numbers in brain tissue derived from individual animals. Adherent monolayer cultures, in contrast, are not traditionally used to compare proliferation between individual animals, as each culture is generally initiated from the combined tissue of between 5-8 animals. However, they have the major advantage that, unlike neurospheres, they consist of a mostly homogeneous population of precursor cells and are useful for following the differentiation process in single cells. Here, we describe, in detail, the generation of neurosphere cultures and, for the first time, adherent cultures from individual animals. This has many important implications including paired analysis of proliferation and/or differentiation potential in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of treated or genetically different mouse lines, as well as a significant reduction in animal usage.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the simultaneous generation of neural precursor cell cultures, as either adherent monolayers or neurospheres, from the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of individual adult mice.

Um rato, duas culturas: isolamento e cultivo de células-tronco neurais Adulto de as duas zonas neurogênica Individual Ratos

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

Derivação sem alimentador de células da crista neural progenitoras pluripotentes humanas de células-tronco

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.

We report a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based method to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. Applied to Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) transgenic mice, it allows the study of cell cycle progression by live imaging.

Seleção de células-tronco neurais de células progenitoras e do rato adulto subventricular Zone e Live-imagem de seus Dynamics com o ciclo celular

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Isolamento e Cultura de células estaminais adultas neurais do Subcallosal Zona Rato

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Use of Synaptic Zinc Histochemistry to Reveal Different Regions and Laminae in the Developing and Adult Brain

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions in the immature and adult brain. Here we describe a zinc histochemical staining procedure that reveals differences in staining patterns among different layers and brain regions. Others have utilized this procedure not only to reveal the distribution of zinc-containing neurons and circuits in the brain, but also to successfully delineate areal and laminar boundaries in the developing and adult brain in several species. Here we illustrate this staining procedure with images from developing and adult ferret brains. We reveal a zinc-staining pattern that serves as an anatomical marker of areas and layers, and can be reliably used to distinguish visual cortical areas in the developing and adult visual cortex. The main goal of this protocol is to present a histochemical method that allows the accurate identification of layers and regions in the developing and adult brain where other methods fail to do so. Secondarily, in conjunction with densitometric image analysis, this method allows one to assess the distribution of synaptic zinc to reveal potential changes throughout development. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and steps necessary to successively stain frozen brain sections. Although this protocol is described using ferret brain tissue, it can easily be adapted for use in rodents, cats, or monkeys as well as in other brain regions.

We describe a histochemical procedure that reveals characteristic laminar and areal zinc staining patterns in different brain regions. The zinc-staining pattern may be used in conjunction with other anatomical markers to reliably distinguish layers and regions in the developing and adult brain.

Uso de zinco sináptica histoquímica para revelar as diferentes regiões e lâminas no cérebro em desenvolvimento e adulto

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions ...

Collection of Frozen Rodent Brain Regions for Downstream Analyses

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or nucleus accumbens. The challenge in this work is to dissect the correct area while preserving the microenvironment to be examined. In this paper, we describe a simple, low-cost method using resources readily available in most labs. This method preserves nucleic acid and proteins by keeping the tissue frozen throughout the process. Brains are cut into 0.5&#8211;1.0 mm sections using a brain matrix and arranged on a frozen glass plate. Landmarks within each section are compared to a reference, such as the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas, and regions are dissected using a cold scalpel or biopsy punch. Tissue is then stored at -80 &#176;C until use. Through this process rat and mouse mPFC, nucleus accumbens, dorsal and ventral hippocampus and other regions have been successfully analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western assays. This method is limited to brain regions that can be identified by clear landmarks.

This procedure describes the collection of discrete frozen brain regions to obtain high-quality protein and RNA using inexpensive and commonly available tools.

Coleção de regiões cerebrais de roedores congelados para análises a jusante

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

Entrega intra-arterial de células-tronco neurais ao cérebro de ratos e ratos: aplicação à isquemia cerebral

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...