1. Preparação <ol><li> Prepare xilazina-cetamina solução (ketamina é uma substância controlada. Registros detalhados devem ser mantidos e soluções armazenadas em um local seguro e trancado). </li><li> Limpar e esterilizar equipamentos. </li><li> Prepare área da cirurgia, limpando com o agente de assepsia e, em seguida, cobrir com papel toalha estéril, e configurar o micromanipulador. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de células para transplante <ol><li> As células devem ser ressuspendidas a uma concentração de 100.000 células / l E e, apesar de apenas 250.000 células são transplantadas por mouse, um excesso de células é necessário para fins de seringa de carga (preparar pelo menos 300 mil células por camundongo que receberam células). </li><li> Lave as células a serem transplantadas 3 vezes em HBSS num frasco de 50 ml. Contar as células antes do spin-final. </li><li> Após a centrifugação final para baixo, e deixar decantar HBSS frasco em posição de cabeça para baixo para evitar que gotas de alcançar o sedimento. </li><li> Seca paredes interiores com um UV-irradiados Kimwipe, estéril. Não permita que o pellet para secar. </li><li> Segurando o tubo na posição vertical, lenta e delicadamente ressuspender as células em metade do volume final desejado de HBSS. </li><li> Medir o volume total por pipetagem a maioria da suspensão em uma ponta da pipeta e então ajustando o dial na pipeta até a suspensão inteira está na ponta da pipeta. Isso vai te dizer o quanto HBSS mais é necessário para a concentração desejada. </li><li> Traga de volume para a quantidade desejada, adicionando HBSS. </li><li> Coloque de volta no gelo. Verificar a viabilidade das células se deve ser sobre o gelo por mais de 2 hrs. </li></ol> 3. Preparação de ratos para a cirurgia e transplante <ol><li> Anestesiar o rato por injeção intraperitoneal de ketamina (100mg/kg) e xilazina (10mg/kg) em ~ 100 mL doses ou por um anestésico equivalente. Todo o processo de preparação cirúrgico para sutura terá de 30-40 minutos. </li><li> (Opcional: aplique fita numerada, colorido para a cauda de cada rato para assegurar a identificação) </li><li> Raspar a área dorsal do mouse a partir da parte inferior das costas para o pescoço, e estendendo dois centímetros da linha média bilateral, com tosquiadeiras elétricas. O cabelo deve ser cortado o mais próximo possível (pode ser necessário para ir sobre a área várias vezes). </li><li> Para remover os pêlos restantes, aplique uma camada fina de creme de depilação (Nair) com uma gaze aplicador derrubado. </li><li> Depois de 1-2 minutos, limpe Nair off com gaze umedecida levemente com água e sabão. A área preparada deve ser limpa a pele nua, sem peças perdidas de cabelo que poderiam entrar na ferida durante o procedimento cirúrgico subseqüente. Esterilizar a área preparada com solução de iodeto. </li></ol> 4. Laminectomia <ol><li> Mudam freqüentemente e / ou esterilizar as luvas durante o procedimento. Posição ao lado do mouse dorsal com a cabeça apontando para a esquerda (se você for destro). Drape animais para garantir a esterilidade e que apenas a área raspada está exposto. Faça uma incisão vertical (~ 1,3 cm) sobre o local laminecomy spanning de cerca de vértebras torácicas T8 a T12. </li><li> Com a pinça zu na mão esquerda, prender firmemente a coluna vertebral em T9 (Figura 1A) e levante o mouse até a exagerar a curvatura da coluna vertebral. </li><li> Use o bisturi para marcar a junção entre T10 e T11, o espaço entre as duas saliências espinhosas. Ainda expor a junção com cuidado a demolição da camada muscular para expor o osso (ver Figura 1B, C). </li><li> Use a tesoura para mais músculo clara distância da lâmina e em torno do pedículo com snips pequenos. Isto irá abrir um pequeno espaço entre as vértebras. Lenta e delicadamente inserir uma lâmina da tesoura para essa lacuna e snip do pedículo. Certifique-se a curvatura da tesoura é sempre posicionados lateralmente, longe do cabo. Repita no outro lado. (Ver Figura 1D, E) </li><li> Levante a lâmina para expor o cabo e cuidadosamente snip-lo. Não se esqueça de deixar qualquer fragmentos de ossos livre ou irregulares para trás. (Ver Figura 1F) </li><li> Antes da injeção, limpar o sangue para fora com cotonetes estéreis. </li></ol> 5. Injeção de células <ol><li> Coloque a agulha com agulha porca para a seringa Hamilton e limpá-los através de lavagem com água várias vezes, então 70% de etanol e, finalmente, HBSS. Inserir êmbolo após cada enchimento com água, etanol 70%, ou HBSS. </li><li> Prepare a seringa Hamilton para carregar celular através da remoção do êmbolo e soltando a porca agulha e puxando a agulha para longe da seringa para evitar contrapressão. Garantir que a manipulação cuidadosa da agulha e porca é feito com luvas estéreis. </li><li> Carga 15μl de células em pipeta ponta e pressione a ponta firmemente na extremidade traseira da seringa para carregar as células dentro da seringa. </li><li> Insira o êmbolo aproximadamente 5mm e, em seguida, apertar a porca da agulha. </li><li> Deprimem êmbolo unaté alguns da suspensão de células foi visto saindo da agulha. </li><li> Certifique-se que não há bolhas na seringa e colocar a seringa na posição horizontal para evitar que as células de fazer um gradiente de gravidade. </li><li> Agarrar o mouse laminectomized pelo músculo spinalis dorsi conectando os espinhos de T8 e T9 (Figura 2B, C). </li><li> Prender o hemostat para o braço esquerdo micromanipulador (vertical) para que as patas da frente do rato estão no ar e suas patas traseiras tocando levemente uma plataforma de toalhas de papel estéreis, nas Figuras 2A e 2B. </li><li> Conecte a seringa no braço direito micromanipulador (em um ângulo de 70 °) e deslize a seringa na posição mais baixa possível, antes de aperto. </li><li> Estabilizar o mouse fixando sua cauda contra as toalhas de papel e abaixe lentamente a seringa (Figura 2B). </li><li> Abaixe a agulha em direção ao cabo e insira a um milímetro agulha no hemisfério oposto através da linha média dorsal (Figura 2C). A ponta da agulha deve ser na substância cinzenta perto do canal central. </li><li> Injecte lentamente 2.5μl de células. Injetar a uma taxa de 1μl / 5 segundos. Depois de injetar as células, espere uns 10 segundos e retirar a agulha 1 / 10 de uma volta em um momento cada 10 segundos até que a agulha está fora do cordão. Preste atenção ao efluxo possível de suspensão celular. </li><li> Rapidamente retirar a seringa e retire-a do braço micromanipulador. Lay a seringa horizontalmente. </li><li> Solte o mouse e transferência para a mesa sutura. </li><li> Repita os passos 5,7-5,14 para cada rato até que a seringa é esvaziada. Esterilizar as ferramentas (no esterilizador) ea agulha (limpando com álcool) entre os animais. Descartar pilhas e recarregar se aglomeração é visível. </li><li> Limpe a seringa como no passo 5,1 entre as cargas. </li></ol> 6. Suturas e pós-operatório de cuidados <ol><li> Suturar a incisão. Agulha de sutura é inserida na fáscia superficial em ambos os lados da incisão. O fio é amarrada através de, puxando fáscia superficial juntos (Figura 3A), cobrindo assim a medula espinal exposta no local da lâmina removido. Não sutura do músculo cutâneo ligado à pele ou do músculo esquelético das costas. Puxe a linha através de todo, deixando cerca de 1 / 2 &quot;. Usando o porta-agulha, três nós são formados e linha é cortada o mais próximo do nó possível. </li><li> Fechar a incisão através da aplicação de 2-3 grampos (dependendo do tamanho da incisão) para a pele (Figura 3B). Puxe cuidadosamente a pele longe do mouse para evitar grampear o músculo subjacente. </li><li> Usando um 26G3 / 8 agulha injetar 0,5 ml de Ringer Lactato de sub-cutânea na região lombar longe da incisão. </li><li> Colocar o mouse de volta em sua gaiola. Para garantir que ele é capaz de respirar confortavelmente enquanto sob anestesia, o mouse deve ser colocado de lado na gaiola, evitando o contato entre o local da cirurgia e roupa de cama gaiola. Gaiolas devem ser colocados em almofadas de aquecimento. </li><li> Ratos são monitorados após a anestesia desgasta fora para garantir subsídios sangramento, suturas permanecem fechadas, e que os ratos voltar ao pré-cirurgia de mobilidade. </li><li> Tratar ratos um tempo com a buprenorfina analgésico (0,05-0,1 mg / kg) após a cirurgia. </li><li> Garantir camundongos deficientes têm acesso suficiente a alimentos e água: garrafas de água estão equipados com bicos estendida 3,5 polegadas e ratos que são incapazes de andar de mão são alimentados de água e / ou de alto teor calórico suplemento dietético (Nutri-Cal, Tomlyn). </li></ol> 7. Resultados representativos: Resultados desejados será identificável pela falta de efluxo da suspensão de células durante a injeção e pelo aparecimento intactas da medula espinhal após o procedimento. Para este fim, é vital ter uma iluminação brilhante e direta na coluna do rato durante a laminectomia e durante a injeção. A iluminação ideal é facilitada pela iluminação de fibra óptica (Figura 2A). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2834/2834fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> Figura 1 - Laminectomia (A) Uma vez vértebra T9 está solidamente realizada com a pinça Graefe, (B, C) ​​pontuação da coluna vertebral com bisturi entre T10 e T11 para facilitar a entrada da tesoura micro.. (D) Deslize cuidadosamente a tesoura micro através do espaço entre T10 e T11 (setas e inset, E) e cortar os pedículos de cada lado (traços, E) para libertar a lâmina dorsal. (F) Virar a lâmina até rostralmente e cortá-lo. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2834/2834fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2"/> Figura 2. Injeção de NSCs. (A) A configuração geral do micromanipulador com o hemostat segurando o mouse conectado ao braço esquerdo e na seringa Hamilton no braço direito em um ângulo de 70. (B) O hemostat segurar o spinalis dorsi conectando os espinhos de T8 e T9. (C) A agulha é reduzido através de tele linha média e na matéria cinzenta no hemisfério oposto, proximal ao canal central. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2834/2834fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3"/> Figura 3. Suturas e fechamento da ferida. (A) Suturas são aplicados à fáscia superficial em ambos os lados da incisão. (B) A incisão é fechada com grampos 03/02, conforme necessário (um grampo mostrado em uma ferida que necessitam 3).

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	<li>Bergmann, C. C., Lane, T. E., Stohlman, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronavirus+infection+of+the+central+nervous+system:+host-virus+stand-off.">Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host-virus stand-off.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 4, 121-132 (2006).</li><li>Weiner, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+challenge+of+multiple+sclerosis:+how+do+we+cure+a+chronic+heterogeneous+disease.">The challenge of multiple sclerosis: how do we cure a chronic heterogeneous disease.</a> Ann Neurol. 65, 239-248 (2009).</li><li>Fleming, J. O., Trousdale, M. D., Bradbury, J., Stohlman, S. A., Weiner, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+demyelination+induced+by+coronavirus+JHM+(MHV-4):+molecular+identification+of+a+viral+determinant+of+paralytic+disease.">Experimental demyelination induced by coronavirus JHM (MHV-4): molecular identification of a viral determinant of paralytic disease.</a> Microb Pathog. 3, 9-20 (1987).</li><li>Totoiu, M. O., Nistor, G. I., Lane, T. E., Keirstead, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remyelination,+axonal+sparing,+and+locomotor+recovery+following+transplantation+of+glial-committed+progenitor+cells+into+the+MHV+model+of+multiple+sclerosis.">Remyelination, axonal sparing, and locomotor recovery following transplantation of glial-committed progenitor cells into the MHV model of multiple sclerosis.</a> Exp Neurol. 187, 254-265 (2004).</li><li>Carbajal, K. S., Schaumburg, C., Strieter, R., Kane, J., Lane, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Migration+of+engrafted+neural+stem+cells+is+mediated+by+CXCL12+signaling+through+CXCR4+in+a+viral+model+of+multiple+sclerosis.">Migration of engrafted neural stem cells is mediated by CXCL12 signaling through CXCR4 in a viral model of multiple sclerosis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107, 11068-11073 (2010).</li><li>Hardison, J. L., Nistor, G., Gonzalez, R., Keirstead, H. S., Lane, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+glial-committed+progenitor+cells+into+a+viral+model+of+multiple+sclerosis+induces+remyelination+in+the+absence+of+an+attenuated+inflammatory+response.">Transplantation of glial-committed progenitor cells into a viral model of multiple sclerosis induces remyelination in the absence of an attenuated inflammatory response.</a> Exp Neurol. 197, 420-429 (2006).</li><li>Blakemore, W. F., Crang, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transplantation of glial cells into areas of demyelination in the adult rat spinal cord. , (1992).</li><li>Liu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+stem+cells+differentiate+into+oligodendrocytes+and+myelinate+in+culture+and+after+spinal+cord+transplantation.">Embryonic stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate in culture and after spinal cord transplantation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97, 6126-6131 (2000).</li><li>Keirstead, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+oligodendrocyte+progenitor+cell+transplants+remyelinate+and+restore+locomotion+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury.</a> J Neurosci. 25, 4694-4705 (2005).</li><li>Mayor, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+patient+enters+trial+to+test+safety+of+stem+cells+in+spinal+injury.">First patient enters trial to test safety of stem cells in spinal injury.</a> BMJ. 341, c5724-c5724 (2010).</li></ol>

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Um transplante bem executado vai depender principalmente na laminectomia cuidadoso e injeção das células. A armadilha primário para evitar durante uma laminectomia é o prejudicial da medula espinhal. Isso pode ocorrer durante o procedimento em si ou por danos causados ​​por fragmentos de ossos afiados deixado para trás após o procedimento. Para evitar essas, garantir que os pontos da tesoura curva micro são sempre de costas para o cabo e examinar cuidadosamente a espinha laminectomized para garantir que todos os fragmentos de ossos são limpos e que as bordas da estrutura remanescente vertebral não tem abertamente salientes ou irregulares. Como mencionado anteriormente, a detecção de efluxo será possível se a luz está brilhando e diretamente na medula espinal exposta durante a injecção. Efluxo é mais provável que isso aconteça com 30 agulhas (versus 33 gauge) e se a injeção é feita muito rapidamente. Embora este protocolo tem nos dado bons resultados, outros têm relatado mais períodos de espera (até 5 minutos) antes de retrair a agulha de injeção seguinte 8,9. Além disso, as agulhas bitola menor são preferíveis, mas temos observado que algumas células são facilmente lisadas quando passou por 33 agulhas. Para maximizar a eficiência, a equipe de transplante lotação as quatro estações diferentes (mouse prep, laminectomia, injeção, e suturas) é desejável. Além disso, o tempo para cada processo deve ser otimizado para minimizar o tempo as células estão esperando no gelo. Por exemplo, nós transplante de nossos ratos em grupos de quatro (o número de doses em cada carga da seringa), a pessoa injetar as células começa a carregar a seringa após o mouse terceiro foi laminectomized ea pessoa deve preparar os ratos anestesiar o seguinte grupo após o segundo rato do grupo anterior foi laminectomized. Desta forma, podemos transplante de células (ou controle de mídia) em 40 camundongos em cerca de 3 horas, apesar de cada rato terá aproximadamente 30-40 min. Terapias com células de substituição para o tratamento de algumas doenças do SNC estão actualmente em ensaios clínicos 10. Não há substituto para modelos in vivo de transplante e NSC nosso protocolo para o enxerto de NSCs na medula espinhal de ratos com desmielinização induzida viral facilita o uso de um modelo importante de MS e também pode ser facilmente adaptado para outros modelos.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nome do reagente / equipamentos </th><th> Companhia </th><th> Número de catálogo </th><th> Comentários (opcional) </th></tr><tr><td> Ketaject </td><td> Parmaceuticals Phoenix </td><td> NDC 57319-542-02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cloridrato de xilazina </td><td> Biomedicals MP </td><td> 158307 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Nair </td><td> Church &amp; Dwight Co. </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>  10 mL Hamilton Seringa agulha w / Removable </td><td> Empresa Hamilton </td><td> 7635-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Agulhas Hamilton 30G, ou 33 G, ½ polegada, 30 ° chanfro </td><td> Empresa Hamilton </td><td> 7803-077803-05 </td><td> Testar a viabilidade de suas células após a passagem através de agulhas para identificar o melhor calibre para uso </td></tr><tr><td> Micro Tesoura </td><td> Precision Instruments mundo </td><td> 555500S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pinça Graefe pequena </td><td> FST </td><td> 11053-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Estereotáxica </td><td> KOPF Instruments </td><td> Titular modelo 1772 Universal </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Estereotáxica </td><td> KOPF Instruments </td><td> Modelo de suporte do eletrodo 1773 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Estereotáxica </td><td> KOPF Instruments </td><td> Modelo 902 estereotáxica de pequenos animais </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Estereotáxica </td><td> KOPF Instruments </td><td> Modelo 960 transportadora eletrodo esquerdo </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Suturas </td><td> Ethicon </td><td> 95057-064 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Lactato de Ringer </td><td> Hospira </td><td> NDC 0409-7953-03 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Staples </td><td> Ciência fina </td><td> 12032-07 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hemostat </td><td> FST </td><td> 13010-12 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bisturis, tamanhos 10,11 </td><td> Pescador </td><td> 268878, 268879 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Suturas </td><td> ETHICON </td><td> 1676G </td><td> tamanho 5-0, 3 / 8 &quot;círculo, agulha de 19mm, fio trançado 45 centímetros </td></tr><tr><td> Reflex 7 aplicador de clipe ferida </td><td> FST </td><td> 12031-07 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 7 milímetros Reflex clips ferida </td><td> FST </td><td> 12032-07 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Olsen-Hegar porta-agulha </td><td> FST </td><td> 12502-12 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

surgical transplantation of mouse neural stem cells into the spinal cords of mice infected with neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus

Camundongos infectados com a cepa JHM neurotrópica do mouse vírus da hepatite (MHV) Desenvolver resultados patológicos e clínicos semelhantes aos pacientes com a doença desmielinizante Esclerose Múltipla (MS). Nós mostramos que o transplante de NSCs na medula espinhal de ratos doentes resultados em uma melhora significativa em ambos os remielinização e no resultado clínico. Terapias com células de substituição para o tratamento de doenças neurológicas crônicas são agora uma realidade e em modelos in vivo são vitais para a compreensão das interacções entre as células enxertadas e microambiente tecido hospedeiro. Esta apresentação fornece um método adaptado para o transplante de células na medula espinhal de ratos infectados JHMV. Em resumo, nós fornecemos um procedimento para i) preparação de NSCs antes do transplante, ii) pré-operatório de ratos, iii) a exposição da medula espinhal através de laminectomia, iv) a injeção estereotáxica de NSCs, e iv) cuidados pós-operatórios .

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Transplantation of Mouse Neural Stem Cells into the Spinal Cords of Mice Infected with Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus at JoVE.com

Surgical Transplantation of Mouse Neural Stem Cells into the Spinal Cords of Mice Infected with Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus

O transplante de células-tronco do mouse neural (NSCs) na medula espinhal de ratos com desmielinização estabelecida é detalhado. A preparação de NSCs, a laminectomia de vértebra torácica 9 (T9), e transplante de NSCs é descrito juntamente com os cuidados pré e pós-operatório dos ratos.

Transplante de Células-Tronco cirúrgica do rato Neural na medula espinhal de camundongos infectados com o vírus da Hepatite neurotrófico rato

Mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) develop pathological and clinical outcomes similar to patients with the ...

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Neuroscience

23.2K visualizações.  University of California, Irvine. O transplante de células-tronco do mouse neural (NSCs) na medula espinhal de ratos com desmielinização estabelecida é detalhado. A preparação de NSCs, a laminectomia de vértebra torácica 9 (T9), e transplante de NSCs é descrito juntamente com os cuidados pré e pós-operatório dos ratos.

Vídeo: Surgical Transplantation of Mouse Neural Stem Cells into the Spinal Cords of Mice Infected with Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus

Isolation and Expansion of the Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a chemically defined serum-free culture system known as the neurosphere assay (NSA). In this assay, the majority of differentiated cell types die within a few days of culture but a small population of growth factor responsive precursor cells undergo active proliferation in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/ basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF). These cells form colonies of undifferentiated cells called neurospheres, which in turn can be subcultured to expand the pool of neural stem cells. Moreover, the cells can be induced to differentiate, generating the three major cell types of the CNS i.e. neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This assay provides an invaluable tool to supply a consistent, renewable source of undifferentiated CNS precursors, which could be used for in vitro studies and also for therapeutic purposes.
This video demonstrates the NSA method to generate and expand NSCs from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures. The procedure includes harvesting the brain from the adult mouse, micro-dissection of the periventricular region, tissue preparation and culture in the NSA. The harvested tissue is first chemically digested using trypsin-EDTA and then mechanically dissociated in NSC medium to achieve a single cell suspension and finally plated in the NSA. After 7-10 days in culture, the resulting primary neurospheres are ready for subculture to reach the amount of cells required for future experiments.

This video protocol demonstrates the neurosphere assay method to generate and expand neural stem cells from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures.

Isolamento e Expansão do Rato Adulto células-tronco neurais utilizando o ensaio Neurosphere

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a ...

Neurociência

One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult neural stem cells in vitro. These assays can be used to compare the precursor potential of cells isolated from genetically different or differentially treated animals&#160;to determine the effects of exogenous factors on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and to generate neural precursor cell lines that can be assayed over continuous passages. The neurosphere assay is traditionally used for the post-hoc identification of stem cells, primarily due to the lack of definitive markers with which they can be isolated from primary tissue&#160;and has the major advantage of giving a quick estimate of precursor cell numbers in brain tissue derived from individual animals. Adherent monolayer cultures, in contrast, are not traditionally used to compare proliferation between individual animals, as each culture is generally initiated from the combined tissue of between 5-8 animals. However, they have the major advantage that, unlike neurospheres, they consist of a mostly homogeneous population of precursor cells and are useful for following the differentiation process in single cells. Here, we describe, in detail, the generation of neurosphere cultures and, for the first time, adherent cultures from individual animals. This has many important implications including paired analysis of proliferation and/or differentiation potential in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of treated or genetically different mouse lines, as well as a significant reduction in animal usage.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the simultaneous generation of neural precursor cell cultures, as either adherent monolayers or neurospheres, from the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of individual adult mice.

Um rato, duas culturas: isolamento e cultivo de células-tronco neurais Adulto de as duas zonas neurogênica Individual Ratos

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Isolamento e Cultura de células estaminais adultas neurais do Subcallosal Zona Rato

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Development of a Refined Protocol for Trans-scleral Subretinal Transplantation of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into Rat Eyes

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is characterized by the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are a monolayer of cells functionally supporting and anatomically wrapping around the neural retina. Current pharmacological treatments for the non-neovascular AMD (dry AMD) only slow down the disease progression but cannot restore vision, necessitating studies aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Replacing the degenerative RPE cells with healthy cells holds promise to treat dry AMD in the future. Extensive preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapies for AMD involve the transplantation of stem cell-derived RPE cells into the subretinal space of animal models, in which the subretinal injection technique is applied. The approach most frequently used in these preclinical animal studies is through the trans-scleral route, which is made difficult by the lack of direct visualization of the needle end and can often result in retinal damage. An alternative approach through the vitreous allows for direct observation of the needle end position, but it carries a high risk of surgical traumas as more eye tissues are disturbed. We have developed a less risky and reproducible modified trans-scleral injection method that uses defined needle angles and depths to successfully and consistently deliver RPE cells into the rat subretinal space and avoid excessive retinal damage. Cells delivered in this manner have been previously demonstrated to be efficacious in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat for at least 2 months. This technique can be used not only for cell transplantation but also for delivery of small molecules or gene therapies.

Subretinal injection has been widely applied in preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapy for age-related macular degeneration. In this visualized article, we describe a less risky, reproducible and precisely modified subretinal injection technique via the trans-scleral approach to deliver cells into rat eyes.

Desenvolvimento de um protocolo refinado para Trans-escleral apresentam transplante de células epiteliais de pigmento Retinal humano nos olhos de rato

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is ...

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons as well as synchronizing the outputs of pyramidal neuron ensembles. Deficits in interneuron function have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. The derivation of cortical interneurons from embryonic stem cells not only allows for the study of their development and function, but provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cortical interneuron-related disorders. Interneurons also have the remarkable capacity to survive, migrate, and integrate into host cortical circuitry post-transplantation, making them ideal candidates for use in cell-based therapies. Here, we present a scalable, highly efficient, modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method for the derivation of Nkx2.1-expressing interneuron progenitors and their progeny from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Using a Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dual reporter mESC line, Nkx2.1 progenitors or their Lhx6-expressing post-mitotic progeny can be isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and subsequently used in a number of downstream applications. We also provide methods to enrich for parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneuron subgroups, which may be helpful for studying aspects of fate determination or for use in therapeutic applications that would benefit from interneuron subgroup-enriched transplantations.

This protocol describes a method for generating cortical interneuron progenitors and post-mitotic interneuron precursors from mouse embryonic stem cells using a modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method. These progenitors/precursors can be used in vitro or fluorescently sorted and transplanted into neonatal neocortex for studying fate determination, or used in therapeutic applications.

Diferenciação de células estaminais embrionárias de rato em Cortical interneurônio precursores

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons ...

Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Neuronal fate determination and maturation requires an intricate interplay between genetic programs and environmental signals. However, disentangling the roles of intrinsic vs. extrinsic mechanisms that regulate this differentiation process is a conundrum for all developmental neurobiologists. This issue is magnified for GABAergic interneurons, an incredibly heterogeneous cell population that is born from transient embryonic structures and undergo a protracted migratory phase to disperse throughout the telencephalon. To explore how different brain environments affect interneuron fate and maturation, we developed a protocol for harvesting fluorescently labeled immature interneuron precursors from specific brain regions in newborn mice (P0-P2). At this age, interneuron migration is nearly complete and these cells are residing in their final resting environments with relatively little synaptic integration. Following collection of single cell solutions via flow cytometry, these interneuron precursors are transplanted into P0-P2 wildtype postnatal pups. By performing both homotopic (e.g., cortex-to-cortex) or heterotopic (e.g., cortex-to-hippocampus) transplantations, one can assess how challenging immature interneurons in new brain environments affects their fate, maturation, and circuit integration. Brains can be harvested in adult mice and assayed with a wide variety of posthoc analysis on grafted cells, including immunohistochemical, electrophysiological and transcriptional profiling. This general approach provides investigators with a strategy to assay how distinct brain environments can influence numerous aspects of neuron development and identify if specific neuronal characteristics are primarily driven by hardwired genetic programs or environmental cues.

Challenging young neurons in new brain regions can reveal important insights into how the environment sculpts neuronal fate and maturation. This protocol describes a procedure to harvest interneuron precursors from specific brain regions and transplant them either homotopically or heterotopically into the brain of postnatal pups.

Homochronic transplante de precursores interneurônio nos cérebros de Mouse pós-natal precoce

Neuronal fate determination and maturation requires an intricate interplay between genetic programs and environmental signals. However, disentangling the ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and expansion of NSCs provide a suitable source of cells for neuroscientists to study the function of neurons and glial cells along with their interactions. There are several reported techniques for the isolation of neural stem cells from adult or embryo mammalian brains. During the microsurgical operation to isolate NSCs from different regions of the embryonic CNS, it is very important to reduce the damage to the brain cells to obtain the highest ratio of live and expandable stem cells. A possible technique for stress reduction during isolation of these cells from the mouse embryo brain is the reduction of surgical time. Here, we demonstrate a developed technique for rapid isolation of these cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence. Surgical procedures include harvesting E13 mouse embryos from the uterus, cutting the frontal fontanelle of the embryo with a bent needle tip, extracting the brain from the skull, microdissection of the isolated brain to harvest the ganglionic eminence, dissociation of the harvested tissue in NSC medium to gain a single cell suspension, and finally plating cells in suspension culture to generate neurospheres.

Here, we introduce a novel microsurgical technique for the isolation of neural stem cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence.

Isolamento e cultura de células-tronco neurais embrionárias de rato

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and ...

Transplantation of Chemogenetically Engineered Cortical Interneuron Progenitors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is a complicated task, which is particularly difficult in regards to the development of &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cortical interneurons (CIs). CIs are the main inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex, and they play key roles in neuronal networks, by regulating both the activity of individual pyramidal neurons, as well as the oscillatory behavior of neuronal ensembles. They are generated in transient embryonic structures (medial and caudal ganglionic eminences -&#160;MGE and CGE) that are very difficult to efficiently target using in utero electroporation approaches. Interneuron progenitors migrate long distances during normal embryonic development, before they integrate in the cortical circuit. This remarkable ability to disperse and integrate into a developing network can be hijacked by transplanting embryonic interneuron precursors into early post-natal host cortices. Here, we present a protocol that allows genetic modification of embryonic interneuron progenitors using focal ex vivo electroporation. These engineered interneuron precursors are then transplanted into early post-natal host cortices, where they will mature into easily identifiable CIs. This protocol allows the use of multiple genetically encoded tools, or the ability to regulate the expression of specific genes in interneuron progenitors, in order to investigate the impact of either genetic or environmental variables on the maturation and integration of CIs.

Here we present a protocol, designed to use chemogenetic tools to manipulate the activity of cortical interneuron progenitors transplanted into the cortex of early postnatal mice.

Transplantação dos progenitors corticais Quimiogenetically projetados do interneuron em cérebros Postnatal adiantados do rato

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is ...

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic mechanisms have been intensively studied. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine displays dynamic features during embryonic and postnatal development of the brain, plays a regulatory function in gene expression, and is involved in multiple neurological disorders. Here, we describe the detailed methods including immunofluorescence staining and&#160;DNA dot-blot to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cultured cells and brain tissues of mouse.

Here, we present a protocol to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cells and brain tissues, utilizing immunofluorescence staining and DNA dot-blot methods.

A detecção de 5-Hidroximetilcitosina em células-tronco neurais e cérebros de camundongos

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

Entrega intra-arterial de células-tronco neurais ao cérebro de ratos e ratos: aplicação à isquemia cerebral

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...