Este trabalho foi financiado pelo National Institutes of Health dos EUA concede HL082798 e HL111580.

1. Rim Tecido Seções <ol><li> Fixadas em formalina (10%) secções de rim embebidas em parafina são cortados em lâminas de microscópio a 5 mm de espessura usando um Microm HM 355 S. As lâminas podem ser armazenadas durante vários meses, antes da análise. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de Solução <ol><li> Prepare 1 litro de PBS 1x em DDH 2 O em um parafuso de garrafa top autoclave. Encha uma garrafa com 1 L de DDH 2 O. Adicionar 1 ml de DEPC para cada garrafa, tampa e agitar vigorosamente. Deixe a solução assentar durante a noite à temperatura ambiente, para destruir ARNases e, em seguida, autoclave. Adicionar 400 ml de Tween-20 a 1 L de 1x PBS para fazer PBS-T. </li><li> Preparar tampão de proteinase K (50 mMTris-HCl, pH 8,0 e 1 mM de CaCl2 em água tratada com DEPC). </li><li> Prepara-se uma solução de 0,2% de glicina em PBS-T. </li></ol> 3. Preparação Tissue <ol><li> Prepara-se uma grande quantidade de tampão de hibridação (50-100 ml), composto de 50% de formamida, 5x SSC, 0,1% de Tween, 9,2mM de ácido cítrico para o ajuste de pH de 6, 50 ug / ml de heparina, e 500 ug / ml de ARN de levedura em DEPC tratados ddH 2 O. Divida em 1 ml alíquotas e armazenar a -80 º C. </li><li> Retirar a parafina do tecido por lavagem 3x em xileno fresco, durante 5 minutos cada. </li><li> Re-hidratar as secções de tecido por 5 min em incubações concentrações decrescentes de etanol (100%, 75%, 50% e 25%) em ddH 2 O. </li><li> Tratar as lâminas com DEPC suficiente para cobrir completamente as secções de tecidos (cerca de 0,4-0,5 ml) durante 1 min. Fazer tecidos certeza não sequem. </li><li> Enxaguar as lâminas em DEPC tratados PBS-T duas vezes por 5 min, recolhendo o DEPC contendo resíduos para o descarte adequado. Todos os reagentes devem ser tratados DEPC para eliminar RNAses a partir deste ponto. </li><li> Pré-aquecer proteinase K e adicionar tampão de proteinase K para uma concentração final de 10 ug / ml. Cobrir as secções de tecido com uma solução de proteinase K e incubar a 37 º C durante 5 min. </li><li> Remover rapidamente as proteinassolução de e K e adicionar 0,2% de glicina em PBS-T, durante 30 seg. </li><li> Lavar as lâminas em DEPC tratados PBS-T duas vezes por 30 segundos cada. </li><li> Fix seções acabado de fazer paraformaldeído 4% por 10 min. </li></ol> 4. Hibridização <ol><li> Adicionar 50 ul de tampão de hibridação (formamida a 50%, 5x SSC, 0,1% de Tween, ácido cítrico 9,2 mM, para o ajuste de pH de 6, 50 ug / ml de heparina, 500 ug / ml de ARN de levedura) por secção de tecido e cobrir com RNAse HybriSlips livres corte maior do que as secções de tecido. </li><li> Secções Prehybridize em humidade controlada forno de hibridação durante 2 horas à temperatura de hibridização para determinar a extremidade 3 &#39;da sonda marcada com digoxigenina (usualmente ADN Tm da sonda de -21 ° C, (isto é, 54 ° C durante o miR-382, a sonda de DNA Tm = 75 ° C ), usando lenços de laboratório tecido embebido em 50% formamide/50% 5x SSC para manter a câmara úmida. </li><li> Diluir a sonda miRNA, controle positivo (U6, RNA nuclear pequeno) e controle negativo (mexidossequência) a 40 nM em tampão de hibridação (75 ul de tampão é necessária por secção). </li><li> Aquece-se a sonda em tampão de hibridação a 65 º C durante 5 min. </li><li> Retirar as lâminas do forno de hibridização e remover lamelas e tampão de hibridação excesso de pré-hibridização. </li><li> Adicionar 75 ul de tampão sonda contendo por secção de tecido, directamente para o tecido. Cubra com tecido HybriSlips apenas grandes o suficiente para cobrir os cortes de tecido. </li><li> Manutenção do nível de suporte de slides, voltar ao forno de hibridização para incubação durante a noite à temperatura do passo 4.2 (aproximadamente 16 horas). </li></ol> 5. Lavagem rigorosa <ol><li> Adicionar 200 ul de 2xSSC, aquecida à temperatura de hibridação, pouco menos de uma borda das lamelas para ajudar a libertar a lamela do tecido. Retirar as lamelas pela inclinação do slide. </li><li> Lavar as lâminas em 200 ul de 50% de formamida, 50% 2x SSC à temperatura de hibridação 3x durante 30 minutos cada. </li><li> Enxaguaras lâminas 5x em PBS-T a temperatura ambiente durante 5 min cada, num agitador orbital de velocidade baixa. </li></ol> 6. Detecção <ol><li> Incubar corrediça em tampão (2% de soro de cabra ou cavalo, 2 mg / ml de BSA em PBS-T) de bloqueio, durante 1 hora à temperatura ambiente num agitador orbital de velocidade baixa. </li><li> Dilui-se os fragmentos de anti-DIG-AP Fab em tampão de bloqueio a 1:100. Adicionar 100 l por secção de tecido e cubra com HybriSlips cortado apenas suficientemente grande para cobrir a seção. </li><li> Incubar anticorpo numa câmara humidificada a 4 ° C durante a noite (aproximadamente 16 horas). </li><li> Lavar as lâminas em PBS-T 7x, durante 5 min cada, num agitador orbital a uma velocidade baixa. </li><li> Lavar as lâminas em tampão de AP (100 mM Tris-HCl pH 9,5, 50 mM de MgCl 2, 100 mM de NaCl, 0,1% de Tween 20) 3x, durante 5 minutos cada. </li><li> Adicionar solução de NBT / BCIP de tampão AP (200 μl/10 tampão ml) </li><li> Adicionar 400-500 ml de solução diluída de NBT / BCIP a cada slide para cobrir completamente todas as seções do tecido. Desenvolver em um escuro, nível, humidifcâmara de IED para 4-5 horas. </li></ol> 7. Slides de montagem <ol><li> Desidratar secções em concentrações crescentes de etanol (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) durante 5 minutos cada. </li><li> Incubar em 5x xileno para limpar seções. </li><li> Monte desliza Permount montagem médio e secar durante a noite. </li></ol>

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O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever um protocolo para miRNA hibridização in situ que funciona bem em tecidos renais formol fixos. Enquanto trabalham fora deste protocolo várias fontes importantes de artefato coloração foram identificados. Atenção especial para estes pontos podem ajudar a evitar manchas artefato e aumentar a probabilidade de uma corrida ISH bem sucedida. Uma das causas mais evitáveis ​​de artefato coloração pode ocorrer quando cortes de tecidos tornam...

MicroRNA são pequenos (cerca de 22 nucleótidos de comprimento) que não de codificação RNAs que são produzidos endogenamente. Eles geralmente funcionam para suprimir a expressão da proteína através da repressão de translação ou degradação do mRNA. miRNAs ligam a alvos de RNAm com complementaridade incompleta, tornando possível que um único miRNA para suprimir múltiplos alvos. Entendimento que tipos e estruturas celulares expressar miRNAs é uma parte importante da compreensão dos mecanismos através dos quais alterações miRNA celular influência expressão e fenótipos de tecido. Enquanto os métodos tais como a sequenciação de miARN, qPCR e Northern blotting pode ser usado para a detecção de miRNAs em tecidos completos, esta abordagem não permitem determinar qual o tipo de célula específico que veio a partir de um determinado tecido. Dissecção de componentes celulares e estruturais antes da análise usando estes métodos pode ser muito difícil, e as condições necessárias para atingir isolamentos adequados pode levar a alterações na expressão de genes ou a degradação de ARN. microRNA hibridação in situ é um método usado para visualizar a localização microRNA e os níveis de expressão em tecidos. Esta técnica é especialmente valiosa em tecidos compostos de estruturas heterogéneas, tais como o rim. MicroRNAs demonstraram desempenhar um papel regulador no desenvolvimento do rim 2,3 e fisiologia 4. Alterações de expressão microRNA também têm sido mostrados para ser envolvido com a patologia renal, tais como fibrose 5-10, nefropatia diabética 7, carcinoma renal, 11,12, e lesão renal aguda 13. Em nossa pesquisa, descobrimos que a otimização microRNA hibridização in situ para os tecidos renais foi valioso para determinar os locais exatos estruturais de expressão de miRNA em saúde e na doença 14. Determinação da expressão tubular e celular de diferentes microRNAs é importante porque a sua regulação de targets pode ser dependente de funções celulares. No estado de doença, é também importante para determinar como as alterações na expressão de miARN pode ser afectar a função. O objetivo do método descrito aqui foi a de construir sobre metodologias ISH existentes desenvolvidos por 15 Kloosterman et al., Outros pesquisadores 16,17, e os sugeridos pela Exiqon 1 e otimizar o método para tecidos renais fixados em formalina. Temos utilizado com sucesso este método para identificar as diferenças regionais distintos na expressão renal microRNA miR-382 com obstrução ureteral unilateral 18. Esta abordagem pode ser utilizada com outros tecidos, bem como, com optimização adicional.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="481">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">P6148</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">70011044</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Diethyl Pyrocarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">D5758</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">P1379</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Xylenes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">534056</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Ultra Pure</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">200CSPTP</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">Tris-HCl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">15506-017</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C2536</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Glycine</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">4059-00</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Citric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C2404</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Formamide</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">F9037</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">20x SSC Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">15557-044</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SAGENT</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">25021-400-30</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">Yeast RNA</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">AM7118</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">M8266-1004</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">4058-01</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fermentas</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">EO0491</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">3&#8217; DIG- miRNA probe</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Exiqon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">miR dependent-05</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">3&#8217; DIG- Scrambled miR probe</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Exiqon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">99004-05</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">3&#8217; DIG- U6 miR probe</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Exiqon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">99002-05</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Anti-Digoxigenin-Ab Fab</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:71px;">Roche</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:137px;">11093274910</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Fragments</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">NBT/BCIP</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">11681451001</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Permount</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">SP15-500</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Fit to tissue size</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">Microtom HM 355 S</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">23-900-672</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">In-slide Out Hybridization Oven</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Boekel</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">241000</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Aluminum Tray Assembly</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Boekel</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C2403973</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Stainless Steel Rack Insert</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Boekel</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C2403754</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microrna in situ hybridization for formalin fixed kidney tissues

Neste artigo descrevemos um método de detecção colorimétrica de miRNA no rim através de hibridização in situ com sondas marcadas com digoxigenina microRNA. Este protocolo, desenvolvido originalmente por Kloosterman e colegas para amplo uso com sondas Exiqon miRNA 1, foi modificado para superar os desafios inerentes à análise de miRNA em tecidos renais. Estes incluem questões como a identificação da estrutura e difícil de remover sonda residual e de anticorpos. Utilização de relativamente fina, espessura de 5 mm, as secções de tecido permitido para melhor visualização das estruturas do rim, ao passo que um sinal forte de sonda foi retido nas células. Além disso, as condições de concentração de sonda e de incubação foram otimizados para facilitar a visualização da expressão do microRNA com baixa de fundo e um sinal não específico. Aqui, o protocolo optimizado é descrito, cobrindo a recolha inicial de preparação de tecidos e, através da montagem das lâminas, no final do procedimento. O compone básiconts deste protocolo pode ser alterado por aplicação de outros tecidos e modelos de cultura de células.

As áreas de uma secção de tecido que se tornam secas durante as hibridações, as incubações ou passos de lavagem geralmente acabam coloração mais escura, durante o desenvolvimento de NBT / BCIP. Figura 1 mostra uma porção de uma secção de rim em que o HybriSlip escorregou da borda o tecido, permitindo tornar-se parcialmente desidratado. Apesar de re-hidratação e de cobertura nas etapas restantes, o sinal na porção desidratado é artificialmente elevada. A imp...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues at JoVE.com

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

Este artigo descreve um protocolo de hibridização in situ em otimizado para detecção colorimétrica de expressão de microRNA em seções renais fixados em formalina.

MicroRNA<em&gt; Em situ</em&gt; Hibridização de tecidos de rim fixadas em formalina

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA ...

microrna-in-situ-hybridization-for-formalin-fixed-kidney-tissues

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

14.8K visualizações.  Medical College of Wisconsin.  Este artigo descreve um protocolo de hibridização in situ em otimizado para detecção colorimétrica de expressão de microRNA em seções renais fixados em formalina. 

Vídeo: MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

Monte Whole dupla hibridização in situ de embriões de galinha precoce

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Biologia

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Zebrafish Whole Mount Alta Resolução Duplo Fluorescente In Situ Hibridização

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Protocol in Human Sperm

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic process in the parents. In human males, these errors can lead to the production of spermatozoa with numerical chromosome abnormalities which represent an increased risk of transmitting these anomalies to the offspring.
For this reason, the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on sperm nuclei has become a protocol widely incorporated in the context of clinical diagnosis. This practice provides an estimate of the frequencies of numerical chromosome abnormalities in the gametes of the patients that seek for genetic reproductive advice.
To date, the chromosomes most frequently included in sperm FISH analysis are chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18 and 21.
This video-article describes, step by step, how to process and fix a human semen sample, how to decondense and denature the sperm chromatin, how to proceed to obtain sperm FISH preparations, and how to visualize the results at the microscope. Special remarks of the most relevant steps are given to achieve the best results.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH Protocol in Human Sperm

This video-article describes, step by step, how to process a semen sample to achieve good-quality fluorescence in situ hybridization on human spermatozoa. Preparations obtained can be used for aneuploidy screening in the context of clinical diagnosis.

Fluorescência In situ Hybridization (FISH) Protocolo no esperma humano

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic ...

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene expression. Microarray and next generation sequencing approaches are being used to investigate developmental, physiological and stress response processes, dissect epigenetic and small RNA pathways, and build large gene regulatory networks1-3. While these techniques facilitate the simultaneous analysis of large gene sets, they typically provide a very limited spatiotemporal resolution of gene expression changes. This limitation can be partially overcome by using either profiling method in conjunction with lasermicrodissection or fluorescence-activated cell sorting4-7. However, to fully understand the biological role of a gene, knowledge of its spatiotemporal pattern of expression at a cellular resolution is essential. Particularly, when studying development or the effects of environmental stimuli and mutants can the detailed analysis of a gene's expression pattern become essential. For instance, subtle quantitative differences in the expression levels of key regulatory genes can lead to dramatic phenotypes when associated with the loss or gain of expression in specific cell types. 
Several methods are routinely used for the detailed examination of gene expression patterns. One is through analysis of transgenic reporter lines. Such analysis can, however, become time-consuming when analyzing multiple genes or working in plants recalcitrant to transformation. Moreover, an independent validation to ensure that the transgene expression pattern mimics that of the endogenous gene is typically required. Immunohistochemical protein localization or mRNA in situ hybridization present relatively fast alternatives for the direct visualization of gene expression within cells and tissues. The latter has the distinct advantage that it can be readily used on any gene of interest. In situ hybridization allows detection of target mRNAs in cells by hybridization with a labeled anti-sense RNA probe obtained by in vitro transcription of the gene of interest. 
Here we outline a protocol for the in situ localization of gene expression in plants that is highly sensitivity and specific. It is optimized for use with paraformaldehyde fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, which give excellent preservation of histology, and DIG-labeled probes that are visualized by immuno-detection and alkaline-phosphatase colorimetric reaction. This protocol has been successfully applied to a number of tissues from a wide range of plant species, and can be used to analyze expression of mRNAs as well as small RNAs8-14.

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

The in situ hybridization protocol described here allows a direct localization of mRNA and small RNA expression at the cellular level with high sensitivity and specificity. The procedure is optimized for paraffin-embedded plant tissue sections, is applicable to a wide range of plants and tissues, and can be completed within ten days.

Hibridização In Situ para a localização precisa de transcrições em Plantas

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene ...

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. Each of these features can be accomplished with in situ hybridization to mRNAs within cells. Here we present a radioactive in situ hybridization method modified from Clayton et al. (1988)1 that has been working successfully in our lab for many years, especially for adult vertebrate brains2-5. The long complementary RNA (cRNA) probes to the target sequence allows for detection of low abundance transcripts6,7. Incorporation of radioactive nucleotides into the cRNA probes allows for further detection sensitivity of low abundance transcripts and quantitative analyses, either by light sensitive x-ray film or emulsion coated over the tissue. These detection methods provide a long-term record of target gene expression. Compared with non-radioactive probe methods, such as DIG-labeling, the radioactive probe hybridization method does not require multiple amplification steps using HRP-antibodies and/or TSA kit to detect low abundance transcripts. Therefore, this method provides a linear relation between signal intensity and targeted mRNA amounts for quantitative analysis. It allows processing 100-200 slides simultaneously. It works well for different developmental stages of embryos. Most developmental studies of gene expression use whole embryos and non-radioactive approaches8,9, in part because embryonic tissue is more fragile than adult tissue, with less cohesion between cells, making it difficult to see boundaries between cell populations with tissue sections. In contrast, our radioactive approach, due to the larger range of sensitivity, is able to obtain higher contrast in resolution of gene expression between tissue regions, making it easier to see boundaries between populations. Using this method, researchers could reveal the possible significance of a newly identified gene, and further predict the function of the gene of interest.

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

This protocol is successfully used to quantitatively detect levels and spatial patterns of mRNA expression in multiple tissue types across vertebrate species. The method can detect low abundance transcripts and allows processing of hundreds of slides simultaneously. We present this protocol using expression profiling of avian embryonic brain formation as an example.

Radioativo In situ Hibridação para detecção de padrões de expressão dos genes nos tecidos diversos

Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. ...

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Viruses that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many aspects of host cell function are commandeered by viruses, usually by the expression of viral gene products that recruit host cell proteins and machineries. Moreover, viruses engineer specific membrane organelles or tag on to mobile vesicles and motor proteins to target regions of the cell (during de novo infection, viruses co-opt molecular motor proteins to target the nucleus; later, during virus assembly, they will hijack cellular machineries that will help in the assembly of viruses). Less is understood on how viruses, in particular those with RNA genomes, coordinate the intracellular trafficking of both protein and RNA components and how they achieve assembly of infectious particles at specific loci in the cell. The study of RNA localization began in earlier work. Developing lower eukaryotic embryos and neuronal cells provided important biological information, and also underscored the importance of RNA localization in the programming of gene expression cascades. The study in other organisms and cell systems has yielded similar important information. Viruses are obligate parasites and must utilise their host cells to replicate. Thus, it is critical to understand how RNA viruses direct their RNA genomes from the nucleus, through the nuclear pore, through the cytoplasm and on to one of its final destinations, into progeny virus particles 1.
FISH serves as a useful tool to identify changes in steady-state localization of viral RNA. When combined with immunofluorescence (IF) analysis 22, FISH/IF co-analyses will provide information on the co-localization of proteins with the viral RNA3. This analysis therefore provides a good starting point to test for RNA-protein interactions by other biochemical or biophysical tests 4,5, since co-localization by itself is not enough evidence to be certain of an interaction. In studying viral RNA localization using a method like this, abundant information has been gained on both viral and cellular RNA trafficking events 6. For instance, HIV-1 produces RNA in the nucleus of infected cells but the RNA is only translated in the cytoplasm. When one key viral protein is missing (Rev) 7, FISH of the viral RNA has revealed that the block to viral replication is due to the retention of the HIV-1 genomic RNA in the nucleus 8. 
Here, we present the method for visual analysis of viral genomic RNA in situ. The method makes use of a labelled RNA probe. This probe is designed to be complementary to the viral genomic RNA. During the in vitro synthesis of the antisense RNA probe, the ribonucleotide that is modified with digoxigenin (DIG) is included in an in vitro transcription reaction. Once the probe has hybridized to the target mRNA in cells, subsequent antibody labelling steps (Figure 1) will reveal the localization of the mRNA as well as proteins of interest when performing FISH/IF.

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was developed to visually detect viral genomic RNA using fluorescence microscopy. A probe is made with specificity to the viral RNA that can then be identified using a combination of hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques. This technique offers the advantage of identifying the localization of the viral RNA or DNA at steady-state, providing information on the control of intracellular virus trafficking events.

Detecção de RNA viral por fluorescência<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hybridization (FISH)

Viruses  that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve  to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many ...

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The specification of replication timing is thought to be a dynamic process regulated by tissue-specific and developmental cues that are responsive to epigenetic modifications. However, the mechanisms regulating where and when DNA replication initiates along chromosomes remains poorly understood. Homologous chromosomes usually replicate synchronously, however there are notable exceptions to this rule. For example, in female mammalian cells one of the two X chromosomes becomes late replicating through a process known as X inactivation1. Along with this delay in replication timing, estimated to be 2-3 hr, the majority of genes become transcriptionally silenced on one X chromosome. In addition, a discrete cis-acting locus, known as the X inactivation center, regulates this X inactivation process, including the induction of delayed replication timing on the entire inactive X chromosome. In addition, certain chromosome rearrangements found in cancer cells and in cells exposed to ionizing radiation display a significant delay in replication timing of &gt;3 hours that affects the entire chromosome2,3. Recent work from our lab indicates that disruption of discrete cis-acting autosomal loci result in an extremely late replicating phenotype that affects the entire chromosome4. Additional 'chromosome engineering' studies indicate that certain chromosome rearrangements affecting many different chromosomes result in this abnormal replication-timing phenotype, suggesting that all mammalian chromosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control proper replication timing of individual chromosomes5.
Here, we present a method for the quantitative analysis of chromosome replication timing combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization. This method allows for a direct comparison of replication timing between homologous chromosomes within the same cell, and was adapted from6. In addition, this method allows for the unambiguous identification of chromosomal rearrangements that correlate with changes in replication timing that affect the entire chromosome. This method has advantages over recently developed high throughput micro-array or sequencing protocols that cannot distinguish between homologous alleles present on rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes. In addition, because the method described here evaluates single cells, it can detect changes in chromosome replication timing on chromosomal rearrangements that are present in only a fraction of the cells in a population.

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

A quantitative method for the analysis of chromosome replication timing is described. The method utilizes BrdU incorporation in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess replication timing of mammalian chromosomes. This technique allows for the direct comparison of rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes within the same cell.

Tempo cromossomo Replicando Combinado com Fluorescente<em&gt; Em situ</em&gt; Hibridização

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

Todo o Monte RNA Fluorescente<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; A hibridação de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriões

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualização e análise de moléculas de mRNA Usando Fluorescência<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; A hibridação em<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Proteomic Sample Preparation from Formalin Fixed and Paraffin Embedded Tissue

Preserved clinical material is a unique source for proteomic investigation of human disorders. Here we describe an optimized protocol allowing large scale quantitative analysis of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue. The procedure comprises four distinct steps. The first one is the preparation of sections from the FFPE material and microdissection of cells of interest. In the second step the isolated cells are lysed and processed using 'filter aided sample preparation' (FASP) technique. In this step, proteins are depleted from reagents used for the sample lysis and are digested in two-steps using endoproteinase LysC and trypsin. 
After each digestion, the peptides are collected in separate fractions and their content is determined using a highly sensitive fluorescence measurement. Finally, the peptides are fractionated on 'pipette-tip' microcolumns. The LysC-peptides are separated into 4 fractions whereas the tryptic peptides are separated into 2 fractions. In this way prepared samples allow analysis of proteomes from minute amounts of material to a depth of 10,000 proteins. Thus, the described workflow is a powerful technique for studying diseases in a system-wide-fashion as well as for identification of potential biomarkers and drug targets.

Archival formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) clinical samples are valuable material for investigation of diseases. Here we demonstrate a sample preparation workflow allowing in-depth proteomic analysis of microdissected FFPE tissue.

Preparação de Amostras de proteômica fixados em formalina e embebidos em parafina Tissue

Preserved clinical material is a unique source for proteomic investigation of human disorders. Here we describe an optimized protocol allowing large scale ...