Financiamento para esta pesquisa é do Cancer Research UK.

1. Rotulagem retroviral de células com proteínas fluorescentes <ol><li> Células placa retroviral embalagem (por ex Phoenix) para fora em 0,25 x 10 6 células por poço de uma 6-bem prato em 10% soro fetal bovino (FBS) / DMEM. </li><li> Transfecção de células com o DNA retroviral 48 horas depois células usando Effectene acordo com as instruções dos fabricantes. </li><li> Enxágüe poços duas vezes com meio 24 horas depois, em seguida, adicione 1,5 ml de 10% FBS / DMEM por poço. </li><li> Coletar vírus embalados em cultura de tecidos médio 48 horas mais tarde por pipetagem e transferência para 2 tubos de microcentrífuga mL. </li><li> Centrifugar a 1600 rpm por 5 min para sedimentar as células. </li><li> Remover o sobrenadante para um tubo limpo e armazenar a -80 ° C. </li><li> Células a serem retrovirally transduzidas são banhados com menos 1,5 x 10 5 células por poço de um prato bem 6 e colocados em uma incubadora umidificada a 37 ° C durante a noite. </li><li> No dia seguinte, remova a mídia a partir de células e add 1 ml do estoque de vírus suplementados com 4 polibrene mL (2 mg / mL) a cada poço. Substituir placas na incubadora. </li><li> Após a incubação por 5-6 horas, adicionar 2 ml de 10% FBS / DMEM a cada poço e as placas são substituídas em 37 ° C inbubator durante a noite. </li><li> No dia seguinte, troque a mídia e permitem que as células 24 horas antes de adicionar apropriados meios seletivos. </li><li> Quando confluentes (que depende da taxa de crescimento das células, e eficiência da transdução retroviral, mas normalmente leva 4-14 dias), trypsinize células e de classificação para as células de fluorescência usando não transduzidas como referência, coletar e piscina com células fluorescência maior que os não-transduzidas células e alíquotas congelar a -80 ° C para uso futuro. </li></ol> 2. Ensaio de invasão inversa Matrigel <ol><li> Descongelar lentamente uma alíquota de Matrigel completa (ou seja, contendo fatores de crescimento) no gelo (Figura 1A). </li><li> Uma vez descongelado, diluído 1:1 em Matrigel gelada PBS (juntamente com quaisquer outros adicionaistratamentos na concentração de 2x na PBS antes da diluição; Figura 1B). Para torná-lo mais fácil de manusear Matrigel antes de polimerização, todos os plasticware (por exemplo, pontas, tubos, etc) deve ser gelada. </li><li> Inserir como muitos 8 micron dos poros de diâmetro 6,5 mm sem revestimento Transwells conforme exigido nos poços de uma placa de cultura de 24 poços de tecido, então, cuidadosamente pipeta 100 l do Matrigel diluída nos poços e deixe incubar por ~ 30 minutos a 37 ° C para solidificar (Figura 1C). </li><li> Durante este tempo, prepare uma ou mais fluorescente marcado suspensões de células, entre 1-4 x 10 5 células por ml, dependendo da linha de células, a partir de cada condição pré-tratados (e. g. SiRNA tratamento de drogas), em seu crescimento normal médio (Figura 1D). </li><li> Quando o Matrigel solidificou, inverter a Transwells e 100 mL de pipeta de suspensão de células para o lado de baixo para cima, de frente para o filtro (Figura 1E). </li><li> Cuidadosamente cobrir o Transwells com a base de um tecido de 24 poçosplaca de cultura, fazer contato com cada gota de suspensão de células (Figura 1F). </li><li> Incubar a placa no estado invertido por 4 horas para permitir a fixação das células (Figura 1G). </li><li> Após este tempo, vire as placas com o lado direito para cima e lavar cada Transwell por seqüenciais de imersão em 2 x 1 ml meio isento de soro (Figura 2A). </li><li> Deixe o Transwells em um terceiro poço contendo qualquer medicamentos ou tratamentos necessários (Figura 2B). </li><li> Pipeta suavemente 100 l de 10% FBS / DMEM acrescido chemoattractant (e. g. EGF a 25 ng / ml) para a Transwell em cima do Matrigel solidificados / mistura PBS, recoloque a tampa e incubar durante 3-5 dias a 37 ° C com 5% de CO 2 (Figura 2C). </li></ol> 3. Coloração e visualização <ol><li> Células que expressam proteínas fluorescentes pode pular os passos abaixo antes de microscopia confocal </li><li> A imagem não fluorescente células invasoras Transwells Matrigel, coloque em pratos frescos 24 ml Pipeta bem e 1 de 4 mMCalceína AM solução mancha no topo de cada ficha Matrigel, permitindo que ele derrame sobre os lados e mancha da parte superior e inferior. Calceína AM (éster acetoxymethyl de calceína) é um corante de células vivas que as células manchas verde inteira e não requer a fixação. </li><li> Incubar 1 hora a 37 ° C em 5% de CO 2 atmosfera húmida, no qual as células ponto são totalmente manchado e pronta para ser fotografada por microscopia confocal. </li><li> Alternativamente, não fluorescente células invasoras Matrigel podem ser fixadas e coradas como descrito abaixo em 3,5-3,9. </li><li> Transfira cada Transwell a uma placa de 24 poços fresco. Sobreposição de 1 ml de 4% para-formaldehyde/0.2% Triton-X 100. </li><li> Incubar à temperatura ambiente por 0,5 horas. </li><li> Remover fixador e lavar 3 vezes com 1 ml de PBS. </li><li> Remover RNA citoplasmático com 30 min de tratamento RNase usando 100 mg / ml RNase. Lavar duas vezes com PBS. </li><li> Para visualização adicionar 0,01 iodeto de propídio mg / ml (PI) diluído em PBS e deixe em temperatura ambiente na dark para 0,5 horas. Lavar 3 vezes com PBS. Nesta fase, PI manchada transwell podem ser mantidos à temperatura ambiente no escuro por pelo menos 1 mês. </li><li> Métodos de imagem precisa por microscopia confocal são dependentes de recursos disponíveis. Usando um microscópio invertido confocal, Transwell lugar com uma pequena quantidade de PBS residual em lamela grande (garantir que não haja bolhas de ar) sobre os não-imersão objetiva X 20 e captura de secções ópticas cada 10-15 M a partir do fundo do plug matrigel. Individuais fatias óptica pode ser utilizada para quantificar a extensão da invasão (Figura 3A) ou a construir em 3-dimensional objetos utilizando software apropriado, como Volocity (Figura 3B). </li></ol> 4. Resultados representante Um exemplo de uma série de fatias Z-óptico é mostrado na Figura 3A. Neste caso, as células foram coradas com calceína AM e do número de células invasoras a partir do filtro pode ser vista a diminuir com a distância. Quantificação de novasion pode ser feito através da análise da proporção de calceína AM pixels positivo para negativo pixels em cada intervalo, ou usando o método de fixação / coloração detalhados acima e contando PI núcleos positivos em cada posição. Uma vantagem de calceína AM coloração é que as reconstruções 3-dimensional de invasão das células podem ser montados usando softwares como o Volocity, dando uma representação visual do modo de invasão (Figura 3B). Se as células são rotulados pela expressão de proteínas fluorescentes, então as posições de cada célula de cor pode ser visualizado em 3-dimensional reconstruções, tanto visto de lado (Figura 3C) ou fazendo fatias através da reconstrução (Figura 3D). <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3525/3525fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Diagrama esquemático das etapas envolvidas na configuração de ensaio de invasão inversa. A) Matrigel ECM descongeladas no gelo. B) Matrigel é diluído 1:1 com PBS contendo qualquer tratamentos com drogas duas vezes na concentração final. C)<html> Insere Transwell são colocados em placas de vários poços, e Matrigel pipetados cada. D) suspensões celulares feitas na concentração desejada. E) Uma vez que o Matrigel definiu, a placa é invertido e removido, as células são banhados no filtro de baixo do Transwell insere. F) Na posição invertida, a placa multicamadas é cuidadosamente colocada sobre Transwell insere, fazendo contato com a suspensão de células. G) As células são autorizados a aderir ao filtro por 4 horas. <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3525/3525fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Continuação do diagrama esquemático para o ensaio de invasão inversa. A) Uma vez que as células aderiram, mergulhe cada Transwell em soro de mídia livre duas vezes para remover as células soltas. B) Coloque Transwell lavados em uma media final, contendo bem mais tratamentos, conforme necessário. C) Mídia contendo chemoattractant (por exemplo, 10% de soro fetal bovino) com os tratamentos, conforme exigido é cuidadosamente em camadas para Matrigel. ent &quot;&gt; <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3525/3525fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Imagens representativas dos resultados de ensaio de invasão inversa. A) seções óptico de células marcadas com calceína AM invadindo Matrigel, tomadas em intervalos de 15 mM por microscopia confocal. B) Reconstrução de uma reconstrução 3-dimensional de invasão de células de uma pilha de confocal Z-series imagens, visto de lado. Reproduzido da referência 10. C) reconstrução tridimensional da GFP e RFP marcado com células invasoras Matrigel visto de lado. D) fatia óptica através da reconstrução 3-dimensional de células GFP e RFP-rotulados. Reproduzido da referência 10.

<ol>
	<li>Olson, M. F., Sahai, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+actin+cytoskeleton+in+cancer+cell+motility.">The actin cytoskeleton in cancer cell motility.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 26, 273-287 (2008).</li><li>Hoelzinger, D. B., Demuth, T., Berens, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autocrine+factors+that+sustain+glioma+invasion+and+paracrine+biology+in+the+brain+microenvironment.">Autocrine factors that sustain glioma invasion and paracrine biology in the brain microenvironment.</a> J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 99, 1583-1593 (2007).</li><li>Chaffer, C. L., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+perspective+on+cancer+cell+metastasis.">A perspective on cancer cell metastasis.</a> Science. 331, 1559-1564 (2011).</li><li>Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Hallmarks+of+Cancer.">The Hallmarks of Cancer.</a> Cell. 100, 57-70 (2000).</li><li>Francia, G., Cruz-Munoz, W., Man, S., Xu, P., Kerbel, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+advanced+spontaneous+metastasis+for+experimental+therapeutics.">Mouse models of advanced spontaneous metastasis for experimental therapeutics.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 11, 135-141 (2011).</li><li>Hooper, S., Marshall, J. F., Sahai, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+cell+migration+in+three+dimensions.">Tumor cell migration in three dimensions.</a> Methods. Enzymol. 406, 625-643 (2006).</li><li>Croft, D. R., Olson, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulating+the+conversion+between+rounded+and+elongated+modes+of+cancer+cell+movement.">Regulating the conversion between rounded and elongated modes of cancer cell movement.</a> Cancer Cell. 14, 349-351 (2008).</li><li>Wolf, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-step+pericellular+proteolysis+controls+the+transition+from+individual+to+collective+cancer+cell+invasion.">Multi-step pericellular proteolysis controls the transition from individual to collective cancer cell invasion.</a> Nat. Cell. Biol. 9, 893-904 (2007).</li><li>Hennigan, R. F., Hawker, K. L., Ozanne, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fos-transformation+activates+genes+associated+with+invasion.">Fos-transformation activates genes associated with invasion.</a> Oncogene. 9, 3591-3600 (1994).</li><li>Scott, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LIM+kinases+are+required+for+invasive+path+generation+by+tumor+and+tumor-associated+stromal+cells.">LIM kinases are required for invasive path generation by tumor and tumor-associated stromal cells.</a> J. Cell. Biol. 191, 169-185 (2010).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Ensaios de invasão Matrigel têm sido tradicionalmente criado com células colocado sobre uma camada de proteínas da matriz extracelular com chemoattractant induzida motilidade para e através de um filtro na parte inferior. Invasão foi classificada como uma função de quantas células podem ser contadas na parte inferior do filtro. Embora praticamente há pouca diferença com o ensaio de invasão &quot;inversa&quot; descrita acima, há consideravelmente mais informações sobre o processo de invasão que pode ser d...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nome do reagente </th><th> Companhia </th><th> Número de catálogo </th></tr><tr><td> DMEM (Medium Modified Dulbecco Eagle) </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 21969 </td></tr><tr><td> Soro fetal bovino </td><td> PAA </td><td> A15-101 </td></tr><tr><td> Estreptomicina penicilina </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 15140 </td></tr><tr><td> 200 mM L-Glutamina (100x) </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 25050-032 </td></tr><tr><td> Puromicina </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P8833 </td></tr><tr><td> 0,05% Tripsina EDTA </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 25300 </td></tr><tr><td> Polibrene </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> AL-118 </td></tr><tr><td> Lipofectamine Reagente 2000 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11668019 </td></tr><tr><td> Transwells 6,5 milímetros, 8,0 mM tamanho dos poros </td><td> Corning </td><td> 3422 </td></tr><tr><td> Matrigel completo </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 354234 </td></tr> &lt;tr&gt; <td> Calceína AM </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> C1430 </td></tr><tr><td> RNase </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 19101 </td></tr><tr><td> Iodeto de propídio </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P4864 </td></tr><tr><td> Confocal microcope </td><td> Leica </td><td> SP2MP </td></tr></tbody></table>

modeling and imaging 3-dimensional collective cell invasion

A característica definidora de malignidade do câncer é a invasão e metástase 1. Em alguns tipos de câncer (e. g. Glioma 2), a invasão local para o tecido saudável é a principal causa de doença e morte. Para outros tipos de câncer (e. g. Pulmão, mama, etc.), É o processo de metástase, em que as células tumorais se mover de uma massa do tumor primário, colonizar locais distal e, finalmente, contribuir para a falência de órgãos, que eventualmente leva à morbidade e mortalidade 3. Estima-se que a invasão e metástases são responsáveis ​​por 90% das mortes por câncer 4. Como resultado, tem havido grande interesse em identificar os processos moleculares e mediadores de proteína crítica de invasão e metástase para fins de diagnóstico e tratamento melhorando a 5. Um desafio para os cientistas é o desenvolvimento de câncer de ensaios de invasão que se assemelham bastante a situação in vivo empara permitir a modelagem exata da doença 6. Bidimensional ensaios motilidade celular são apenas informativos sobre um aspecto da invasão e não levam em conta remodelação proteína de matriz extracelular (ECM), que também é um elemento crítico. Recentemente, pesquisas têm refinado a nossa compreensão de invasão das células tumorais e revelou que células individuais pode mover-se por modos alongadas ou arredondadas 7. Além disso, tem havido maior valorização da contribuição de invasão coletiva, na qual as células invadem em fios, chapas e aglomerados, principalmente em tumores altamente diferenciados que mantêm características epiteliais, para a propagação do câncer 8. Nós apresentamos um método refinado 9 para examinar as contribuições de proteínas candidatas à invasão coletiva 10. Em particular, piscinas de engenharia separadas de células para expressar diferentes proteínas fluorescentes, é possível dissecar molecularmente as atividades e Proteins necessária em células líder versus aqueles exigidos nas células seguintes. O uso de RNAi fornece a ferramenta molecular para desmontar experimentalmente os processos envolvidos na invasão de células individuais, bem como em diferentes posições de invasão coletiva. Neste procedimento, as misturas de células fluorescente-etiquetados são banhados no fundo de uma inserção de Transwell previamente preenchido com Matrigel proteína ECM, então permissão para invadir &quot;para cima&quot; através do filtro e no Matrigel. Reconstrução de pilhas z-series imagem, obtida por imagem confocal, em representações tridimensionais permite a visualização de fios coletivamente invadindo e análise da representação das células fluorescente-etiquetadas na liderança contra seguintes posições.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion at JoVE.com

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

Modelos de invasão das células tumorais em três dimensões da matriz extracelular melhor refletir a<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Situação do que os ensaios bidimensionais motilidade. Usando ensaios matriz invasão combinada com imagem confocal de células fluorescente-etiquetados, informações detalhadas sobre os modos de invasão e as contribuições distintas de líder contra seguintes células podem ser obtidas.

Modelagem e imagem 3-Dimensional Invasion cela coletiva

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

modeling-and-imaging-3-dimensional-collective-cell-invasion

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.6K visualizações.  University of Strathclyde. Modelos de invasão das células tumorais em três dimensões da matriz extracelular melhor refletir a In vivo Situação do que os ensaios bidimensionais motilidade. Usando ensaios matriz invasão combinada com imagem confocal de células fluorescente-etiquetados, informações detalhadas sobre os modos de invasão e as contribuições distintas de líder contra seguintes células podem ser obtidas.

Vídeo: Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotão imagem de invasão das células tumorais em um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de carcinoma epidermóide oral

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Medicina

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&#946;-induced Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis at later stage1,2. Moreover, TGF-&beta; is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and its expression correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis 3,4. The mechanisms by which TGF-&beta; induces invasion are not well understood.
TGF-&beta; elicits its cellular responses via TGF-&beta; type II (T&beta;RII) and type I (T&beta;RI) receptors. Upon TGF-&beta;-induced heteromeric complex formation, T&beta;RII phosphorylates the T&beta;RI. The activated T&beta;RI initiates its intracellular canonical signaling pathway by phosphorylating receptor Smads (R-Smads), i.e. Smad2 and Smad3. These activated R-Smads form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, which accumulate in the nucleus and regulate the transcription of target genes5. In addition to the previously described Smad pathway, receptor activation results in activation of several other non-Smad signaling pathways, for example Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways6.
To study the role of TGF-&beta; in different stages of breast cancer, we made use of the MCF10A cell system. This system consists of spontaneously immortalized MCF10A1 (M1) breast epithelial cells7, the H-RAS transformed M1-derivative MCF10AneoT (M2), which produces premalignant lesions in mice8, and the M2-derivative MCF10CA1a (M4), which was established from M2 xenografts and forms high grade carcinomas with the ability to metastasize to the lung9. This MCF10A series offers the possibility to study the responses of cells with different grades of malignancy that are not biased by a different genetic background.
For the analysis of TGF-&beta;-induced invasion, we generated homotypic MCF10A spheroid cell cultures embedded in a 3D collagen matrix in vitro (Fig 1). Such models closely resemble human tumors in vivo by establishing a gradient of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in active and invasive cells on the outside and quiescent or even necrotic cells in the inside of the spheroid10. Spheroid based assays have also been shown to better recapitulate drug resistance than monolayer cultures11. This MCF10 3D model system allowed us to investigate the impact of TGF-&beta; signaling on the invasive properties of breast cells in different stages of malignancy.

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&amp;#946;-induced Invasion

An assay to quantitatively measure Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-&#x03B2;-induced invasion in 3-dimensional collagen gels is described. This assay takes advantage of the MCF10A series of cell lines, which represent different stages of breast cancer development. This method can be adopted to be used with other cell lines and might be used to investigate other potential activators or inhibitors of invasion.

Ensaio esferóide para TGF-β Medida induzida Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis ...

3-Dimensional Resin Casting and Imaging of Mouse Portal Vein or Intrahepatic Bile Duct System

In organs, the correct architecture of vascular and ductal structures is indispensable for proper physiological function, and the formation and maintenance of these structures is a highly regulated process. The analysis of these complex, 3-dimensional structures has greatly depended on either 2-dimensional examination in section or on dye injection studies. These techniques, however, are not able to provide a complete and quantifiable representation of the ductal or vascular structures they are intended to elucidate. Alternatively, the nature of 3-dimensional plastic resin casts generates a permanent snapshot of the system and is a novel and widely useful technique for visualizing and quantifying 3-dimensional structures and networks.
A crucial advantage of the resin casting system is the ability to determine the intact and connected, or communicating, structure of a blood vessel or duct. The structure of vascular and ductal networks are crucial for organ function, and this technique has the potential to aid study of vascular and ductal networks in several ways. Resin casting may be used to analyze normal morphology and functional architecture of a luminal structure, identify developmental morphogenetic changes, and uncover morphological differences in tissue architecture between normal and disease states. Previous work has utilized resin casting to study, for example, architectural and functional defects within the mouse intrahepatic bile duct system that were not reflected in 2-dimensional analysis of the structure1,2, alterations in brain vasculature of a Alzheimer's disease mouse model3, portal vein abnormalities in portal hypertensive and cirrhotic mice4, developmental steps in rat lymphatic maturation between immature and adult lungs5, immediate microvascular changes in the rat liver, pancreas, and kidney in response in to chemical injury6.
Here we present a method of generating a 3-dimensional resin cast of a mouse vascular or ductal network, focusing specifically on the portal vein and intrahepatic bile duct. These casts can be visualized by clearing or macerating the tissue and can then be analyzed. This technique can be applied to virtually any vascular or ductal system and would be directly applicable to any study inquiring into the development, function, maintenance, or injury of a 3-dimensional ductal or vascular structure.

A method of visualizing and quantifying the 3-dimensional structure of mouse hepatic portal vein or intrahepatic bile duct is described. This resin cast technique can also be applied to other ductal or vascular systems and allows for in situ visualization or quantification of a system's intact communicating architecture.

3-Dimensional Fundição de resina e Imagem da Veia Rato Portal ou Sistema intra-hepática Duto Biliar

In  organs, the correct architecture of vascular and ductal structures is  indispensable for proper physiological function, and the formation and  ...

Molecular Imaging to Target Transplanted Muscle Progenitor Cells

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration1, 2. In patients, the ability of resident muscle satellite cells (SCs) to regenerate damaged myofibers becomes increasingly inefficient4. Therefore, transplantation of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs)/myoblasts from healthy subjects is a promising therapeutic approach to DMD. A major limitation to the use of stem cell therapy, however, is a lack of reliable imaging technologies for long-term monitoring of implanted cells, and for evaluating its effectiveness. Here, we describe a non-invasive, real-time approach to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation. This method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes (firefly luciferase [fluc], monomeric red fluorescent protein [mrfp] and sr39 thymidine kinase [sr39tk]) whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities9, 10. A variety of imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, and high frequency 3D-ultrasound are now available, each with unique advantages and limitations11. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) studies, for example, have the advantage of being relatively low cost and high-throughput. It is for this reason that, in this study, we make use of the firefly luciferase (fluc) reporter gene sequence contained within the fusion gene and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for the short-term localization of viable C2C12 myoblasts following implantation into a mouse model of DMD (muscular dystrophy on the X chromosome [mdx] mouse)12-14. Importantly, BLI provides us with a means to examine the kinetics of labeled MPCs post-implantation, and will be useful to track cells repeatedly over time and following migration. Our reporter gene approach further allows us to merge multiple imaging modalities in a single living subject; given the tomographic nature, fine spatial resolution and ability to scale up to larger animals and humans10,11, PET will form the basis of future work that we suggest may facilitate rapid translation of methods developed in cells to preclinical models and to clinical applications.

A non-invasive means to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation is described. The method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities. Here, we make use of a fluc reporter gene sequence to target cells via bioluminescence imaging.

Imagem Molecular para atingir as células progenitoras transplantadas musculares

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle ...

Generation and 3-Dimensional Quantitation of Arterial Lesions in Mice Using Optical Projection Tomography

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating important information on the pathogenesis of lesion formation and the action of novel therapies. Use of atherosclerosis-prone mice, surgical methods of lesion induction, and dietary modification has dramatically improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and the potential of new treatments.
Classically, analysis of lesions is performed ex vivo using 2-dimensional histological techniques. This article describes application of optical projection tomography (OPT) to 3-dimensional quantitation of arterial lesions. As this technique is non-destructive, it can be used as an adjunct to standard histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
Neointimal lesions were induced by wire-insertion or ligation of the mouse femoral artery whilst atherosclerotic lesions were generated by administration of an atherogenic diet to apoE-deficient mice.
Lesions were examined using OPT imaging of autofluorescent emission followed by complementary histological and immunohistochemical analysis. OPT clearly distinguished lesions from the underlying vascular wall. Lesion size was calculated in 2-dimensional sections using planimetry, enabling calculation of lesion volume and maximal cross-sectional area. Data generated using OPT were consistent with measurements obtained using histology, confirming the accuracy of the technique and its potential as a complement (rather than alternative) to traditional methods of analysis.
This work demonstrates the potential of OPT for imaging atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions. It provides a rapid, much needed ex vivo technique for the routine 3-dimensional quantification of vascular remodelling.

Ex vivo analysis of arterial lesions from animal models of cardiovascular disease classically relies on histological and immunohistochemical techniques. These provide 2-dimensional measurements in 3-dimensional lesions. This manuscript describes the generation of arterial lesions for quantitative analysis in 3-dimensions using optical projection tomography.

Geração e quantificação 3-Dimensional de Arterial lesões em ratos por meio de tomografia óptica de Projeção

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating ...

Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts

Invading colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have acquired the capacity to break free from their sister cells, infiltrate the stroma, and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM). Characterizing the biology of this phenotypically distinct group of cells could substantially improve our understanding of early events during the metastatic cascade.

Tumor invasion is a dynamic process facilitated by bidirectional interactions between malignant epithelium and the cancer associated stroma. In order to examine cell-specific responses at the tumor stroma-interface we have combined organotypic co-culture and laser micro-dissection techniques.
Organotypic models, in which key stromal constituents such as fibroblasts are 3-dimentioanally co-cultured with cancer epithelial cells, are highly manipulatable experimental tools which enable invasion and cancer-stroma interactions to be studied in near-physiological conditions.

Laser microdissection (LMD) is a technique which entails the surgical dissection and extraction of the various strata within tumor tissue, with micron level precision.
By combining these techniques with genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling we aim to develop a deeper understanding of the molecular characteristics of invading tumor cells and surrounding stromal tissue, and in doing so potentially reveal novel biomarkers and opportunities for drug development in CRC.&#160;&#160;&#160;

Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts

Molecular profiling of laser microdissected cells and stroma from synthetic, tissue-engineered colorectal cancer models represents a novel and manipulatable approach to characterize and dissect the distinctive biology at the interface between tumor cells at the invasive front and cancer associated stromal cells. &#160;

Profiling Molecular do microambiente do tumor invasivo em um modelo 3-Dimensional de células de câncer colorretal e<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Os fibroblastos

Invading colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have acquired the capacity to break free from their sister cells, infiltrate the stroma, and remodel the ...

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the actual molecules towards which the cells migrate remain elusive. This modified invasion assay has been developed to identify targets which drive cell migration and invasion. This technique compares the invasion index under three conditions to determine whether a specific hormone, growth factor, or cytokine plays a role in mediating the invasive potential of a cancer cell. These conditions include i) normal fetal bovine serum (FBS), ii) charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), which removes hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and iii) CS-FBS + molecule (denoted &#8220;X&#8221;). A significant change in cell invasion with CS-FBS as compared to FBS, indicates the involvement of hormones, cytokines or growth factors in mediating the change. Individual molecules can then be added back to CS-FBS to assay their ability to reverse or rescue the invasion phenotype. Furthermore, two or more factors can be combined to evaluate the additive or synergistic effects of multiple molecules in driving or inhibiting invasion. Overall, this method enables the investigator to determine whether hormones, cytokines, and/or growth factors play a role in cell invasion by serving as chemoattractants or inhibitors of invasion for a particular type of cancer cell or a specific mutant. By identifying specific chemoattractants and inhibitors, this modified invasion assay may help to elucidate signaling pathways that direct cancer cell invasion.

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

A modificação<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Invasion Ensaio para determinar o possível papel dos hormônios, citocinas e / ou fatores de crescimento na Cancer Mediating Invasion celular

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (mRCC) in Mice Following Nephrectomy

One of the key challenges to improved testing of new experimental therapeutics in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the development of models that faithfully recapitulate early- and late-stage metastatic disease progression. Typical tumor implantation models utilize ectopic or orthotopic primary tumor implantation, but few include systemic spontaneous metastatic disease that mimics the clinical setting. This protocol describes the key steps to develop RCC disease progression stages similar to patients. First, it uses a highly metastatic mouse tumor cell line in a syngeneic model to show orthotopic tumor cell implantation. Methods include superficial and internal implantation into the sub-capsular space with cells combined with matrigel to prevent leakage and early spread. Next it describes the procedures for excision of tumor-bearing kidney (nephrectomy), with critical pre- and post- surgical mouse care. Finally, it outlines the steps necessary to monitor and assess micro-and macro-metastatic disease progression, including bioluminescent imaging as well provides a detailed visual necropsy guide to score systemic disease distribution. The goal of this protocol description is to facilitate the widespread use of clinically relevant metastatic RCC models to improve the predictive value of future therapeutic testing.&#160;

Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma mRCC in Mice Following Nephrectomy

Models of spontaneous metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) disease progression can be used for evaluating treatments in a clinically relevant setting. This protocol demonstrates different procedures for orthotopic kidney tumor cell implantation, proper nephrectomy, and finally outlines a necropsy guide for visual and bioluminescent scoring of metastatic burden and localization.

Modelagem espontânea metastático carcinoma de células renais (mRCC) em ratos após nefrectomia

One of the key challenges to improved testing of new experimental therapeutics in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the development of models that faithfully ...

Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling

The generation of patient-specific cell lines represents an invaluable tool for diagnostic or translational research, and these cells can be collected from skin or muscle biopsy tissue available during the patient&#8217;s diagnostic workup. In this protocol, we describe a technique for live cell isolation from small amounts of muscle or skin tissue for primary cell culture. Additionally, we provide a technique for the immortalization of myogenic cell lines and fibroblast cell lines from primary cells. Once cell lines are immortalized, substantial expansion of patient-derived cells can be achieved. Immortalized cells are amenable to many downstream applications, including drug screening and in vitro correction of the genetic mutation. Altogether, these protocols provide a reliable tool to generate and preserve patient-derived cells for downstream applications.

This protocol describes techniques for live cell isolation and primary culture of myogenic and fibroblast cell lines from muscle or skin tissue. A technique for the immortalization of these cell lines is also described. Altogether, these protocols provide a reliable tool to generate and preserve patient-derived cells for downstream applications.

Isolamento e Imortalidade de linhas celulares derivadas do paciente a partir de biópsia muscular para a doença Modeling

The generation of patient-specific cell lines represents an invaluable tool for diagnostic or translational research, and these cells can be collected ...

A Cancer Cell Spheroid Assay to Assess Invasion in a 3D Setting

The invasive nature of cancer cell lines is thought to correlate with their metastatic potential. Most traditional assays, however, do not examine these invasive features in a three-dimensional environment and the resulting data suffer from reduced biological applicability. Here an approach is presented to visualize the invasive ability of cell lines in a physiologically relevant setting. The cancer cell spheroid invasion assay first utilizes gravity to generate spheroids within drops of media that hang from the lid of a cell culture dish. Next, these spheroids are embedded in a 3D matrix consisting of a mixture of basement membrane materials and type I collagen. Cancer cell egression from the spheroids into the surrounding matrix is then monitored over time. The method described here can be modified to examine invasion after coculture of different cell types, inclusion of drugs/inhibitors, or alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents.

This method evaluates cancer cell invasion from spheroids into a surrounding 3D matrix. Spheroids are generated via the hanging drop culture method and then embedded in a matrix comprised of basement membrane materials and type I collagen. Invasion out of the spheroids is subsequently monitored.

A Cancer Cell Spheroid Ensaio para avaliar a invasão em um ambiente 3D

The invasive nature of cancer cell lines is thought to correlate with their metastatic potential.  Most traditional assays, however, do not examine these ...