Name: a cgmp-applicable expansion method for aggregates of human neural stem and progenitor cells derived from pluripotent stem cells or fetal brain tissue
Uploaded: 2014-06-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue at JoVE.

We thank Dr. Soshana Svendsen for critical review and editing of this report.&#160; This work was contributed to by the NIH/NINDS 1U24NS078370-01 and CIRM DR2A-05320.

1. Ethical Statement and Safety
<ol>
	<li>This procedure involves the use of cell culture products derived from humans or animals. All derived tissues must be approved before use by the appropriate Institutional Review Board(s) and/or the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(s).</li>
	<li>All bio-hazardous waste must be disposed of according to safety regulations decided upon by the respective institution. Know and follow all of the apposite safety and disposal guidelines throughout this procedure.</li>
</ol>
<p...

<img alt="Figure 6" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51219/51219fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> 
Figure 6.&#160;Chopping Schematic. Expanding spheroid stem/progenitor cells in culture using the mechanical chopping method.
Critical Steps
An overview of the chopping expansion paradigm is shown in Figure 6. hNPC sphere size is one of the important criteria to observe before passag...

A correction was made to <a href="/video/51219">A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue</a>. The corresponding author was changed from:
Brandon C. Shelley 
to:
Clive Svendsen

A correction was made to <a href="/video/51219">A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue</a>. The corresponding author was changed.

Erratum: A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

There is a long history of expanding rodent neural stem cells in culture as either a monolayer1-3 or aggregate neurospheres4-7. In addition, human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) isolated from various regions of the developing central nervous system8-17 have been expanded in vitro. These cells are bi-potent, capable of differentiating into both astrocytes and neurons and have been a very useful tool in studying neural development18,19 and disease mechanism20,21. hNPCs have also been transplanted into many different animal models of central nervous system disease with varying levels of integration, survival and functional effects22-24.
Traditionally, rodent or human fetal-derived NPCs are exposed to growth factors &#8211; often epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/or fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)25-28 &#8211; and both adherent29 and three-dimensional spheroid systems are typically passaged using enzymatic dissociation into a single-cell suspension30-34. The standard method to expand cells for research or clinical use is as an adherent monolayer due to easy manipulation. However, we have shown that passaging monolayer and neurosphere hNPCs with enzymatic or chemical solutions resulted in early senescence35. In addition, enzymatic dissociation may result in increased levels of differentiation and karyotypic abnormalities based on data demonstrated with embryonic stem cells36-38. Although the standard method of passaging hNPCs has produced current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) grade products that have gone into phase 1 clinical trials (Stem Cells Inc., Neuralstem Inc.), the method permitted only a few rounds of cell amplification, limiting the banking potential.
Clearly, large research experiments and future clinical trials could benefit from the ability to propagate cells in bulk and with delayed senescence to permit large-scale growth and cell banking. To address this need, we developed a novel and automated way of mechanically passaging intact neurospheres by &#8220;chopping&#8221; them into small clusters to maintain cell-to-cell contact. This method greatly increased their lifespan39 and suspension culture permits a more efficient use of incubator space compared to monolayer cultures, as seen with an alternative 3D bioreactor culture method40. The provided chopping protocol allows for the production of large-scale banks from one fetal sample greater than passage 10, an unlikely feat using standard passaging methods. While this method for passaging hNPCs is unconventional, it is growing in popularity and was recently, published with other cell types such as neural stem cells derived from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, enabling large scale expansion for various applications including in vitro disease modeling41-46. Importantly, a cGMP-grade hNPC cell bank has already been produced with the chopping method, demonstrating that the technique can be applied towards future clinical applications.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1230">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Beaker, 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>FB-100-50</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Bio-Safety Cabinet, class II</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Baker</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SG-603A</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">4 ft. or 6 ft. model.&#160; 6 ft. model recommended; multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Blades, Double-edge Prep</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Personna</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">74-0002</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers.&#160; CAUTION: Sharp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Cell Freezing Media</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">C6295-50ML</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">DMSO, serum-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Centrifuge, swing-bucket with 15 mL inserts</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5810 R</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Conical Tubes, 15 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">S50712</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Conical Tubes, 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">352074</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Controlled Rate Freezer</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Planer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Kryo 750</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Cryovials, 2 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">430488</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Culture Flask, Vented, T12.5</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">353107</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Culture Flask, Vented, T25</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">353081</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Culture Flask, Vented, T175</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">353045</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Culture Flask, Vented, T75&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">353110</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter, 0.22 &#181;m, attached cup, 1 L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCGPU11RE</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter, 0.22 &#181;m, attached cup, 150 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCGVU01RE</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter, 0.22 &#181;m, attached cup, 500 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCGPU05RE</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter, 0.22 &#181;m, attached cup, 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCGP00525</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Filter Paper, 8.5 cm circles</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Whatman/GE</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1001-085</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Forceps, Standard Pattern - Serrated/Curved/18 cm</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">11001-18</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Freezing Chamber, Isopropyl Alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5100-0001</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">&#34;Mr. Frosty&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Incubator, 37&#176;C/5% CO2</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Forma</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">370 series</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Hemacytometer, Phase</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">1475</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">McIlwain Tissue Chopper</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Lafayette Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">TC752-PD</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">&#160;Petri dish modification required.&#160;&#160; CAUTION:&#160; Moving, sharp blade.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Micropipettor, 1 - 10 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">F144562</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Micropipettor, 100 - 1000 &#956;L (starter kit)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">F167700</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Micropipettor, 2 - 20 &#956;L (starter kit)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">F167700</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Micropipettor, 20 - 200 &#956;L (starter kit)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">F167700</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nutdriver, Autoclavable, 5/16&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Steritool</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">10302</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pasteur Pipets, cotton-plugged</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-678-8B</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Petri Dish, Glass, Autoclavable</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3160-100</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Pipet Aid</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Drummond</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">4-000-101</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Shim disc</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">VARIABLE</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile barrier pipet tips, 10 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AvantGuard</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AV10R-H</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile barrier pipet tips, 1000 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AvantGuard</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AV1000</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile barrier pipet tips, 20 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AvantGuard</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AV20-H</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile barrier pipet tips, 200 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AvantGuard</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AV200-H</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile Disposable pipettes, all-plastic wrap, 10 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-676-10J</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile Disposable pipettes, all-plastic wrap, 2 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-675-3C</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile Disposable pipettes, all-plastic wrap, 25 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-676-10K</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterile Disposable pipettes, all-plastic wrap, 5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">13-676-10H</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Sterilization Pouches, 19 x 33 cm</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Crosstex</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SCL</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:479px;">Strainer, 40 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">352340</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Tissue Culture Dishes, 60 mm</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">351007</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Tube Racks, Interlocking Four-Way</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">03-448-17</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Water Bath</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>S52602Q</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Neural Progenitor Cell-Specific Processing Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Neural Stem Cell Expansion Medium (Stemline)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">S3194-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">Important to use the Stemline brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">GF316</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Recombinant Human Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">LIF1010</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">Trypan Blue (0.4%)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">T8154-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:464px;">multiple manufacturers/suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:479px;">TrypLE Select (1X)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">12563-011</td>
			<td style="width:464px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a cgmp-applicable expansion method for aggregates of human neural stem and progenitor cells derived from pluripotent stem cells or fetal brain tissue

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the stem cell community. Many current expansion methods are laborious and costly, and those involving complete dissociation may cause several stem and progenitor cell types to undergo differentiation or early senescence. To overcome these problems, we have developed an automated mechanical passaging method referred to as &#8220;chopping&#8221; that is simple and inexpensive. This technique avoids chemical or enzymatic dissociation into single cells and instead allows for the large-scale expansion of suspended, spheroid cultures that maintain constant cell/cell contact. The chopping method has primarily been used for fetal brain-derived neural progenitor cells or neurospheres, and has recently been published for use with neural stem cells derived from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. The procedure involves seeding neurospheres onto a tissue culture Petri dish and subsequently passing a sharp, sterile blade through the cells effectively automating the tedious process of manually mechanically dissociating each sphere. Suspending cells in culture provides a favorable surface area-to-volume ratio; as over 500,000 cells can be grown within a single neurosphere of less than 0.5 mm in diameter. In one T175 flask, over 50 million cells can grow in suspension cultures compared to only 15 million in adherent cultures. Importantly, the chopping procedure has been used under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP), permitting mass quantity production of clinical-grade cell products.

<img alt="Figure 5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51219/51219fig5highres.jpg" width="500" /> 
Figure 5.&#160;Representative data. A) Projected cell numbers of hNPCs frozen at p19, then thawed and expanded as an adherent monolayer using enzymatic dissociation compared to neurospheres passaged via the chopping method. Day 0 represents when the cells were thawed at p20. B) Representative images of spheres pre-chop, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue at JoVE.

A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

This protocol describes a novel mechanical chopping method that allows the expansion of spherical neural stem and progenitor cell aggregates without dissociation to a single cell suspension.&#160; Maintaining cell/cell contact allows rapid and stable growth for over 40 passages.

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Neural-Colony Forming Cell Assay: An Assay To Discriminate Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells from Neural Progenitor Cells

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). ...

Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ...

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Progenitor-derived Oligodendrocyte Culture System from Human Fetal Brain

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

Identifying Cell Surface Markers of Primary Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells by Metabolic Labeling of Sialoglycan

Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are the cellular basis for the complex structures and functions of the brain. They are located in specialized ...

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to develop ex vivo cellular models ...