Funding was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SPP1230, grant of the Tumor Center Heidelberg/Mannheim), by the Bundesministerium f&#252;r Bildung und Forschung (iGene), by the VIth + VIIth Framework Programs of the European Commission (CONSERT, CLINIGENE and PERSIST). We thank Ina Kutschera for demonstrating the protocol technique in the video.

1. Preparação de Linker Cassetes (LC) <ol><li> Misturar 40 ul de oligonucleótido LC1 (Tabela 1), 40 ul de oligonucleótido LC2 (Tabela 1, com a enzima de restrição adequada saliência), 110 ul de Tris-HCl (100 mM, pH 7,5), e 10 ul de 250 mM MgCl2. </li><li> Incubar a 95 ° C durante 5 minutos e deixar a reacção arrefecer lentamente até à temperatura ambiente. Adicionar 300 ul de H2O e concentrar dsLinker-ADN num filtro de centrifugação. Adicionar 80 ul de H 2 O para o produto de eluição e uma alíquota de 10 ul de cassete de ligação preparados em tubos de 0,2 PCR. </li></ol> 2. Pré-amplificação do genoma do vetor Junções <ol><li> Para cada amostra a ser analisada preparar uma reacção de PCR de 50 uL. <ol><li> Determinar a concentração de amostras de DNA. Pipeta x ul (1-1,000 ng para LAM/100-1, 000 ng para nrLAM) de DNA para um tubo de PCR de 0,2 ml. Volume de ADN deve ser igual em cada uma das amostras e no range de 0,5 a 25 ul. </li><li> Prepare PCR master mix como descrito na Tabela 2 Mistura (50 - x). Ul da mistura principal em cada amostra de DNA em 0,2 ml de tubos de PCR. </li></ol></li><li> Preamplify vector junções do genoma utilizando condições de PCR exemplificados na Tabela 2. Após conclusão da PCR adicionar 0,5 ul de Taq polimerase a cada tubo de PCR e PCR reprise programa. Os produtos da PCR pode ser armazenada a 4 ° C durante até 4 dias, ou a longo prazo a -20 ° C. </li></ol> 3. Separação Magnética de PCR Produto <ol><li> Preparação de esferas magnéticas <ol><li> Pipetar 20 ul (200 ug) de pérolas magnéticas revestidas com estreptavidina em um tubo de 1,5 ml e expor durante 1 min sobre o separador de partículas magnético (MPS), à temperatura ambiente. Elimine o sobrenadante. </li><li> Retire os tubos de MPS e ressuspender as esferas magnéticas em 40 ul PSB / 0,1% de BSA (pH 7,5). Expor a MPS por 1 min e descartar o sobrenadante. Repita este passo uma vez. </li><li> Lavar contas wiº 20 ul de uma solução M de LiCl três (3 M LiCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, EDTA 1 mM) para expor MPS durante 1 min e rejeitar o sobrenadante. Grânulos Ressuspender em 50 ul de solução 6 M de LiCl (6 M de LiCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, EDTA 1 mM). </li></ol></li><li> Misturar toda a reacção de PCR, a partir do passo 2.2 com 50 uL de pérolas magnéticas preparadas. Incubar num agitador horizontal (300 rpm), pelo menos durante 2 horas à temperatura ambiente. Este passo permite a ligação do produto de PCR biotinilado com estreptavidina (esferas revestidas com complexos de ADN-grânulo). Complexo de cordão de ADN pode ser incubado num agitador durante a noite ou armazenado a 4 ° C durante até 4 dias. </li><li> Expor complexo ADN-Bead a MPS durante 1 min, à temperatura ambiente, remover o sobrenadante e ressuspender complexo ADN-grânulo em 100 mL de H 2 O. Proceder imediatamente com a etapa 4 para LAM ou o passo 5 para nrLAM. </li></ol> 4. LAM-Processo <ol><li> Duplo Strand DNA (dsDNA) Síntese (apenas LAM) <ol><li> Expor complexo ADN-grânulo a partir do passo 3.3 a MPS durante 1 min e dissobrenadante cartão. Adicionar 8,25 mL de H2O, 1 ml de 10x tampão hexanucleotide, 0,25 ul de dNTPs (10 mM) e 0,5 mL (2 L), a polimerase de Klenow. Incubar a 37 ° C durante 1 hora. </li><li> Adicionar 90 mL de H 2 O e expor a MPS para 1 min. Elimine o sobrenadante e ressuspender complexo DNA-Bead em 100 mL de H 2 O. </li></ol></li><li> Restrição Digest <ol><li> Expor complexo ADN-Bead a MPS durante 1 min e descartar o sobrenadante. Adicionar 8,5 mL de H2O, 1 ml de 10x tampão de enzima de restrição e 0,5 ul de enzima de restrição e reacção incubar durante 1 hora. Repita o passo 4.1.2. NOTA: Incubar reacção à temperatura recomendada pelo fabricante da enzima de restrição. Certifique-se de que não há nenhum local de restrição presente dentro ou a jusante do local de ligação do iniciador utilizado para a pré-amplificação do ADN de interesse. Para escolha de combinações de enzimas enzimas de restrição / restrição adequados referem-se a 9. </li></ol></li><li> Ligadura de ds Linker (LK) <ol><li> Expor complexo ADN-Bead a MPS durante 1 min e descartar o sobrenadante. Adicionar 5 mL de H2O, 1 ml de 10x tampão FastLink, 1 ul de ATP (10 mM), 2 uL cassete Linker do passo 1.2, e 1 ul Fast-ligação do ADN ligase (2 U / mL). Incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 5 min. Repita o passo 4.1.2. </li></ol></li><li> A desnaturação de Sintetizado dsDNA <ol><li> Expor complexo ADN-Bead a MPS durante 1 min e descartar o sobrenadante. Ressuspender o complexo de ADN-grânulo em 5 mL de NaOH 0,1 N. Incubar 5 minutos à temperatura ambiente num agitador horizontal. </li><li> Expor complexo DNA-Talão a MPS por 1 min e recolher junção vetor do genoma pré-amplificado contendo sobrenadante em novo tubo de 1,5 ml. Proceder imediatamente com a etapa 6 ou loja sobrenadante a -20 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. NrLAM-Procedimento <ol><li> Ligadura de único vinculador encalhado (SSLC) (nrLAM apenas) <ol><li> Expor complexo DNA-Bead a partir do passo 3.3 para MPSpor 1 min e elimine o sobrenadante. Adicionar 6,5 mL de H 2 O, 1 ul CircLigase 10x tampão de reacção, 0,5 mL de MnCl2 (50 mM), 0,5 ul de ATP (1 mM), 1 ul ssLinker oligonucleótido e 0,5 ul CircLigase (100 U / ul). Incubar a 60 ° C durante 1 hora. </li><li> Adicionar 90 mL de H 2 O e expor a MPS para 1 min. Elimine o sobrenadante e lava-se complexo de ADN-grânulo em 100 mL de H 2 O. Novamente expor a MPS para 1 min, o sobrenadante e ressuspender o descarte complexo ADN-grânulo em 10 mL de H 2 O. </li></ol></li></ol> 6. Exponencial de amplificação I <ol><li> Para cada amostra a ser analisada preparar uma reacção de PCR de 50 uL. <ol><li> Pipeta 2 ul de DNA molde (a partir do passo 4.4.2 (LAM) ou 5.1.2 (nrLAM)) dentro de um tubo de PCR de 0,2 ml. </li><li> Prepare PCR master mix como descrito na Tabela 3. Adicionar 48 ul de mistura principal para cada amostra a partir do passo 6.1.1 e amplificar vectores junções do genoma por PCR condins exemplificados na Tabela 3. produtos de PCR pode ser armazenada a 4 ° C durante até 4 dias, ou a longo prazo a -20 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 7. Separação Magnética de PCR Produto <ol><li> Prepare a esferas magnéticas como exemplificado nos passos 3.1.1 - 3.1.3. Grânulos Ressuspender em 20 ul (para LAM) ou 50 ul (para nrLAM) de solução 6 M de LiCl (6 M de LiCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, EDTA 1 mM). Misturar 20 ul (LAM) ou 50 ul (nrLAM) de reacção de PCR a partir do passo 6.1.2 com esferas magnéticas preparadas (passo 7.1) e incuba-se num agitador horizontal (300 rpm) durante 2 horas à temperatura ambiente. Complexo de cordão de ADN pode ser incubado num agitador durante a noite ou armazenado a 4 ° C durante até 4 dias. </li><li> Expor complexo ADN-grânulo de MPS para 1 min, remover o sobrenadante e ressuspender complexo ADN-grânulo em 100 mL de H 2 O. Expor complexo ADN-Bead a MPS durante 1 min e descartar o sobrenadante. </li><li> Ressuspender o complexo de ADN-grânulo em 20 ul (LAM) ou 5 mL (nrLAM) NaOH 0,1 N. INCUbate por 10 minutos à temperatura ambiente num agitador horizontal, expor a MPS para 1 min e coletar DNA contendo sobrenadante amplificado em novo tubo de 1,5 ml. Proceder de imediato com o passo 8.1 ou loja sobrenadante a -20 ° C. </li></ol> 8. Exponencial de amplificação II <ol><li> Para cada amostra a ser analisada preparar uma reacção de PCR de 50 uL. <ol><li> Pipeta 2 ul de DNA molde (a partir do passo 7.3) a um tubo de PCR de 0,2 ml. </li><li> Prepare PCR master mix como descrito na Tabela 4. Adicionar 48 ul de mistura principal para cada amostra a partir do passo 8.1.1 e amplificar vectores junções do genoma por condições de PCR exemplificados na Tabela 4. Produtos de PCR pode ser armazenada a 4 ° C durante até 4 dias ou a longo prazo a -20 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Para visualizar (nr) produtos LAM-PCR, carga de 10 ul do produto de PCR a partir do passo 8.1.2 em um gel de agarose a 2%. Se as bandas são visíveis, analisar 10 ul do produto a LAM-PCR em gel de alta resolução. CUIDADO: Etbrometo hidium é mutagênico. Trabalhe com muito cuidado e sempre usar luvas apropriadas. </li></ol> 9. Preparação de alta capacidade Seqüenciamento <ol><li> Purificação de (nr) produtos LAM-PCR <ol><li> Misture 40 mL PCR-produto da etapa 8.1.2 com 44 l de temperatura ambiente AMPure XP esferas magnéticas. Incubar 5 minutos à temperatura ambiente e expor a MPS durante mais 2 min. </li><li> Elimine o sobrenadante e lava-se duas vezes com 200 ul de EtOH a 70% sobre as MPS. </li><li> Descartar o sobrenadante e ressuspender o complexo de ADN-grânulo em 30 mL de H 2 O. Incubar 1 min e transferência de sobrenadante para novo tubo de 0,2 ml. Determinar a concentração de ADN purificado. </li></ol></li><li> Fusionprimer PCR para adicionar sequenciação adaptadores específicos. <ol><li> Para cada amostra a ser analisada preparar uma reacção de PCR de 50 uL. </li><li> Pipeta x pi (40 ng) de ADN dentro de um tubo de PCR de 0,2 ml. Volume de ADN deve ser igual em cada uma das amostras e na gama de 0,5 a 25 ul. </li><li> Prepare PCR master mix, conforme descrito na tabela 5 Adicionar (50 - x). ML de mistura de mestre para cada amostra a partir do passo 9.2.2 e introduzir adaptadores para Seqüenciamento (nr) produtos LAM-PCR por condições de PCR exemplificado na Tabela 5 produtos de PCR. pode ser armazenado a 4 ° C durante até 4 dias, ou a longo prazo a -20 ° C. </li><li> Para visualizar os produtos de PCR Fusionprimer-carga de 10 ul do produto de PCR a partir do passo 9.2.3 em um gel de agarose a 2%. Purificar restante produto de PCR como descrito nos passos 9.1.1 - 9.1.3. Analise 1 ul do produto de PCR purificado a partir do passo 9.4 em um dispositivo de electroforese automatizada de alta resolução de quantificar com precisão a concentração eo fragmento de tamanho de produtos Fusionprimer-PCR. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Schmidt, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+direct+genomic+sequencing+of+multiple+rare+unknown+flanking+DNA+in+highly+complex+samples.">Detection and direct genomic sequencing of multiple rare unknown flanking DNA in highly complex samples.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 12, 743-749 (2001).</li><li>Schmidt, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+insertion-site+analysis+by+linear+amplification-mediated+PCR+(LAM-PCR).">High-resolution insertion-site analysis by linear amplification-mediated PCR (LAM-PCR).</a> Nat Methods. 4, 1051-1057 (2007).</li><li>Schroeder, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+integration+in+the+human+genome+favors+active+genes+and+local+hotspots.">HIV-1 integration in the human genome favors active genes and local hotspots.</a> Cell. 110, 521-529 (2002).</li><li>Wu, X., Li, Y., Crise, B., Burgess, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+start+regions+in+the+human+genome+are+favored+targets+for+MLV+integration.">Transcription start regions in the human genome are favored targets for MLV integration.</a> Science. 300, 1749-1751 (2003).</li><li>Vigdal, T. J., Kaufman, C. D., Izsvak, Z., Voytas, D. F., Ivics, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+physical+properties+of+DNA+affecting+target+site+selection+of+sleeping+beauty+and+other+Tc1/mariner+transposable+elements.">Common physical properties of DNA affecting target site selection of sleeping beauty and other Tc1/mariner transposable elements.</a> J Mol Biol. 323, 441-452 (2002).</li><li>Lewinski, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retroviral+DNA+integration:+viral+and+cellular+determinants+of+target-site+selection.">Retroviral DNA integration: viral and cellular determinants of target-site selection.</a> PLoS Pathog. 2, (2006).</li><li>Mueller, P. R., Wold, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+footprinting+of+a+muscle+specific+enhancer+by+ligation+mediated+PCR.">In vivo footprinting of a muscle specific enhancer by ligation mediated PCR.</a> Science. 246, 780-786 (1989).</li><li>Silver, J., Keerikatte, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+use+of+polymerase+chain+reaction+to+amplify+cellular+DNA+adjacent+to+an+integrated+provirus.">Novel use of polymerase chain reaction to amplify cellular DNA adjacent to an integrated provirus.</a> Journal of virology. 63, 1924-1928 (1989).</li><li>Gabriel, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+genomic+access+to+vector+integration+in+clinical+gene+therapy.">Comprehensive genomic access to vector integration in clinical gene therapy.</a> Nature medicine. 15, 1431-1436 (2009).</li><li>Harkey, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiarm+high-throughput+integration+site+detection:+limitations+of+LAM-PCR+technology+and+optimization+for+clonal+analysis.">Multiarm high-throughput integration site detection: limitations of LAM-PCR technology and optimization for clonal analysis.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 16, 381-392 (2007).</li><li>Wang, G. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+bar+coding+and+pyrosequencing+to+analyze+adverse+events+in+therapeutic+gene+transfer.">DNA bar coding and pyrosequencing to analyze adverse events in therapeutic gene transfer.</a> Nucleic acids research. 36, (2008).</li><li>Paruzynski, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+high-throughput+integrome+analyses+by+nrLAM-PCR+and+next-generation+sequencing.">Genome-wide high-throughput integrome analyses by nrLAM-PCR and next-generation sequencing.</a> Nat. Protocols. 5, 1379-1395 (2010).</li><li>Hacein-Bey-Abina, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insertional+oncogenesis+in+4+patients+after+retrovirus-mediated+gene+therapy+of+SCID-X1.">Insertional oncogenesis in 4 patients after retrovirus-mediated gene therapy of SCID-X1.</a> J Clin Invest. , 3132-3142 (2008).</li><li>Hacein-Bey-Abina, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LMO2-associated+clonal+T+cell+proliferation+in+two+patients+after+gene+therapy+for+SCID-X1.">LMO2-associated clonal T cell proliferation in two patients after gene therapy for SCID-X1.</a> Science. 302, 415-419 (2003).</li><li>Howe, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insertional+mutagenesis+combined+with+acquired+somatic+mutations+causes+leukemogenesis+following+gene+therapy+of+SCID-X1+patients.">Insertional mutagenesis combined with acquired somatic mutations causes leukemogenesis following gene therapy of SCID-X1 patients.</a> J Clin Invest. 118, 3143-3150 (2008).</li><li>Cartier, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+stem+cell+gene+therapy+with+a+lentiviral+vector+in+X-linked+adrenoleukodystrophy.">Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy with a lentiviral vector in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.</a> Science. 326, 818-823 (2009).</li><li>Matrai, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocyte-targeted+expression+by+integrase-defective+lentiviral+vectors+induces+antigen-specific+tolerance+in+mice+with+low+genotoxic+risk.">Hepatocyte-targeted expression by integrase-defective lentiviral vectors induces antigen-specific tolerance in mice with low genotoxic risk.</a> Hepatology. 53, 1696-1707 (2011).</li><li>Penaud-Budloo, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus+vector+genomes+persist+as+episomal+chromatin+in+primate+muscle.">Adeno-associated virus vector genomes persist as episomal chromatin in primate muscle.</a> Journal of virology. 82, 7875-7885 (2008).</li><li>Kaeppel, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+largely+random+AAV+integration+profile+after+LPLD+gene+therapy.">A largely random AAV integration profile after LPLD gene therapy.</a> Nature medicine. 19, 889-891 (2013).</li><li>Voigt, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retargeting+sleeping+beauty+transposon+insertions+by+engineered+zinc+finger+DNA-binding+domains.">Retargeting sleeping beauty transposon insertions by engineered zinc finger DNA-binding domains.</a> Mol Ther. 20, 1852-1862 (2012).</li><li>Yanez-Munoz, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+gene+therapy+with+nonintegrating+lentiviral+vectors.">Effective gene therapy with nonintegrating lentiviral vectors.</a> Nature medicine. 12, 348-353 (2006).</li><li>Boztug, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem-Cell+Gene+Therapy+for+the+Wiskott-Aldrich+Syndrome.">Stem-Cell Gene Therapy for the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.</a> N Engl J Med. 363, 1918-1927 (2010).</li><li>Deichmann, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+integration+is+nonrandom+and+clustered+and+influences+the+fate+of+lymphopoiesis+in+SCID-X1+gene+therapy.">Vector integration is nonrandom and clustered and influences the fate of lymphopoiesis in SCID-X1 gene therapy.</a> J Clin Invest. 117, 2225-2232 (2007).</li><li>Schwarzwaelder, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gammaretrovirus-mediated+correction+of+SCID-X1+is+associated+with+skewed+vector+integration+site+distribution+in+vivo.">Gammaretrovirus-mediated correction of SCID-X1 is associated with skewed vector integration site distribution in vivo.</a> J Clin Invest. 117, 2241-2249 (2007).</li><li>Gabriel, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+unbiased+genome-wide+analysis+of+zinc-finger+nuclease+specificity.">An unbiased genome-wide analysis of zinc-finger nuclease specificity.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 29, 816-823 (2011).</li><li>Dieter, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+types+of+tumor-initiating+cells+form+human+colon+cancer+tumors+and+metastases.">Distinct types of tumor-initiating cells form human colon cancer tumors and metastases.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 9, 357-365 (2011).</li><li>Montini, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+stem+cell+gene+transfer+in+a+tumor-prone+mouse+model+uncovers+low+genotoxicity+of+lentiviral+vector+integration.">Hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer in a tumor-prone mouse model uncovers low genotoxicity of lentiviral vector integration.</a> Nature biotechnology. 24, 687-696 (2006).</li><li>Zavidij, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+long-term+blood+formation+by+stem+cells+in+murine+steady-state+hematopoiesis.">Stable long-term blood formation by stem cells in murine steady-state hematopoiesis.</a> Stem Cells. 30, 1961-1970 (2012).</li><li>Martins, V. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymus-autonomous+T+cell+development+in+the+absence+of+progenitor+import.">Thymus-autonomous T cell development in the absence of progenitor import.</a> J Exp Med. 209, 1409-1417 (2012).</li><li>Arens, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioinformatic+clonality+analysis+of+next-generation+sequencing-derived+viral+vector+integration+sites.">Bioinformatic clonality analysis of next-generation sequencing-derived viral vector integration sites.</a> Hum Gene Ther Methods. 23, 111-118 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

A técnica da LAM-PCR permite a identificação de sequências de ADN desconhecidas que flanqueiam uma região conhecida de ADN. Devido à elevada sensibilidade resultante do pré-amplificação dos cruzamentos com os iniciadores específicos de hibridação na sequência de ADN conhecida, que é possível amplificar e detectar até mesmo junções raras para baixo para o nível de uma única célula. Ao contrário, em uma situação policlonal LAM-PCR é capaz de amplificar milhares de junções diferentes numa única ...

Linear-amplificação mediada por PCR (LAM-PCR) permite a identificação e caracterização de DNA flanqueando desconhecida adjacente ao ADN conhecida de qualquer origem. Mais especificamente, a LAM-PCR foi desenvolvido para localizar locais de integração de vectores virais (IS) dentro do genoma do hospedeiro de 1,2. Os elementos genéticos como retrovírus ou transposons integrar o seu genoma no genoma do hospedeiro em uma (semi-) forma aleatória 3-6. Em muitos casos, é decisivo saber exactamente a posição em que esses vectores integrados. LAM-PCR tem sido provado ser superior a técnicas alternativas, como mediada por ligadura PCR 7 e suas variantes ou PCR inversa 8. A sensibilidade e robustez deste método surge a partir da pré-amplificação inicial das junções vector de genoma e selecção magnética de produtos de PCR amplificados. Como os métodos alternativos mencionados, LAM-PCR baseia-se na utilização de enzimas de restrição, a introdução de um preconceito na capacidade de recuperação dos SI 9-11. Assim,apenas um subconjunto do repertório é (a integrome) pode ser detectada numa reacção. Esta distorção é minimizada por meio da análise paralela de uma determinada amostra, utilizando as melhores combinações de enzimas de restrição de 9. Recentemente, uma variante da tecnologia denominada não-restritivo LAM-PCR (PCR-nrLAM) tem sido desenvolvida que contorna o uso de enzimas de restrição e permite a análise de todo o genoma imparcial de uma amostra numa única reacção de 9,12. No passado, a LAM-PCR foi utilizada para identificar o retrovírus causador é o que dá origem a leucemia em alguns pacientes, em ensaios clínicos de terapia génica 13-15. Desde então, a LAM-PCR foi adaptado para identificar é de outros vetores de integração (vetores lentivirais, transposons) e também para identificar padrões de integração de integrar passivamente vetores como vetores adeno-associados (AAV) ou lentivirais integrase-defeituoso (IDLV) 16 -21. Aplicações da LAM-PCR são ampla: tradicionally, a técnica é utilizada para estudar a composição clonal de células de genes modificados em pacientes que foram submetidos a terapia de gene, ou para avaliar a segurança biológica de sistemas de vectores novos por desvendar o seu comportamento integração 15,16,22-24. Recentemente, a LAM-PCR permitiu determinar especificidade e atividade fora do alvo de nucleases de grife por um ensaio prendendo IDLV 25. Além disso, a LAM-PCR permite seguir facilmente o destino de uma célula transduzida ao longo do tempo em um organismo. Isso permite identificar proto-oncogenes, bem como genes supressores de tumores e também para estudar hematopoiese ou caule câncer biologia celular 26-28. Por último, mas não menos importante, a LAM-PCR foi adaptado para estudar a diversidade de receptores de células T em humanos (29 e dados não publicados). O poder intrínseca da tecnologia é reforçada pela ligação entre o método de tecnologias de seqüenciamento de profundidade que permitem caracterizar milhões de desconhecido flanqueando DNA com um único nucleotídeo reSolution em genomas inteiros. No seguinte protocolo, descrevemos passo a passo a amplificação e identificação de DNA flanqueando desconhecido exemplarmente para identificar lentiviral vetor IS. Os oligonucleótidos utilizados no protocolo estão listadas na Tabela 1. Extraído DNA ou cDNA de qualquer fonte pode ser utilizado como modelo de ADN para a LAM-PCR e nrLAM-PCR.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1209">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Genaxxon Bioscience GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">M3001.5000</td>
			<td>Alternative Taq Polymerases may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PCR Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">201203</td>
			<td>Use of this buffer is recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">dNTP-Mixture</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Genaxxon Bioscience GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">M3015.4020</td>
			<td>or any other dNTPs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Oligonucleotides (Primers)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">MWG Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td>HPLC purified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">11206D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">14190-086</td>
			<td>0.1 % wt/vol BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">6M LiCl</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">3739.1</td>
			<td>10 mM Tris-HCl&#160; (pH 7.5)/1 mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Tris-HCl, pH 7.5</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">USB Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">22637</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">A1103,0250</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Klenow Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">10104523001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Hexanucleotide mixture</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">11277081001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Restriction endonuclease</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Fast-Link DNA ligation kit</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Epicentre Biotechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">LK11025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">CircLigase ssDNA Ligase Kit</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Epicentre Biotechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">CL4111K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">72068</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Agarose LE</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">11685660001</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">TBE buffer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">0658</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">A2273,0005</td>
			<td>Ethidium bromide is mutagenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">100 bp DNA Ladder</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">15628-050</td>
			<td>or any other DNA ladder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">20 mM NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">71393-1L</td>
			<td>or any other supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Magna-Sep Magnetic Particle Separator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">K158501</td>
			<td>for use with 1.5 ml Tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Magna-Sep Magnetic Particle Separator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">K158696</td>
			<td>for use with 96 well plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amicon Ultra-0.5, Ultracel-30 membrane</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC503096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PerfectBlue Gelsystem Midi S</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">PeqLab</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">40-1515</td>
			<td>or other electrophoresis system&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">TProfessional 96</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Biometra</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">050-551</td>
			<td>or other Thermocycler for 96-well plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Orbital shaker KS 260 basic</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">2980200</td>
			<td>or other horizontal shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">PCR softtubes 0.2 ml</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Biozym Scientific GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">711082</td>
			<td>or other 0.2 ml PCR tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">1.5 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">12682</td>
			<td>or other 1.5 ml tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Gel documentation system</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">PeqLab</td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td>or any other gel documentation system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">ND-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Spreadex EL1200 precast gel</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Elchrom Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">3497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:360px;">Submerged gel electrophoresis apparatus SEA 2000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Elchrom Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">2001E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">2100 Electrophoresis Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2939AA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

linear amplification mediated pcr &#8211; localization of genetic elements and characterization of unknown flanking dna

Linear-amplification mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) has been developed to study hematopoiesis in gene corrected cells of patients treated by gene therapy with integrating vector systems. Due to the stable integration of retroviral vectors, integration sites can be used to study the clonal fate of individual cells and their progeny. LAM- PCR for the first time provided evidence that leukemia in gene therapy treated patients originated from provirus induced overexpression of a neighboring proto-oncogene. The high sensitivity and specificity of LAM-PCR compared to existing methods like inverse PCR and ligation mediated (LM)-PCR is achieved by an initial preamplification step (linear PCR of 100 cycles) using biotinylated vector specific primers which allow subsequent reaction steps to be carried out on solid phase (magnetic beads). LAM-PCR is currently the most sensitive method available to identify&#160;unknown DNA which is located in the proximity of known DNA. Recently, a variant of LAM-PCR has been developed that circumvents restriction digest thus abrogating retrieval bias of integration sites and enables a comprehensive analysis of provirus locations in host genomes. The following protocol explains step-by-step the amplification of both 3&#8217;- and 5&#8217;- sequences adjacent to the integrated lentiviral vector.

LAM-PCR resulta na amplificação do genoma do vetor cruzamentos com um tamanho de fragmento definido para cada junção. O tamanho dos fragmentos de PCR individuais depende da distância entre o local do ADN conhecido no genoma e o local de reconhecimento da enzima de restrição mais próximo. Isto permite visualizar a diversidade das junções amplificados em amostras analisadas por electroforese em gel, por exemplo. Se apenas simples (monoclonais), vários (oligoclonais), ou múltiplos (policlonais) as band...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Linear Amplification Mediated PCR â€“ Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA at JoVE.com

Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &amp;#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Linear-amplificação mediada (LAM)-PCR é um método desenvolvido para identificar as posições exactas dos vectores de integração no genoma viral. A técnica evoluiu para ser o método superior para estudar a dinâmica clonais em pacientes de terapia genética, biossegurança de tecnologias inovadoras de vetores, a diversidade de células T, modelos de células-tronco do câncer, etc

Linear Amplificação Mediada por PCR - Localização de elementos genéticos e Caracterização de Unknown Flanquear DNA

Linear-amplification mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) has been developed to study hematopoiesis in gene corrected cells of patients treated by gene therapy with ...

linear-amplification-mediated-pcr-localization-genetic-elements

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

29.9K visualizações.  National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ).  Linear-amplificação mediada (LAM)-PCR é um método desenvolvido para identificar as posições exactas dos vectores de integração no genoma viral. A técnica evoluiu para ser o método superior para estudar a dinâmica clonais em pacientes de terapia genética, biossegurança de tecnologias inovadoras de vetores, a diversidade de células T, modelos de células-tronco do câncer, etc 

Vídeo: Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

Monte Whole dupla hibridização in situ de embriões de galinha precoce

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Biologia

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System 

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers. Genetic studies in mammalian systems have been limited due to the lack of readily available tools including defined mutant genetic cell lines, regulatory expression systems, and appropriate selectable markers. To circumvent these difficulties, model genetic systems in lower eukaryotes have become an attractive choice for the study of functionally conserved DNA repair proteins and pathways. We have developed a model yeast system to study the poorly defined genetic functions of the Werner syndrome helicase-nuclease (WRN) in nucleic acid metabolism. Cellular phenotypes associated with defined genetic mutant backgrounds can be investigated to clarify the cellular and molecular functions of WRN through its catalytic activities and protein interactions. The human WRN gene and associated variants, cloned into DNA plasmids for expression in yeast, can be placed under the control of a regulatory plasmid element. The expression construct can then be transformed into the appropriate yeast mutant background, and genetic function assayed by a variety of methodologies. Using this approach, we determined that WRN, like its related RecQ family members BLM and Sgs1, operates in a Top3-dependent pathway that is likely to be important for genomic stability. This is described in our recent publication [1] at <a href="http://www.impactaging.com">www.impactaging.com</a>. Detailed methods of specific assays for genetic complementation studies in yeast are provided in this paper.

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System

Genetic studies in yeast can be employed to investigate the molecular and cellular functions of human genes in cellular DNA metabolism. Methods are described for the genetic characterization of the human WRN gene product defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome in functionally conserved pathways using yeast as a tractable model system.

Estudos genéticos de proteínas de reparo do DNA Humano Utilizando Levedura como um sistema modelo

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers.  Genetic studies in mammalian ...

Adenovirus-mediated Genetic Removal of Signaling Molecules in Cultured Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

The ability to genetically remove specific components of various cell signalling cascades has been an integral tool in modern signal transduction analysis. One particular method to achieve this conditional deletion is via the use of the Cre-loxP system. This method involves flanking the gene of interest with loxP sites, which are specific recognition sequences for the Cre recombinase protein. Exposure of the so-called floxed (flanked by loxP site) DNA to this enzyme results in a Cre-mediated recombination event at the loxP sites, and subsequent excision of the intervening gene3. Several different methods exist to administer Cre recombinase to the site of interest. In this video, we demonstrate the use of an adenovirus containing the Cre recombinase gene to infect primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) obtained from embryos containing a floxed Rac1 allele1. Our rationale for selecting Rac1 MEFs for our experiments is that clear morphological changes can be seen upon deletion of Rac1, due to alterations in the actin cytoskeleton2,5. 72 hours following viral transduction and Cre expression, cells were stained using the actin dye phalloidin and imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy. It was observed that MEFs which had been exposed to the adeno-Cre virus appeared contracted and elongated in morphology compared to uninfected cells, consistent with previous reports2,5. The adenovirus method of Cre recombinase delivery is advantageous as the adeno-Cre virus is easily available, and gene deletion via Cre in nearly 100% of the cells can be achieved with optimized adenoviral infection.

In this video we use an adenovirus carrying the Cre recombinase gene to infect primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts carrying a floxed Rac1 allele.

Adenovírus mediada por remoção genética das moléculas de sinalização em fibroblastos de rato cultivadas Primária embrionárias

The ability to genetically remove specific components of various cell signalling cascades has been an integral tool in modern signal transduction ...

DNA Extraction from Paraffin Embedded Material for Genetic and Epigenetic Analyses

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number gains and losses and DNA methylation. Advances in high-throughput, genome-wide profiling technologies, such as microarrays, have significantly improved our ability to identify and detect these specific alterations. However as technology continues to improve, a limiting factor remains sample quality and availability. Furthermore, follow-up clinical information and disease outcome are often collected years after the initial specimen collection. Specimens, typically formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE), are stored in hospital archives for years to decades. DNA can be efficiently and effectively recovered from paraffin-embedded specimens if the appropriate method of extraction is applied. High quality DNA extracted from properly preserved and stored specimens can support quantitative assays for comparisons of normal and diseased tissues and generation of genetic and epigenetic signatures 1. To extract DNA from paraffin-embedded samples, tissue cores or microdissected tissue are subjected to xylene treatment, which dissolves the paraffin from the tissue, and then rehydrated using a series of ethanol washes. Proteins and harmful enzymes such as nucleases are subsequently digested by proteinase K. The addition of lysis buffer, which contains denaturing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), facilitates digestion 2. Nucleic acids are purified from the tissue lysate using buffer-saturated phenol and high speed centrifugation which generates a biphasic solution. DNA and RNA remain in the upper aqueous phase, while proteins, lipids and polysaccharides are sequestered in the inter- and organic-phases respectively. Retention of the aqueous phase and repeated phenol extractions generates a clean sample. Following phenol extractions, RNase A is added to eliminate contaminating RNA. Additional phenol extractions following incubation with RNase A are used to remove any remaining enzyme. The addition of sodium acetate and isopropanol precipitates DNA, and high speed centrifugation is used to pellet the DNA and facilitate isopropanol removal. Excess salts carried over from precipitation can interfere with subsequent enzymatic assays, but can be removed from the DNA by washing with 70% ethanol, followed by centrifugation to re-pellet the DNA 3. DNA is re-suspended in distilled water or the buffer of choice, quantified and stored at -20&deg;C. Purified DNA can subsequently be used in downstream applications which include, but are not limited to, PCR, array comparative genomic hybridization 4 (array CGH), methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and sequencing, allowing for an integrative analysis of tissue/tumor samples.

This video demonstrates the protocol for DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material. This is a multi-day procedure in which tissue sections are deparaffinized with xylene, rehydrated with ethanol and treated with proteinase K to purify and isolate DNA for subsequent gene-specific or genome-wide analysis.

Extração de DNA de material parafinado Embedded para análises genéticas e epigenéticas

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number ...

Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR

Synapses are composed of a presynaptic active zone in the signaling cell and a postsynaptic terminal in the target cell. In the case of chemical synapses, messages are carried by neurotransmitters released from presynaptic terminals and received by receptors on postsynaptic cells. Our previous research in Caenorhabditis elegans has shown that VSM-1 negatively regulates exocytosis. Additionally, analysis of synapses in vsm-1 mutants showed that animals lacking a fully functional VSM-1 have increased synaptic connectivity. Based on these preliminary findings, we hypothesized that C. elegans VSM-1 may play a crucial role in synaptogenesis. To test this hypothesis, double-labeled microarray analysis was performed, and gene expression profiles were determined. First, total RNA was isolated, reversely transcribed to cDNA, and hybridized to the DNA microarrays. Then, in-silico analysis of fluorescent probe hybridization revealed significant induction of many genes coding for members of the major sperm protein family (MSP) in mutants with enhanced synaptogenesis. MSPs are the major component of sperm in C. elegans and appear to signal nematode oocyte maturation and ovulation . In fruit flies, Chai and colleagues 1 demonstrated that MSP-like molecules regulate presynaptic bouton number and size at the neuromuscular junction. Moreover, analysis performed by Tsuda and coworkers 2 suggested that MSPs may act as ligands for Eph receptors and trigger receptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascades. Lastly, real time PCR analysis corroborated that the gene coding for MSP-32 is induced in vsm-1(ok1468) mutants. Taken together, research performed by our laboratory has shown that vsm-1 mutants have a significant increase in synaptic density, which could be mediated by MSP-32 signaling.

Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR

Microarray analysis was conducted to determine genetic expression profiles in C. elegans, and real-time PCR was used to validate and quantify microarray data.

Determinar perfis de expressão genética em C. elegans Usando Microarray e PCR em tempo real

Synapses are composed of a presynaptic active zone in the signaling cell and a postsynaptic terminal in the target cell. In the case of chemical synapses, ...

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method offers the opportunity of investigating interactions occurring in solution (thus avoiding problems due to closeby surfaces as in other single molecule methods), controlling the DNA extension and tracking interaction dynamics as a function of both mechanical parameters and DNA sequence. The methods for establishing successful optical trapping and nanometer localization of single molecules are illustrated. We illustrate the experimental conditions allowing the study of interaction of lactose repressor (lacI), labeled with Atto532, with a DNA molecule containing specific target sequences (operators) for LacI binding. The method allows the observation of specific interactions at the operators, as well as one-dimensional diffusion of the protein during the process of target search. The method is broadly applicable to the study of protein-DNA interactions but also to molecular motors, where control of the tension applied to the partner track polymer (for example actin or microtubules) is desirable.

Here we describe the instrumentation and methods for detecting single fluorescently-labeled protein molecules interacting with a single DNA molecule suspended between two optically trapped microspheres.

Combinando uma única molécula de Manipulação e imagem para o estudo das interações proteína-DNA

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

DNA Electroporation, Isolation and Imaging of Myofibers

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle. Conditions have been optimized to provide a large number of high quality myofibers expressing the electroporated plasmid while minimizing muscle damage. The method employs fluorescent tags on various proteins. Combining this expression method with high resolution confocal microscopy permits live cell imaging, including imaging after laser-induced damage. Fluorescent dyes combined with imaging of fluorescently-tagged proteins provides information regarding the basic structure of muscle and its response to stimuli.

This protocol utilizes electroporation to introduce and express fluorescently labeled proteins in mouse muscle fibers. Following recovery after electroporation, fibers are isolated. Individual fibers are then imaged using high resolution confocal microscopy to visualize muscle structure.

DNA Eletroporação, Isolamento e imagem das miofibras

Mature muscle has a unique structure that is amenable to live cell imaging. Herein, we describe the experimental protocol for expressing fluorescently ...

In Vivo Alkaline Comet Assay and Enzyme-modified Alkaline Comet Assay for Measuring DNA Strand Breaks and Oxidative DNA Damage in Rat Liver

Unrepaired DNA damage can lead to genetic instability, which in turn may enhance cancer development. Therefore, identifying potential DNA damaging agents is important for protecting public health. The in vivo alkaline comet assay, which detects DNA damage as strand breaks, is especially relevant for assessing the genotoxic hazards of xenobiotics, as its responses reflect the in vivo absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of chemicals, as well as DNA repair process. Compared to other in vivo DNA damage assays, the assay is rapid, sensitive, visual and inexpensive, and, by converting oxidative DNA damage into strand breaks using specific repair enzymes, the assay can measure oxidative DNA damage in an efficient and relatively artifact-free manner. Measurement of DNA damage with the comet assay can be performed using both acute and subchronic toxicology study designs, and by integrating the comet assay with other toxicological assessments, the assay addresses animal welfare requirements by making maximum use of animal resources. Another major advantage of the assays is that they only require a small amount of cells, and the cells do not have to be derived from proliferating cell populations. The assays also can be performed with a variety of human samples obtained from clinically or occupationally exposed individuals.

In Vivo Alkaline Comet Assay and Enzyme-modified Alkaline Comet Assay for Measuring DNA Strand Breaks and Oxidative DNA Damage in Rat Liver

The alkaline comet assay measures DNA strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. By adding an Endonuclease III or human 8-oxoguanine-DNA-N-glycosylase digestion step, the assay can efficiently detect oxidative DNA damage. We describe methods for using these assays to detect DNA damage in rat liver.

In Vivo Alkaline Ensaio Cometa e Enzyme-modificado Alkaline Comet Ensaio para medição Breaks DNA Strand e dano oxidativo ao DNA em Rat Liver

Unrepaired DNA damage can lead to genetic instability, which in turn may enhance cancer development. Therefore, identifying potential DNA damaging agents ...

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical relevance. Genomic DNA extracted from infected cells is fragmented by digestion with restriction enzymes or by sonication. After suitable DNA end-repair, double-stranded linkers are ligated onto the DNA ends, and semi-nested PCR is conducted using primers complementary to both the long terminal repeat (LTR) end of the virus and the ligated linker DNA. The PCR primers carry sequences required for DNA clustering during NGS, negating the requirement for separate adapter ligation. Quality control (QC) is conducted to assess DNA fragment size distribution and adapter DNA incorporation prior to NGS. Sequence output files are filtered for LTR-containing reads, and the sequences defining the LTR and the linker are cropped away. Trimmed host cell sequences are mapped to a reference genome using BLAT and are filtered for minimally 97% identity to a unique point in the reference genome. Unique integration sites are scrutinized for adjacent nucleotide (nt) sequence and distribution relative to various genomic features. Using this protocol, integration site libraries of high complexity can be constructed from genomic DNA in three days. The entire protocol that encompasses exogenous viral infection of susceptible tissue culture cells to integration site analysis can therefore be conducted in approximately one to two weeks. Recent applications of this technology pertain to longitudinal analysis of integration sites from HIV-infected patients.

We describe a protocol for amplifying retroviral integration sites from the genomic DNA of infected cells, sequencing the amplified virus-host junctions, and then mapping these sequences to a reference genome. We also describe techniques to quantify the distribution of integration sites relative to various genomic annotations using BEDTools.

Amplificação, sequenciamento de próxima geração, e Genomic DNA Mapeamento das retrovirais Integração Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of ...

Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis

Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway triggered by activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates and activates the mixed lineage kinase-like domain pseudokinase, MLKL, to rupture or permeabilize the plasma membrane. Necroptosis is an inflammatory pathway associated with multiple pathologies including autoimmunity, infectious and cardiovascular diseases, stroke, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here, we describe protocols that can be used to characterize MLKL as the executioner of plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis. We visualize the process of necroptosis in cells using live-cell imaging with conventional and confocal fluorescence&#160;microscopy, and in fixed cells using electron microscopy, which together revealed the redistribution of MLKL from the cytosol to the plasma membrane prior to induction of large holes in the plasma membrane. We present in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis using lipids to identify putative modulators of MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Based on this method, we identified quantitative lipid-binding preferences and phosphatidyl-inositol phosphates (PIPs) as critical binders of MLKL that are required for plasma membrane targeting and permeabilization in necroptosis.

We report methods for characterization of MLKL-mediated plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis including conventional and confocal live-cell microscopy imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and NMR-based lipid binding.