Este trabalho foi financiado pela M. Margaret Alkek Fundação RHF.

Parte 1: Corrigindo os embriões <ol><li> Preencha prato com dissecção gelada DEPC-PBS. Manter no gelo. Abra o ovo tocando no shell com uma pinça e remover peças de shell. </li><li> Remover espessura albumina com uma pinça. Tilt saco vitelino com uma pinça grossa para que embrião voltado para cima. </li><li> Com uma tesoura, corte um quadrado de saco vitelino em torno do embrião. </li><li> Usando uma colher, retire embrião da gema e colocar no gelo frio DEPC-PBS. </li><li> Sob o microscópio, retire as membranas e gema e transferência para prato de fixação. </li><li> Pino para baixo, remova-DEPC PBS. Substituir por PFA 4% em PBS-DEPC e corrigir S / N, 4 ° C. </li><li> Remover fixador. Substituir por gelada DEPC-PBS. Usando uma agulha fim blunt microcapilar ou uma faca microdissecção, perfurar o sistema nervoso e as cavidades do coração, para evitar aprisionamento de sonda. </li><li> Lavar 2x 10 mn DEPC-PBS com 0,1% Tween-20 (PBT). Desidratar a 10 minutos cada em 25%, 50%, metanol 75% em PBT. Desidratar embriões duas vezes em metanol 100%. Armazenar a -20 ° C em metanol. </li></ol> Parte 2: Prehybridization <ol><li> Reidratar embriões 10 minutos cada em 75%, 50% e metanol 25% em PBT. Lavar 2x 10 minutos em PBT. </li><li> Enquanto isso, prepare fixador gelada (paraformaldeído 4% em PBT). Substituir PBT com proteinase K solução (3 ml / frasco; [? 5 g / ml] final em PBT). Certifique-se que o frasco inteiro é exposto à solução de proteinase K por suaves do frasco; consulte Solução de problemas para tempos de exposição. </li><li> Usando RNase livre Pasteur pipeta, remova proteinase K e adicionar fixador (2 ml). Colocar imediatamente no gelo por exatamente 20 minutos. </li><li> Todas as lavagens RT são executadas em nutator. Lavar 2x 10 minutos em PBT e PBT em 1x 10mn contendo tampão de hibridação de 50%. </li><li> Lavar em 1x tampão de hibridação. Incubar a 65 ° C em tampão de hibridação 2 ml por 4-5 hr. </li></ol> Parte 3: embriões híbridos com sondas <ol><li> DIG e FITC síntese sonda acoplada é descrito no apêndice. A sonda deverá dar um sinal forte, deve ser synhesized com FITC contendo nucleotídeos, o mais fraco sonda deve ser sintetizado com a DIG contendo nucleotídeos. </li><li> Pré-aquecer as sondas em tampão de hibridação (500 ng / ml cada) usando um frasco de 2 ml. Prontamente substituir o tampão de hibridação com a solução de sonda. Não deixe que os embriões seco. Incubar por 16 horas a 65 ° C. </li><li> Substituir sonda com tampão de hibridação, 2 lavagens, 30 min cada a 65 ° C. Lavar 15 minutos em tampão de hibridação / injuded (01/01 v / v /) a 65 ° C. </li></ol> Parte 4: DIG de incubação de anticorpos e cor reação <ol><li> Lavar 2x20 mn em injuded. Lave 1 hr em 2% BBR / injuded. Lavar 5 horas em 2% BBR/20% HISS / injuded (tampão de bloqueio). Incubar em 1:2000 do anticorpo DIG diluído em tampão de bloqueio, O / N, 4 ° C em nutator. </li><li> Lavar 3x 10 minutos cada um em injuded, e 1 hora cada em 3x injuded. </li><li> Lavar 2x 20 mn em NTMT. Adicionar 200ul substrato NBT / BCIP a 10 NTMT ml. Remover imediatamente NTMT do frasco e substituir com 1-2 ml de tampão NBT / BCIP. Lugar no escuro. Monitorar a reação de cor depois de 20 mn, e em intervalos de 20 min depois. </li><li> Após a reação de cor (deve aparecer azul), lavar em PBS durante 10 mn, o pino para baixo no prato de fixação preenchido com PBS, e substituir solução com PFA 4% em PBS. Fix O / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Transferir para frasco de cintilação novo. Lave em PBST (PBS com 1% Tween-20) 2x10 mn. Lave em injuded 2x 10 minutos. </li><li> Incubar em injuded 30 mn a 63 ° C. </li></ol> Parte 5: a incubação do anticorpo FITC e cor reação <ol><li> Lavar 2x 10 minutos em injuded, 1 hr em 2% BBR / injuded, 5 hr em tampão de bloqueio </li><li> Incubar em fosfatase alcalina anti-coupled-FITC-anticorpos (1:500) O / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavar 3x 10 minutos cada um em injuded, e 1 hora cada em 3x injuded. </li><li> Lave em 2x 20 minutos em TBS pH 8,45 com 0,1% Tween-20 (TBST). </li><li> Preparar a solução Vector Vermelha de trabalho (5 ml) em TBST utilizando reagentes 1,2 e 3 incluída no kit. Remover imediatamente TBST do frasco e substituir com Vector tampão Vermelho. Lugar no escuro. Monitorar a reação de cor depois de 40 mn, e intervalos de 30 min depois. </li><li> Reação de cor seguinte (deve aparecer em vermelho), os embriões transferidos para PBS. </li></ol> Parte 6: Fixação e processamento <ol><li> Transferência para o prato de fixação contendo PBS, e fixar em PFA 4% por 20 min em temperatura ambiente ou O / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavar em PBS, 2x 10 minutos. Ao processo para a fotografia, a transferência para glicerol 20% em PBS (isto fará com que os embriões translúcido). Para criar uma câmara, corte duas tiras de fita PVC, sobrepô-las em slide. Corte um quadrado no centro usando uma lâmina. Remova a pinça quadrada usando. </li><li> Ao processo de corte de cera, a transferência de volta para PBS, lave 2x 10 minutos, desidratar em série graduada de metanol (25%, 50%, 75% e 100% em PBS, a 10 minutos cada). </li><li> Substituir com propanol, 3mn. Substituir com 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, 20 mn seguido por Histoclear (2x 1 hr). Substituir com histoclear / cera 01/01 (v / v) 60 ° C por 1 hora. Substituir por um processo de cerapara histologia. </li></ol> Parte 7: Soluções Tampão de hibridação loja, a -20 ° C no Falcon, 50 ml: 25 ml formamida; 3,25 ml (20xSSC), 0,5 ml (EDTA 0,5 M); 1 ml (10% Tween-20), 2,5 ml (1% SDS) ; 125 ul (20mg/ml tRNA);. 100ul (50 heparina mg / ml) injuded, prepare ácido maleico 100mM, pH para 7,5 com NaOH pellets. Adicionar 150mm NaCl e 0,1% Tween-20. NTMT (feito um pouco antes de usar), 50 ml: 1 ml (NaCl 5M), 2,5 ml (2M Tris-HCl pH9.5); 1,25 ml (2M MgCl 2), 5 ml (10% Tween-20). TBST: 0,1 M Tris-HCl, 0,15 M NaCl, pH 8,45, 0,1% Tween-20. Parte 8: Resolução de problemas <table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Problema </th><th> Causa </th><th> Remédio </th></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Embrião é enrolado </td><td valign="top"> Desidratação insuficiente / reidratação </td><td valign="top"> Manter intervalos de 10 min durante sucessivos de desidratação / reidratação passos </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Não há nenhum sinal de sonda </td><td valign="top"> Sonda é a contaminação RNase degradadas em frasco </td><td valign="top"> Executar sonda em 1% gel Agarose Certifique-se que o frasco inteiro é exposto a solução de proteinase K no passo 2 </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Sonda é etiquetas cavidades do coração de um tubo neural </td><td valign="top"> Sonda é preso </td><td valign="top"> No passo 2, certifique-se que todas as cavidades são faca microdissecção perfurado usando ou microcapilar </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Embrião se desintegrou hibridização seguinte (passo 3) </td><td valign="top"> Proteinase K passo esquerdo temperatura de hibridação muito longo é muito alta </td><td valign="top"> Proteinase K não deve ser deixado mais tempo do que 1mn (estágios 3 e 4 +), 2 mn (estágio 5 a 7), 3 mn (fase 10/08), 4 mn (etapa 11-13) Não hibridizam em T o maior de 65 o C </td></tr></tbody></table> Parte 9: Resultados Representante Embriões representativos são mostrados abaixo: (A) Embrião (estágio HH7) é marcado com uma sonda DIG-Sox (azul) e uma FITC-delta-1 sonda (vermelho). (B) Embrião (estágio HH8) é marcado com uma sonda DIG-Pax6 (azul) e uma sonda FITC-Shh (vermelho). Nf, neural dobra, anp, placa neural anterior, psm, mesoderma presomitic, n, notocorda, nt, tubo neural). Sonda presentes dos laboratórios dos Drs.. C. Tabin, M. Goulding, D. Henrique, e J. Briscoe. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/904_2008_10_20_1/904_Figure-01.png" alt="" width="303" height="300" />

<ol>
	<li>Streit, A., Berliner, A. J., Papanayotou, C., Sirulnik, A., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+neural+induction+by+FGF+signaling+before+gastrulation.">Initiation of neural induction by FGF signaling before gastrulation.</a> Nature. 406, 74-78 (2000).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez Esteban, C., Capdevila, J., Economides, A. N., Pascual, J., Ortiz, A., Izpis&#250;a Belmonte, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+novel+Cer-like+protein+Caronte+mediates+the+establishment+of+embryonic+left-right+asymmetry.">The novel Cer-like protein Caronte mediates the establishment of embryonic left-right asymmetry.</a> Nature. 401, 243-251 (1999).</li><li>Psychoyos, D., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+the+organizer+after+radical+ablation+of+Hensen's+node+and+the+anterior+primitive+streak+in+the+chick+embryo.">Restoration of the organizer after radical ablation of Hensen's node and the anterior primitive streak in the chick embryo.</a> Development. 122, 3263-3273 (1996).</li><li>Kawakami, M., Nakanishi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+an+endogenous+PKA+inhibitor,+PKIalpha,+in+organizing+left-right+axis+formation.">The role of an endogenous PKA inhibitor, PKIalpha, in organizing left-right axis formation.</a> Development. 128, 2509-2515 (2001).</li><li>Basch, M. L., Bronner-Fraser, M., Garcia-Castro, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specification+of+the+neural+crest+occurs+during+gastrulation+and+requires+Pax7.">Specification of the neural crest occurs during gastrulation and requires Pax7.</a> Nature. 441, 218-222 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

A montagem de 2 cores em todo método de hibridização in situ é usado para determinar os padrões espaciais e temporais da expressão gênica, usando um ou dois genes de interesse. As aplicações incluem análise de padrões de expressão gênica de genes novos (por exemplo, 1,2, assim como mudanças na expressão gênica insulto seguinte (manipulações embrionárias 3, 4 contas, e eletroporação de RNA ou DNA construções 5).

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Eggs</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>Charles River </td>
<td>Premium Fertile</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
<td>MZ9.5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Marsh Automatic Incubator</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Lyon</td>
<td>RX</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hybridization Incubator</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Hybaid</td>
<td>Micro-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adams Nutator orbital mixer</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-062</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Curved Forceps (1)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>72991-4C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fine scissors</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14161-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Spoon</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10370-18</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur Capillary Pipette</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>70950-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microcapillary tube</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1049-1PAK</td>
<td>Pull using vertical micropipette puller; blunt end with fine forceps</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microdissecting knife</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10056-12</td>
<td>Use to puncture cavities prior to in situ hybridization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Minuten pins 0.2mm diam</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26002-20</td>
<td>Keep pins together using a magnetic stirrer;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sylgard 184 Silicon Elastomer Curing Agent and Base</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>0001986475</td>
<td>Mix 1 part Curing Agent, 9 parts Base; set O/N at 37C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diethylpyrocarbonate (depc)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Acros Organics</td>
<td>10025025</td>
<td>Add 1ml depc to 1l PBS; shake; autoclave</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16% PFA</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>15710</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tween-20</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1379-100ML</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Proteinase K</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P2308-5MG</td>
<td>Stock at 10 mg/ml in depc-H2O in 10ul aliquots. Store at -20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Formamide, deionized</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>9342</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Yeast tRNA-25 mg</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>15401-011</td>
<td>Stock at 20 mg/ml in depc-H2O in 125ul aliquots. Store at -20C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heparin Sodium salt</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H4784-250MG</td>
<td>Stock at 50 mg/ml in depc-H2O in 100ul aliquots. Store at -20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SSC x20 pH5.5</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>PR-V4261</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EDTA (0.5M)</td>
<td>PR-V4231</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SDS</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP166-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Maleic acid</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fluka</td>
<td>63189</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Boehringer Blocking Reagent</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11096176001</td>
<td>Use at 2% in MABT. To make, heat with MABT for 20 mn at 60C. Can make a stock and store in 1-5 ml aliquots at 20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heat inactivated sheep serum</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Jackson Immuno</td>
<td>013-000-121</td>
<td>Dissolve in 10 ml H2O; heat 550C, 30 mn. Aliquot at 1ml, -20C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Digoxigenin-AP, Fab fragments</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11093274910</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NBT/BCIP stock solution</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11681451001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Fluorescein-AP, Fab fragments</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Applied Sciences</td>
<td>11426338910</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2M Tris</td>
<td>BP1759-500</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vector Red Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate Kit</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>SK-5100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>429325-100ML</td>
<td>Under hood</td>
</tr>		
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

double whole mount in situ hybridization of early chick embryos

O embrião de galinha é uma ferramenta valiosa no estudo do desenvolvimento embrionário precoce. Sua transparência, acessibilidade e facilidade de manipulação, torná-lo uma ferramenta ideal para estudar a expressão genética no cérebro, tubo neural, somito e formação de coração primórdios. Este vídeo demonstra as diferentes etapas em 2 cores montar toda a hibridização in situ; Primeiro, o embrião é dissecada do ovo e fixados em paraformaldeído. Em segundo lugar, o embrião é processada para prehybridization. O embrião é então hibridizado com duas sondas diferentes, um acoplado a DIG, e acoplado a um FITC. Após a hibridização durante a noite, o embrião é incubada com anticorpo acoplado DIG. Reação de cor para substrato DIG é realizada, ea região de interesse aparece em azul. O embrião é, então, incubadas com anticorpo acoplado FITC. O embrião é processado para reação de cor com FITC, ea região de interesse aparece em vermelho. Finalmente, o embrião é fixo e processados ​​para phtograph e corte. Um guia resolução de problemas também é apresentada.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos at JoVE.com

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

Este vídeo demonstra de 2 cores montar toda hibridização in situ, um método pelo qual o padrão de expressão espacial e temporal de 2 genes diferentes podem ser visualizados em embriões de galinha jovens. Este método foi originalmente introduzido por David Wilkinson, Henrique Domingos, Phil e David Ingham Ish-Horowicz.

Monte Whole dupla hibridização in situ de embriões de galinha precoce

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

double-whole-mount-in-situ-hybridization-of-early-chick-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.3K visualizações.  Institute of Biosciences and Technology - Texas A&M Health Science Center. Este vídeo demonstra de 2 cores montar toda hibridização in situ, um método pelo qual o padrão de expressão espacial e temporal de 2 genes diferentes podem ser visualizados em embriões de galinha jovens. Este método foi originalmente introduzido por David Wilkinson, Henrique Domingos, Phil e David Ingham Ish-Horowicz.

Vídeo: Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Método para a Cultura de Embriões início pintainho ex vivo (Nova Cultura)

Biologia

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

Método para coloração Whole Mount anticorpos em Pintainho

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Zebrafish Whole Mount Alta Resolução Duplo Fluorescente In Situ Hibridização

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Single Cell Transfection in Chick Embryos

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a thorough analysis of the fates of single cells under normal and experimental conditions. To this end, transfection methods that target single progenitors are a prerequisite. We describe here a technically straightforward method for transfecting single cells in chicken tissues in-ovo, allowing reliable lineage tracing as well as genetic manipulation. Specific tissue domains are targeted within the somite or neural tube, and DNA is injected directly into the epithelium of interest, resulting in sporadic transfection of single cells. Using reporters, clonal populations may consequently be traced for up to three days, and behavior of genetically manipulated clonal populations can be compared with that of controls. This method takes advantage of the accessibility of the chick embryo along with emerging tools for genetic manipulation. We compare and discuss its advantages over the widely-used electroporation method, and possible applications and use in additional in-vivo models are also suggested. We advocate the use of this method as a significant addition and complement for existing lineage tracing and genetic interference tools.

Using fine tip micropipettes we inject plasmid DNA into subdomains of chicken somites or neural tubes. The concentration of the plasmid is adjusted to generate single transfected cells. We then allow the cells to develop into clonal populations.

Transfecção única célula em embriões de galinha

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a ...

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of specific mRNA transcripts within whole mount specimen. This technique (adapted from Albertson and Yelick, 2005) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom at Syracuse University. The first two thirds of the Comparative Vertebrate Biology lab course gave students the opportunity to study the embryology and gross anatomy of several organisms representing various chordate taxa primarily via traditional dissections and the use of models. The final portion of the course involved an innovative approach to teaching anatomy through observation of vertebrate development employing molecular techniques in which WISH was performed on zebrafish embryos. A heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 8 a (fgf8a) mutant line, ace, was used. Due to Mendelian inheritance, ace intercrosses produced wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous ace/fgf8a mutants in a 1:2:1 ratio. RNA probes with known expression patterns in the midline and in developing anatomical structures such as the heart, somites, tailbud, myotome, and brain were used. WISH was performed using zebrafish at the 13 somite and prim-6 stages, with students performing the staining reaction in class. The study of zebrafish embryos at different stages of development gave students the ability to observe how these anatomical structures changed over ontogeny. In addition, some ace/fgf8a mutants displayed improper heart looping, and defects in somite and brain development. The students in this lab observed the normal development of various organ systems using both external anatomy as well as gene expression patterns. They also identified and described embryos displaying improper anatomical development and gene expression (i.e., putative mutants).
For instructors at institutions that do not already own the necessary equipment or where funds for lab and curricular innovation are limited, the financial cost of the reagents and apparatus may be a factor to consider, as will the time and effort required on the part of the instructor regardless of the setting. Nevertheless, we contend that the use of WISH in this type of classroom laboratory setting can provide an important link between developmental genetics and anatomy. As technology advances and the ability to study organismal development at the molecular level becomes easier, cheaper, and increasingly popular, many evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and physiologists are turning to research strategies in the field of molecular biology. Using WISH in a Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom is one example of how molecules and anatomy can converge within a single course. This gives upper level college students the opportunity to practice modern biological research techniques, leading to a more diversified education and the promotion of future interdisciplinary scientific research.

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology course in addition to vertebrate dissections. This gave students the opportunity to study gene expression patterns as well as gross anatomy, linking the study of molecular and organismal biology within one course.

Usando Monte Whole In situ Hibridação a ligação de Biologia Molecular e Organísmicos

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of ...

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures are lengthy and technically demanding with multiple important steps that collectively contribute to the quality of the final result. This protocol describes in detail several key quality control steps for optimizing probe labeling and performance. Overall, our protocol provides a detailed description of the critical steps necessary to reproducibly obtain high quality results. First, we describe the generation of digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probes via in vitro transcription of DNA templates generated by PCR. We describe three critical quality control assays to determine the amount, integrity and specific activity of the DIG-labeled probes. These steps are important for generating a probe of sufficient sensitivity to detect endogenous mRNAs in a whole mouse embryo. In addition, we describe methods for the fixation and storage of E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos for in situ hybridization. Then, we describe detailed methods for limited proteinase K digestion of the rehydrated embryos followed by the details of the hybridization conditions, post-hybridization washes and RNase treatment to remove non-specific probe hybridization. An AP-conjugated antibody is used to visualize the labeled probe and reveal the expression pattern of the endogenous transcript. Representative results are shown from successful experiments and typical suboptimal experiments.

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

This whole mount in situ hybridization protocol discusses critical steps that ensure reproducible high quality results for gene expression studies in E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos.

Monte todo In Situ Hibridação de E8.5 de Embriões E11.5 rato

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. Tracking fiducial markers on the surfaces of these cellular sheets is a well-established method for estimating morphogenetic quantities such as growth, contraction, and shear. However, not all surface labeling techniques are readily adaptable to conventional imaging modalities and possess different advantages and limitations. Here, we describe two labeling methods and illustrate the utility of each technique. In the first method, hundreds of fluorescent labels are applied simultaneously to the embryo using magnetic iron particles. These labels are then used to quantity 2-D tissue deformations during morphogenesis. In the second method, polystyrene microspheres are used as contrast agents in non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to track 3-D tissue deformations. These techniques have been successfully implemented in our lab to studythe physical mechanisms of early head fold, heart, and brain development, and should be adaptable to a wide range morphogenetic processes.

This article describes surface labeling and ex ovo tissue culture in the early chick embryo. Techniques amenable to time-lapse bright field, fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography imaging are presented. Tracking surface labels with high spatiotemporal resolution enables kinematic quantities such as morphogenetic strains (deformations) to be calculated in both two and three dimensions.

Rastreamento Deformações Tissue Morfogenéticas no embrião de galinha precoce

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

Todo o Monte RNA Fluorescente<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; A hibridação de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriões

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

RNA<em&gt; Em situ</em&gt; Hibridação em embriões de Mount inteiros e histologia de células Adaptado para Elasmobrânquios Marinhos

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualização e análise de moléculas de mRNA Usando Fluorescência<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; A hibridação em<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Methods Article

Monte Whole dupla hibridização in situ de embriões de galinha precoce