The authors would like to thank Prof. Steven Nutt and Mr. Yuzheng Zhang for assistant with the Focus Ion Beam, and the Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMMA) at USC for electron microscopy. Research was supported by NIH-NIDCR grants; DE-13414 and DE-020099 to J.M.O.

Os molares humanos foram extraídos seguindo os procedimentos padrão para a extração da Escola Ostrow de Odontologia da University of Southern California e manipulados com a aprovação do Conselho de Revisão Institucional. 1. Preparação de dente ácido-gravadas Slice <ol><li> Selecione um terceiro molar humano sem cárie restauradas. </li><li> Retirar a porção de raiz do molar, e cortar a coroa do molar longitudinalmente em fatias de 2 mm de espessura, utilizando uma baixa velocidade de serra de diamante arrefecida com água. Ultrassonicamente limpar essas fatias por 2 minutos, em seguida, enxágüe-os com água deionizada 3 vezes. </li><li> Para simular lesões erosivas, gravar as fatias de dentes com 30% de ácido fosfórico por 30 segundos, em seguida, lave-os imediatamente com água deionizada. </li><li> Ultrassonicamente limpar as fatias gravadas por 2 min, e em seguida, enxágüe-os com água deionizada 3 vezes. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de Hidrogel amelogenina-quitosano <ol><li> Preparation da solução de quitosana <ol><li> Dissolve-se 1% (w / v) de quitosano (peso molecular médio, 75-85% desacetilada) numa (v / v) de solução a 1% de ácido acético, seguido por agitação a 80 ° CO / N. </li><li> Depois de arrefecer a solução até à temperatura ambiente, filtra-se a solução de quitosano utilizando um filtro de 0,45 um. Ajustar o valor de pH para 5,0 por adição de solução de NaOH 1 M. </li></ol></li><li> Preparação de cálcio e uma solução de partida de fosfato (0,1 M) <ol><li> Pesar de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) e preparar uma solução 0,1 M, em seguida misturar com um vortex até que a solução é límpida. Ajustar o valor de pH para 11 por adição de solução de NaOH 1 M. </li><li> Pesar de fosfato de sódio dibásico (Na 2 HPO 4) e preparar uma solução 0,1 M, em seguida misturar com um vortex até que a solução é límpida. </li></ol></li><li> Expressão e purificação de amelogenina recombinante 17-18 O full-length amelogenina porcino recombinante (rP172) usado aqui tem 172 aminoácidos e é um análogo de cheiaDe comprimento P173 porcina nativa, mas sem a metionina N-terminal, bem como um grupo fosfato em Ser16 18. <ol><li> Adicionar 20 g de caldo de Lisogenia (LB) agar em pó em 500 ml de água desionizada, a solução em autoclave a 121 ° C (ajuste líquido) durante 20 min. Deixe arrefecer ágar para ~ 55 ° C, adicionar ampicilina (100 ug / ml) em solução de agar. </li><li> Transferir a solução agar para placas de Petri, que cada placa fria até que ele é sólido, em seguida, virar para evitar a condensação no ágar. Armazene as placas em sacos de plástico a 4 ° C. </li><li> Raia a placa de agar LB com células de E. coli recombinante (-BC21) a partir do stock de glicerol (-80 ° C). Incubar as placas de O / N a 37 ° C. </li><li> Preparar 50 ml de meio NZCYM e os meios de comunicação autoclave a 121 ° C durante 30 min. Permita que os meios de comunicação para esfriar, adicione 50 mL de 100 mg / ml de ampicilina para os 50 ml de mídia. </li><li> Inocule uma colónia isolada a partir da placa de LB agar para os meios de 50ml NZCYM suplementado com ampicillpol Incubar as células S / N em um incubador com agitação a 37 ° C. </li><li> Prepare 1 litro de mídia NZCYM e autoclave a mídia a 121 ° C por 30 min. Adicionar 1 ml de 100 mg / ml de ampicilina a 1000 ml de meio. Tome uma densidade óptica (DO) a leitura como um espaço em branco usando um espectrofotômetro UV-Vis. NOTA: Não descartar este após a primeira leitura. </li><li> Inocular 10 ml de cultura de células a partir do passo 2.3.5 em 1000 ml de meio a partir do passo 2.3.6. Ler a densidade óptica a 595 nm, imediatamente após a inoculação. Pegue a leitura da densidade óptica periodicamente para acompanhar o crescimento. NOTA: Leia o branco cada vez que o OD está tomada. </li><li> Induzir com 700 ul de isopropil β-D-1-tiogalactopiranósido (IPTG, 1 H), quando o crescimento bacteriano atinge a cerca de 0,75 ~ 0,8 OD a 595 nm. </li><li> Colheita das células, quando o OD atinge 1,1. Verter o conteúdo do balão para 6 frascos de plástico. Equilíbrio e pesar as garrafas antes de usar a centrífuga. Centrifugar durante 20 minutos a 8554 xg, a 4 ° C.Manter o pellet celular no -20 ° CO / N. </li><li> Retire as pelotas de células e combiná-los em um tubo de 50 ml. Adicionar 3,5 ml de cloridrato de guanidina 4M por L de fermentação. Sonicate 2-3 vezes no gelo, 30 seg de cada vez, com intervalos de 1 min. </li><li> Fazer diluições 6x de volume das células com ácido fórmico 0,5% e deixá-lo mexer na câmara fria durante 2 horas. Centrifugar durante 30 minutos, 8554 xg, a 4 ° C. Manter o sobrenadante. Adicionar 20% de sulfato de amônio saturada utilizando a solução de saturada e agitação na sala fria, O / N. </li><li> Centrifugar durante 30 minutos, 8554 xg, a 4 ° C e manter o sedimento. Reconstituir os peletes em 0,1% de ácido trifluoroacético (TFA), a carga em uma coluna C4 (10 x 250 mm, 5 mm), e fraccionar usando um gradiente linear de A = 0,1% de TFA e B = 60% de acetonitrilo em TFA, com uma taxa de 1,5 ml · min -1 fluir. </li><li> Congelar a solução de proteína em gelo seco e liofilizar a amostra congelada S / N. </li></ol></li><li> Preparação de amelogenina-quitosana (CS-AMEL) hydrogel (Figura 1A) <ol><li> Adicionar 200 mg de rp172 para um tubo contendo 960 ml de solução de quitosano a 1%, em seguida misturar com um vortex até que a solução é límpida. </li><li> Adicionar 25 ul de 0,1 M de solução de CaCl2, seguido de 15 ul de 0,1 M de Na 2 HPO 4 a solução a solução de quitosano contendo amelogenina, em seguida misturar com um vortex durante 5 min. </li><li> Ajustar o pH da solução de CS-AMEL para 6,5 ​​por adição cuidadosa de solução de NaOH 1 M. CS-AMEL hidrogel irá formar-se quando o valor do pH atingir 6,5. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Esmalte Regrowth em Amelogenina-quitosana Hidrogel <ol><li> Preparação de solução de saliva artificial <ol><li> Dissolve-se uma certa quantidade de cloreto de magnésio (MgCl2, 0,2 mM), cloreto de cálcio (CaCl 2, 1 mM), fosfato de potássio (KH 2 PO 4, 4 mM), cloreto de potássio (KCl, 16 mM) e cloreto de amónio ( NH 4 Cl, 4,5 mM) em HEPES 20 mM(4 - (2-hidroxietil)-etano-sulfónico piperazina-1 de ácido) de tampão 12. </li><li> Ajustar o pH para 7,0 com NaOH 1 M e armazenar a solução de saliva artificial a 4 ° C. </li><li> Antes de usar a solução, adicionar fluoreto de sódio (NaF, 300 ppm). </li></ol></li><li> Aplicação de CS-AMEL hidrogel <ol><li> Aplicar cerca de 20 ul de hidrogel CS-AMEL ao corte de dente gravado utilizando uma seringa (Figura 1B). </li><li> Seca-se o corte de dente coberta de hidrogel num exsicador à TA durante 2 horas. </li><li> Transferir o corte de dente para um copo contendo 30 ml de solução de saliva artificial. Cobrir a proveta com folha de alumínio, e, em seguida, manter o recipiente num forno a 37 ° C durante 7 dias. </li><li> Remover o corte de dente e secá-lo num exsicador à TA. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Caracterização da interface entre a camada recentemente crescido e Esmalte A microestrutura da interface entre a camada recentemente crescido e esmalte foi observed por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de alta rotação (HR-TEM). A amostra TEM foi preparado utilizando um feixe de íons focalizado (FIB), técnica, os passos para o que são os seguintes. <ol><li> Coloque a amostra em um instrumento FIB-SEM e terminar todos os alinhamentos de acordo com as instruções de operação. NOTA: Ajuste fino Z deve ser realizada pelo menos duas vezes. </li><li> Depositar uma camada de carbono (15 x 3 mm) com a amostra para proteger a estrutura subjacente (Figura 2A). </li><li> Moinho da amostra cuidadosamente os lados superior, inferior e direita da camada de carbono para preparar um pequeno pedaço de amostra e, em seguida, corte a parte inferior desta peça fina. NOTA: Verifique o alinhamento do feixe de iões antes de cada etapa de moagem (Figura 2B). </li><li> Solda uma ponta Pt sobre a parte fina e corte do lado esquerdo para separar o pedaço de amostra (Figura 3C). NOTA: Verifique o alinhamento do feixe de iões antes da etapa de soldagem. </li><li> Retire tEle PT ponta com a amostra lentamente, e montar a amostra lamelar dentro de uma grade TEM elevador-out. </li><li> Retire a ponta da amostra, e fina a amostra até a sua espessura é menor do que 100 nm (Figura 3D). Retirar a amostra do instrumento para realizar a observação MET. NOTA: Verifique o alinhamento do feixe de iões antes de cada processo de desbaste. </li></ol> 5. Avaliação da vinculação e propriedades mecânicas da camada recém-Grown <ol><li> A força de ligação é avaliada por tratamento de ultra-sons. Mantenha o corte de dente reparado em um limpador ultra-sônico (42 kHz, 100 W) por 10 min, e em seguida, observar a interface entre a camada de esmalte reparado e natural com uma análise SEM retroespalhados-elétron. </li><li> Medir a dureza e módulo de elasticidade aos 20 pontos de teste em cada superfície do esmalte reparado (n = 3) por uma nano-penetrador com uma ponta de Berkovich. </li></ol> 6. Imunofluorescência Coloração <ol><li> Lave a fatia de dente com Tris buffer salino (TBS) durante 15 min. </li><li> Bloquear com 1% de albumina sérica bovina (BSA) em TBS durante 15 min. </li><li> Remover o líquido e incubar a amostra S / N com 1 ° Ab (1:500 galinha anti-Amelogenina) diluído em TBS (0,1% de BSA, 0,3% de Triton X-100). </li><li> Lava-se a amostra com TBS durante 30 min e incubar S / N ° 2 com Ab (1:100 Anti-galinha FITC) diluído em TBS. </li><li> Lava-se a amostra com TBS durante 30 minutos e deixou-se secar durante mais 30 min. </li><li> Observar por microscópio de fluorescência. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Embora o conteúdo mineral do esmalte é alta tornando-o mais difícil de tecido mineralizado no corpo humano, esta biocerâmica é suscetível a processos de desmineralização, que muitas vezes ocorrem como cárie dentária ou erosão. Mutações no gene, também podem causar esmalte finas ou macias que conduzem a uma série de doenças hereditárias de malformação esmalte chamado Amelogenesis imperfeita 20. Produtos de cuidados de saúde oral que contenham flúor ou CPP-ACP ter sido no mercado h...

Dental enamel is the hard mineralized surface of human teeth. It is composed of numerous needle-like apatite crystals, which are bundled in organized, parallel prisms to ensure the unique mechanical strength and biological protection that enamel provides1-2. Unlike other mineralized tissues, such as bone and dentin, mature enamel is acellular and cannot regenerate itself after substantial mineral loss1-2, which often occurs as dental caries or erosion. Commercially available products such as fluoride containing varnishes, tooth pastes and mouthwashes are effective in re-mineralizing enamel but none of them have the potential to promote the formation of organized apatite crystals. Clinically, the conventional treatment for enamel repair involves a filling procedure with artificial materials such as amalgam, ceramics, or composite resin 3. However, these materials usually do not interface well with the natural tissue surrounding the lesion, because their structures, components and properties are different from the natural enamel. As a result, secondary caries frequently develops overtime at the interface between the tooth and foreign materials. Therefore, in situ regrowth of enamel with a dense interface is an attractive target for the fields of materials science and stomatology. One particularly promising way to achieve this purpose is biomimetic synthesis of enamel-like material on the enamel surface. Recently, numerous in vitro attempts have been made to prepare enamel-like materials using biomimetic systems that contain nano-apatites or different organic additives 4-12. However, developing the optimal biomimetic strategy to promote remineralization crystals to achieve a perfect dense interface is still a challenge. 
During enamel mineralization, the oriented growth and elongation of apatite crystals is regulated by an amelogenin-rich matrix 1,13-14. To mimic the organic matrix in developing enamel, herein we describe a detailed protocol for fabricating an amelogenin-chitosan (CS-AMEL) hydrogel for in situ enamel regrowth on an acid-etched enamel surface used as a model for erosive lesions. As &#8220;the most versatile growth media&#8221; for crystals 15, hydrogel matrices have an advantage over a solution system since clinically they are easier to handle. Moreover, CS-AMEL is biocompatible, biodegradable, and has unique antimicrobial and adhesion properties that compare favorably with other biomimetic systems for dental applications 16. Importantly, the in situ mineralization of apatite crystals on the enamel surface provides a dense interface between the repaired layer and the natural enamel, which can potentially improve the durability of restorations and prevent the formation of new caries at the margin of the restoration.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1219">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Material/ Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:209px;"></td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:331px;">Human Third Molar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">The human molars were extracted following the standard procedures for extraction at the Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California and handled with the approval of the Institutional Review Board.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:331px;">Recombinant Pocine Amelogenin</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Expression and purification&#160; in lab</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">rP172, full-length&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Chitosan&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">448877</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">medium molecular weight, 75-85% deacetylated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Phosphoric Acid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AA033266</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Acetic Acid Glacial</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">A036289</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH9292</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Calcium Chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">223506</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Dibasic Sodium Phosphate Anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH0316</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RP&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Agilent Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">230255</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Ammonium Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH8001</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Trifluoroacetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AAAL06374</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH1103</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Magnesium Chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH0244</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH9268</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Potassium Chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH0258</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Ammonium Chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AAAA15000</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:331px;">HEPES (4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethane-sulfonic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AAA14777</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Sodium Fluoride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AA11561</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Tris-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">170-6435</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">10&#215; TBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">EMD Millipore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">12659</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">CalBioChem, Albumin, Bovine Serum, Fraction V, Low Heavy Metals&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">EMD Millipore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">TX1568-1</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Chicken Anti-Amelogenin</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">A gift from Prof. Malcolm Snead, University of Southern California</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Bovine Anti-Chicken IgY-FITC</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sc-2700</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:331px;">Equipments</td>
			<td style="width:209px;"></td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:331px;">High Performance Liquid Chromatography System</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Agilent Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Varian Prostar 210</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">C4 column</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Phenomenx&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Jupiter 5&#956; 300A</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Scanning Electron Microscopy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">JEOL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">JSM-7001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">FIB-SEM&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">JEOL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">JIB-4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Transmission Electron Microscopy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">JEOL</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">JEM-2100F</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Digital Low Speed Diamond Saw</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">MTI Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">SYJ-150</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Fluorescence Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">DMI3000 B</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Ultrasonic Cleaner&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Branson&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">2510</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">42 kHz, 100 W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Nano-indenter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Agilent Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">MTS XP</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel for in vitro enamel regrowth with a dense interface

Biomimetic enamel reconstruction is a significant topic in material science and dentistry as a novel approach for the treatment of dental caries or erosion. Amelogenin has been proven to be a critical protein for controlling the organized growth of apatite crystals. In this paper, we present a detailed protocol for superficial enamel reconstruction by using a novel amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel. Compared to other conventional treatments, such as topical fluoride and mouthwash, this method not only has the potential to prevent the development of dental caries but also promotes significant and durable enamel restoration. The organized enamel-like microstructure regulated by amelogenin assemblies can significantly improve the mechanical properties of etched enamel, while the dense enamel-restoration interface formed by an in situ regrowth of apatite crystals can improve the effectiveness and durability of restorations. Furthermore, chitosan hydrogel is easy to use and can suppress bacterial infection, which is the major risk factor for the occurrence of dental caries. Therefore, this biocompatible and biodegradable amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel shows promise as a biomaterial for the prevention, restoration, and treatment of defective enamel.

A eficácia do protocolo aqui descrito é demonstrado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de elétrons selecionado área (SAED) e difração de raios-X (XRD) analisa. Após o reparo por amelogenina-quitosana (CS-AMEL) hidrogel por 7 dias, uma camada de esmalte com uma espessura de 15 mm foi formada na superfície esmalte condicionado. A camada recentemente cultivadas foi efectuada de matrizes altamente ordenada de cristais com um diâmetro de cerca de 50 nm, de preferência crescente ao longo do e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface at JoVE.com

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

Neste artigo, nós descrevemos um protocolo para a fabricação de um hidrogel amelogenina-quitosana para reconstrução de esmalte superficial. Organizado em crescimento situ de cristais de apatita no hidrogel formado uma interface esmalte-restauração densa, o que irá melhorar a eficácia e durabilidade das restaurações.

Desenvolvimento de Amelogenina-quitosana Hidrogel para<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Esmalte Regrowth Com uma interface Densa

Biomimetic enamel reconstruction is a significant topic in material science and dentistry as a novel approach for the treatment of dental caries or ...

development-amelogenin-chitosan-hydrogel-for-vitro-enamel-regrowth

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

14.9K visualizações.  University of Southern California.  Neste artigo, nós descrevemos um protocolo para a fabricação de um hidrogel amelogenina-quitosana para reconstrução de esmalte superficial. Organizado em crescimento situ de cristais de apatita no hidrogel formado uma interface esmalte-restauração densa, o que irá melhorar a eficácia e durabilidade das restaurações. 

Vídeo: Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

Encapsulation of Cardiomyocytes in a Fibrin Hydrogel for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Culturing cells in a three dimensional hydrogel environment is an important technique for developing constructs for tissue engineering as well as studying cellular responses under various culture conditions in vitro. The three dimensional environment more closely mimics what the cells observe in vivo due to the application of mechanical and chemical stimuli in all dimensions 1. Three-dimensional hydrogels can either be made from synthetic polymers such as PEG-DA 2 and PLGA 3 or a number of naturally occurring proteins such as collagen 4, hyaluronic acid 5 or fibrin 6,7. Hydrogels created from fibrin, a naturally occurring blood clotting protein, can polymerize to form a mesh that is part of the body's natural wound healing processes 8. Fibrin is cell-degradable and potentially autologous 9, making it an ideal temporary scaffold for tissue engineering.
Here we describe in detail the isolation of neonatal cardiomyocytes from three day old rat pups and the preparation of the cells for encapsulation in fibrin hydrogel constructs for tissue engineering. Neonatal myocytes are a common cell source used for in vitro studies in cardiac tissue formation and engineering 4. Fibrin gel is created by mixing fibrinogen with the enzyme thrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinopeptides FpA and FpB from fibrinogen, revealing binding sites that interact with other monomers 10. These interactions cause the monomers to self-assemble into fibers that form the hydrogel mesh. Because the timing of this enzymatic reaction can be adjusted by altering the ratio of thrombin to fibrinogen, or the ratio of calcium to thrombin, one can injection mold constructs with a number of different geometries 11,12. Further we can generate alignment of the resulting tissue by how we constrain the gel during culture 13.
After culturing the engineered cardiac tissue constructs for two weeks under static conditions, the cardiac cells have begun to remodel the construct and can generate a contraction force under electrical pacing conditions 6. As part of this protocol, we also describe methods for analyzing the tissue engineered myocardium after the culture period including functional analysis of the active force generated by the cardiac muscle construct upon electrical stimulation, as well as methods for determining final cell viability (Live-Dead assay) and immunohistological staining to examine the expression and morphology of typical proteins important for contraction (Myosin Heavy Chain or MHC) and cellular coupling (Connexin 43 or Cx43) between myocytes.

We describe the isolation of neonatal cardiomyocytes and the preparation of the cells for encapsulation in fibrin hydrogel constructs for tissue engineering. We describe methods for analyzing the tissue engineered myocardium after the culture period including active force generated upon electrical stimulation and cell viability and immunohistological staining.

Encapsulamento de Cardiomyocytes em um hidrogel de fibrina para engenharia de tecidos cardíacos

Culturing cells in a three dimensional hydrogel environment is an important technique for developing constructs for tissue engineering as well as studying ...

Bioengenharia

Cultivation of Human Neural Progenitor Cells in a 3-dimensional Self-assembling Peptide Hydrogel

The influence of 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds on growth, proliferation and finally neuronal differentiation is of great interest in order to find new methods for cell-based and standardised therapies in neurological disorders or neurodegenerative diseases. 3D structures are expected to provide an environment much closer to the in vivo situation than 2D cultures. In the context of regenerative medicine, the combination of biomaterial scaffolds with neural stem and progenitor cells holds great promise as a therapeutic tool.1-5 Culture systems emulating a three dimensional environment have been shown to influence proliferation and differentiation in different types of stem and progenitor cells. Herein, the formation and functionalisation of the 3D-microenviroment is important to determine the survival and fate of the embedded cells.6-8 Here we used PuraMatrix9,10 (RADA16, PM), a peptide based hydrogel scaffold, which is well described and used to study the influence of a 3D-environment on different cell types.7,11-14 PuraMatrix can be customised easily and the synthetic fabrication of the nano-fibers provides a 3D-culture system of high reliability, which is in addition xeno-free.
Recently we have studied the influence of the PM-concentration on the formation of the scaffold.13 In this study the used concentrations of PM had a direct impact on the formation of the 3D-structure, which was demonstrated by atomic force microscopy. A subsequent analysis of the survival and differentiation of the hNPCs revealed an influence of the used concentrations of PM on the fate of the embedded cells. However, the analysis of survival or neuronal differentiation by means of immunofluorescence techniques posses some hurdles. To gain reliable data, one has to determine the total number of cells within a matrix to obtain the relative number of e.g. neuronal cells marked by &beta;III-tubulin. This prerequisites a technique to analyse the scaffolds in all 3-dimensions by a confocal microscope or a comparable technique like fluorescence microscopes able to take z-stacks of the specimen. Furthermore this kind of analysis is extremely time consuming. 
Here we demonstrate a method to release cells from the 3D-scaffolds for the later analysis e.g. by flow cytometry. In this protocol human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) of the ReNcell VM cell line (Millipore USA) were cultured and differentiated in 3D-scaffolds consisting of PuraMatrix (PM) or PuraMatrix supplemented with laminin (PML). In our hands a PM-concentration of 0.25% was optimal for the cultivation of the cells13, however the concentration might be adapted to other cell types.12 The released cells can be used for e.g. immunocytochemical studies and subsequently analysed by flow cytometry. This speeds up the analysis and more over, the obtained data rest upon a wider base, improving the reliability of the data.

Here we describe the use of a self-assembling 3-dimensional scaffold to culture human neural progenitor cells. We present a protocol to release the cells from the scaffolds to be analysed subsequently e.g. by flow cytometry. This protocol might be adapted to other cell types to perform detailed mechanistically studies.

Cultivo de células progenitoras neurais em um hidrogel Peptide 3-dimensional de auto-montagem

The  influence of 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds on growth, proliferation and finally  neuronal differentiation is of great interest in order to find new ...

Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication

Advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology promise to revolutionize both research and medicine through lower costs, better sensitivity, portability, and higher throughput. The incorporation of biological components onto biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS) has shown great potential for achieving these goals. Microfabricated electronic chips allow for micrometer-scale features as well as an electrical connection for sensing and actuation. Functional biological components give the system the capacity for specific detection of analytes, enzymatic functions, and whole-cell capabilities. Standard microfabrication processes and bio-analytical techniques have been successfully utilized for decades in the computer and biological industries, respectively. Their combination and interfacing in a lab-on-a-chip environment, however, brings forth new challenges. There is a call for techniques that can build an interface between the electrode and biological component that is mild and is easy to fabricate and pattern.
Biofabrication, described here, is one such approach that has shown great promise for its easy-to-assemble incorporation of biological components with versatility in the on-chip functions that are enabled. Biofabrication uses biological materials and biological mechanisms (self-assembly, enzymatic assembly) for bottom-up hierarchical assembly. While our labs have demonstrated these concepts in many formats 1,2,3, here we demonstrate the assembly process based on electrodeposition followed by multiple applications of signal-based interactions. The assembly process consists of the electrodeposition of biocompatible stimuli-responsive polymer films on electrodes and their subsequent functionalization with biological components such as DNA, enzymes, or live cells 4,5. Electrodeposition takes advantage of the pH gradient created at the surface of a biased electrode from the electrolysis of water 6,7,. Chitosan and alginate are stimuli-responsive biological polymers that can be triggered to self-assemble into hydrogel films in response to imposed electrical signals 8. The thickness of these hydrogels is determined by the extent to which the pH gradient extends from the electrode. This can be modified using varying current densities and deposition times 6,7. This protocol will describe how chitosan films are deposited and functionalized by covalently attaching biological components to the abundant primary amine groups present on the film through either enzymatic or electrochemical methods 9,10. Alginate films and their entrapment of live cells will also be addressed 11. Finally, the utility of biofabrication is demonstrated through examples of signal-based interaction, including chemical-to-electrical, cell-to-cell, and also enzyme-to-cell signal transmission. 
Both the electrodeposition and functionalization can be performed under near-physiological conditions without the need for reagents and thus spare labile biological components from harsh conditions. Additionally, both chitosan and alginate have long been used for biologically-relevant purposes 12,13. Overall, biofabrication, a rapid technique that can be simply performed on a benchtop, can be used for creating micron scale patterns of functional biological components on electrodes and can be used for a variety of lab-on-a-chip applications.

This article describes a biofabrication approach: deposition of stimuli-responsive polysaccharides in the presence of biased electrodes to create biocompatible films which can be functionalized with cells or proteins. We demonstrate a bench-top strategy for the generation of the films as well as their basic uses for creating interactive biofunctionalized surfaces for lab-on-a-chip applications.

Colmatar a interface Bio-eletrônico com Biofabrication

Advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology promise to revolutionize both research and medicine through lower costs, better sensitivity, portability, and ...

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein block-copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. A highly hydrophilic random coil is inserted into one of the block-copolymers for water retention. Mixing of the two protein block copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit with crosslinkers at either end that rapidly self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is very stable under both acidic and basic conditions, at temperatures up to 50 &#176;C, and in organic solvents. The hydrogel rapidly reforms after shear-induced rupture. Incorporation of a &#34;docking station peptide&#34; into the hydrogel building block enables convenient incorporation of &#34;docking protein&#34;-tagged target proteins. The hydrogel is compatible with tissue culture growth media, supports the diffusion of 20 kDa molecules, and enables the immobilization of bioactive globular proteins. The application of the intein-mediated protein hydrogel as an organic-solvent-compatible biocatalyst was demonstrated by encapsulating the horseradish peroxidase enzyme and corroborating its activity.

We present the synthesis of a split-intein-mediated protein hydrogel. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. Mixing of the two protein copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit that self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is highly pH- and temperature-stable, compatible with organic solvents, and easily incorporates functional globular proteins.

Síntese de uma proteína artificial intein mediada Hidrogel

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of ...

Hydrogel Nanoparticle Harvesting of Plasma or Urine for Detecting Low Abundance Proteins

Novel biomarker discovery plays a crucial role in providing more sensitive and specific disease detection. Unfortunately many low-abundance biomarkers that exist in biological fluids cannot be easily detected with mass spectrometry or immunoassays because they are present in very low concentration, are labile, and are often masked by high-abundance proteins such as albumin or immunoglobulin. Bait containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAm) based nanoparticles are able to overcome these physiological barriers. In one step they are able to capture, concentrate and preserve biomarkers from body fluids. Low-molecular weight analytes enter the core of the nanoparticle and are captured by different organic chemical dyes, which act as high affinity protein baits. The nanoparticles are able to concentrate the proteins of interest by several orders of magnitude. This concentration factor is sufficient to increase the protein level such that the proteins are within the detection limit of current mass spectrometers, western blotting, and immunoassays. Nanoparticles can be incubated with a plethora of biological fluids and they are able to greatly enrich the concentration of low-molecular weight proteins and peptides while excluding albumin and other high-molecular weight proteins. Our data show that a 10,000 fold amplification in the concentration of a particular analyte can be achieved, enabling mass spectrometry and immunoassays to detect previously undetectable biomarkers.

Several pathological biomarkers cannot be easily detected by current techniques because of their low concentration in biological fluids, the presence of degrading enzymes, and large amounts of high molecular weight proteins. Chemically functionalized hydrogel nanoparticles can harvest, preserve and concentrate low abundance proteins enabling the detection of previously undetectable biomarkers.

Hidrogel nanopartículas colheita de plasma ou urina para detectar proteínas de baixa abundância

Novel biomarker discovery plays a crucial role in providing more sensitive and specific disease detection. Unfortunately many low-abundance biomarkers ...

Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and accurate assessment of ocular toxicity in man are needed. To address this need, we have developed an eye irritation test (EIT) which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model that is based on normal human cells. The EIT is able to separate ocular&#160;irritants and corrosives (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category). The test utilizes two separate protocols, one designed for liquid chemicals and a second, similar protocol for solid test articles. The EIT prediction model uses a single exposure period (30 min for liquids, 6 hr for solids) and a single tissue viability cut-off (60.0% as determined by the MTT assay). Based on the results for 83 chemicals (44 liquids and 39 solids) EIT achieved 95.5/68.2/ and 81.8% sensitivity/specificity and accuracy (SS&#38;A) for liquids, 100.0/68.4/ and 84.6% SS&#38;A for solids, and 97.6/68.3/ and 83.1% for overall SS&#38;A. The EIT will contribute significantly to classifying the ocular irritation potential of a wide range of liquid and solid chemicals without the use of animals to meet regulatory testing requirements. The EpiOcular EIT method was implemented in 2015 into the OECD Test Guidelines as TG 492.

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

We have developed an eye irritation test which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model. The test is able to discriminate between ocular irritant and corrosive materials (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category).

Irritação dos olhos Test (EIT) para identificação de perigos de olho irritantes químicos usando reconstruída Humano Córnea-like epitelial (RHCE) Modelo Tissue

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and ...

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards vascular disease pathologies. Unhealthy arteries often present with wall stiffening, scarring, or partial stenosis which may all affect fluid flow rates, and the magnitude of pulsatile flow, or pulsatility index. Replication of various flow conditions is the result of tuning a flow pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump. Introduction of air within a closed flow system allows for a compressible medium to absorb pulsatile pressure from the pump, and therefore vary the pulsatility index. The method described herein is simply reproduced, with highly controllable input, and easily measurable results. Some limitations are recreation of the complex physiological pulse waveform, which is only approximated by the system. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts are affected by the blood flow through the artery. The dynamic component of blood flow is determined by the cardiac output and arterial wall compliance. Vascular cell mechano-transduction of flow dynamics may trigger cytokine release and cross-talk between cell types within the artery. Co-culture of vascular cells is a more accurate picture reflecting cell-cell interaction on the blood vessel wall and vascular response to mechanical signaling. Contribution of flow dynamics, including the cell response to the dynamic and mean (or steady) components of flow, is therefore an important metric in determining disease pathology and treatment efficacy. Through introducing an in vitro co-culture model and pressure damping downstream of blood pump which produces simulated cardiac output, various arterial disease pathologies may be investigated.

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

This protocol replicates physiological or pathological blood flow in vitro to aid in determining cell response in disease pathologies. By introducing a pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump, blood flow across the vasculature can be recapitulated and imposed on a monolayer of vascular endothelium or a mimetic co-culture.

In Vitro Modelo de fisiológicos e patológicos fluxo de sangue com aplicativos para Investigações de Reformas celular Vascular

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards ...

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Currently, in vitro evaluations of contact lenses (CLs) for drug delivery are typically performed in large volume vials,1-6 which fail to mimic physiological tear volumes.7 The traditional model also lacks the natural tear flow component and the blinking reflex, both of which are defining factors of the ocular environment. The development of a novel model is described in this study, which consists of a unique 2-piece design, eyeball and eyelid piece, capable of mimicking physiological tear volume. The models are created from 3-D printed molds (Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon molds), which can be used to generate eye models from various polymers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and agar. Further modifications to the eye pieces, such as the integration of an explanted human or animal cornea or human corneal construct, will permit for more complex in vitro ocular studies. A commercial microfluidic syringe pump is integrated with the platform to emulate physiological tear secretion. Air exposure and mechanical wear are achieved using two mechanical actuators, of which one moves the eyelid piece laterally, and the other moves the eyeballeyepiece circularly. The model has been used to evaluate CLs for drug delivery and deposition of tear components on CLs.

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Current in vitro models for evaluating contact lenses (CLs) and other eye-related applications are severely limited. The presented ocular platform simulates physiological tear flow, tear volume, air exposure and mechanical wear. This system is highly versatile and can be applied to various in vitro analyses with CLs.

Desenvolvimento de um<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Ocular Platform para testar as lentes de contato

Currently, in vitro evaluations of contact lenses (CLs) for drug delivery are typically performed in large volume vials,1-6 which fail to mimic ...

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

In the central nervous system, numerous acute injuries and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as implanted devices or biomaterials engineered to enhance function result in the same outcome: excess inflammation leads to gliosis, cytotoxicity, and/or formation of a glial scar that collectively exacerbate injury or prevent healthy recovery. With the intent of creating a system to model glial scar formation and study inflammatory processes, we have generated a 3D cell scaffold capable of housing primary cultured glial cells: microglia that regulate the foreign body response and initiate the inflammatory event, astrocytes that respond to form a fibrous scar, and oligodendrocytes that are typically vulnerable to inflammatory injury. The present work provides a detailed step-by-step method for the fabrication, culture, and microscopic characterization of a hyaluronic acid-based 3D hydrogel scaffold with encapsulated rat brain-derived glial cells. Further, protocols for characterization of cell encapsulation and the hydrogel scaffold by confocal immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy are demonstrated, as well as the capacity to modify the scaffold with bioactive substrates, with incorporation of a commercial basal lamina mixture to improved cell integration.

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Herein, we present a protocol for the 3D culture of rat brain-derived glia cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. We demonstrate primary cell culture, methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) hydrogel synthesis, HAMAphoto-polymerization and cell encapsulation, and sample processing for confocal and scanning electron microscopic imaging.

Melhorado o hidrogel 3D culturas de células gliais primárias para In Vitro modelagem de Neuroinflammation

In the central nervous system, numerous acute injuries and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as implanted devices or biomaterials engineered to enhance ...

Bioprintable Alginate/Gelatin Hydrogel 3D In Vitro Model Systems Induce Cell Spheroid Formation

The cellular, biochemical, and biophysical heterogeneity of the native tumor microenvironment is not recapitulated by growing immortalized cancer cell lines using conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. These challenges can be overcome by using bioprinting techniques to build heterogeneous three-dimensional (3D) tumor models whereby different types of cells are embedded. Alginate and gelatin are two of the most common biomaterials employed in bioprinting due to their biocompatibility, biomimicry, and mechanical properties. By combining the two polymers, we achieved a bioprintable composite hydrogel with similarities to the microscopic architecture of a native tumor stroma. We studied the printability of the composite hydrogel via rheology and obtained the optimal printing window. Breast cancer cells and fibroblasts were embedded in the hydrogels and printed to form a 3D model mimicking the in vivo microenvironment. The bioprinted heterogeneous model achieves a high viability for long-term cell culture (&#62; 30 days) and promotes the self-assembly of breast cancer cells into multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). We observed the migration and interaction of the cancer-associated fibroblast cells (CAFs) with the MCTS in this model. By using bioprinted cell culture platforms as co-culture systems, it offers a unique tool to study the dependence of tumorigenesis on the stroma composition. This technique features a high-throughput, low cost, and high reproducibility, and it can also provide an alternative model to conventional cell monolayer cultures and animal tumor models to study cancer biology.

Bioprintable Alginate/Gelatin Hydrogel 3D In Vitro Model Systems Induce Cell Spheroid Formation

We developed a heterogeneous breast cancer model consisting of immortalized tumor and fibroblast cells embedded in a bioprintable alginate/gelatin bioink. The model recapitulates the in vivo tumor microenvironment and facilitates the formation of multicellular tumor spheroids, yielding insight into the mechanisms driving tumorigenesis.

Hidrogel Bioprintable alginato/gelatina 3D em Vitro sistemas modelo induzem a formação de esferoide de célula

The cellular, biochemical, and biophysical heterogeneity of the native tumor microenvironment is not recapitulated by growing immortalized cancer cell ...