This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants HL105947-01 (YL), HL07829-16 (AM), HL090152 (AM).

As experiências com animais foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Cuidados Animal e Comitês de Biossegurança Institucional da Universidade de Illinois, em Chicago. NOTA: Todos os procedimentos que envolvem pseudomonas deve ser realizada com Nível de Biossegurança 2 práticas (BSL2), que incluem mas não estão limitados a: máscara, protecção para os olhos, vestido ou macacão, luvas e duplas. Trabalhar em certificado de Biossegurança Gabinete. Trate instrumentos em contato com bactérias com desinfetante à base de lixívia ou cloro dióxido de carbono. Use uma caixa selada para amostras de transporte. 1. P. aeruginosa Cultura e Crescimento <ol><li> Loja P. aeruginosa PA103 como um estoque bacteriana em uma tampa de rosca frasco de congelação a -80 ° C. </li><li> Colocar o frasco em um rack em uma caixa com 70% de etanol molhada toalhas de papel e levar para o laboratório de Nível de Biossegurança 2 (BSL2). </li><li> Streak as bactérias em placas de agar de sangue de ovelha e crescer a 37 ° C durante ~ 15 horas numa incubadora. </li&gt; <li> Em um capuz BSL2, arranhar as bactérias da placa com bactérias loop e ressuspender em 5 ml de PBS. </li><li> Armazenar o estoque, a 4 ° C por até 3 meses. No entanto, determinar o título de cada 2 semanas. </li><li> Serialmente dilua as bactérias em PBS (geralmente de 1:10 a 1:10 4 7) e para fora da placa de diluição conhecido em placas de agar de sangue de ovelha. </li><li> Incubar as placas durante ~ 15 h. Contagem das colónias e calcular unidade formadora de colônia (UFC) para determinar a concentração de bactérias. </li><li> Ressuspender as concentrações apropriadas (~ 5 x 10 3 CFU / ul) em 0,5 ml de PBS em 1,5 ml estéreis criotubos com tampa de rosca. Vedar as cryovials e colocá-los em um rack cryovial em toalhas de papel carregado desinfetantes em uma caixa de encaixe da tampa. </li><li> Transportar a caixa para BSL2 biotério. Uma vez lá, abra a caixa no armário BSL2. </li></ol> 2. P. aeruginosa instilação <ol><li> Realize assepticamente cirurgia sobrevivência (luvas estéreis, instrumentos esterilizadose as técnicas assépticas). Use um campo estéril para fornecer uma superfície de trabalho para (autoclavados) instrumentos cirúrgicos estéreis. Esterilizar instrumentos usando um esterilizador quente talão entre cada procedimento instilação traqueal. </li><li> Pesar ratinhos antes da anestesia. Anestesiar ratos com cetamina (100 mg / kg), xilazina (5 mg / kg), em 0,1-0,2 ml de PBS por via intraperitoneal (ip). Determinar a eficácia do anestésico por não responsividade ao dedo do pé pitada. Use uma pomada veterinário sobre os olhos para evitar a secura sob anestesia. </li><li> Contenha camundongos em uma placa cirúrgica no gabinete BSL2. </li><li> Identificar a área para o corte para baixo. Raspar nesta área e preparar a pele usando alternando álcool e iodo povidona compressas 3 vezes. </li><li> Trate a área da incisão, com anestesia local (lidocaína), pois esta anestesia é suficiente para uma pequena cirurgia, como uma incisão na pele para acessar a traqueia. </li><li> Adicione uma pequena incisão (aproximadamente 5 mm) na linha média do pescoço, e usar romba forceps para mover suavemente o músculo para o acesso à traquéia. Expor a traquéia por dissecção cirúrgica. </li><li> Desenhe solução bactérias dentro de uma seringa descartável 1 ml com agulha 27 G. Para cada rato, administrar 20-30 ul de bactérias na concentração apropriada (até 10 5 CFU cada ratinho). </li><li> Insira a agulha na traquéia. Injectar solução lentamente na traqueia. </li><li> Assegure-se que os animais suspiros, que normalmente indica que a solução tenha atingido no pulmão. </li><li> Fechar a ferida com suturas de monofilamento estéreis (6-0), sob condições assépticas. </li><li> Use 0,1 mg / kg de buprenorfina por injecção subcutânea como analgesia no pós-operatório para controle da dor pós-cirúrgica. </li><li> Assegure-se que o tempo necessário desde a indução da anestesia inicial à incisão de fecho é inferior a 15 min. </li><li> Após a injeção, descarte de seringas e agulhas em um recipiente de risco biológico farelos apropriado. </li><li> Trate os instrumentos cirúrgicos com DISI base de dióxido de cloronfectant durante 15 minutos, enxaguar e voltar para o laboratório para esterilização e reutilização quando necessário. </li><li> Casa dos ratos individualmente em gaiolas limpas em ambiente quente. </li><li> Confira no animal a cada 30 minutos até que ele recobra a consciência e começa a se mover; e, posteriormente, em intervalos de 12 h para os primeiros 3 dias pós-cirurgia. </li><li> Manter os ratinhos na instalação de BSL2 animais ao longo da experiência. Certifique-se de que somente o tecido contido na caixa selada deixarem a instalação BSL2 animal. Se os ratinhos expressam qualquer um dos comportamentos moribundos (definida como dificuldade respiratória, letargia, insuficiência de deambulação em resposta à estimulação suave) em qualquer momento do estudo, os ratinhos eutanásia por inalação de CO 2 a partir de uma fonte mineral seguido por deslocamento cervical. </li><li> Euthanize o assunto experimental por sangria sob anestesia. <ol><li> Recolhe tecido pulmonar de ratos submetidos a eutanásia. Realizar esses procedimentos em uma capa BSL2. Se necessário, transferir a amostra usando tubos vedados colocados em um rack em toalhas de papel carregado desinfetantes em uma caixa de tampa snap para posterior processo. </li></ol></li></ol>

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	<li>Ware, L. B., Matthay, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome.">The acute respiratory distress syndrome.</a> N Engl J Med. 342, 1334-1349 (2000).</li><li>Matthay, M. A., Ware, L. B., Zimmerman, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome.">The acute respiratory distress syndrome.</a> J Clin Invest. 122, 2731-2740 (2012).</li><li>Shimabukuro, D. W., Sawa, T., Gropper, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Injury+and+repair+in+lung+and+airways.">Injury and repair in lung and airways.</a> Crit Care Med. 31 (8), 524-531 (2003).</li><li>Wansleeben, C., Barkauskas, C. E., Rock, J. R., Hogan, B. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

O modelo de lesão pulmonar rato Pseudomonas que descrevemos aqui imita todo o processo de inflamação, lesão pulmonar, reparo e resolução que ocorrem após a lesão pulmonar aguda ou pneumonia. Ele tem vantagens únicas comparando com vários outros modelos de lesão em que é clinicamente relevante e relativamente seguro e fácil de manusear. O passo crítico no processo é que a solução de injecção de bactérias tem de ser muito lento. Se a injecção for demasiado rápido, os rat...

Os pulmões são expostos a agentes patogénicos ambientais e são susceptíveis a inflamação e lesão 1-3. Durante condições patológicas como pneumonia ou Síndrome da Angústia Respiratória Adulto (SARA), patógenos, bem como fatores inflamatórios liberados por leucócitos induzir lesão e morte das células alveolares 1-3. É importante para o desenvolvimento de modelos animais de lesão pulmonar aguda para facilitar o estudo de lesões da patologia, bem como mecanismo de reparação. Atualmente, a maioria das pessoas usam hiperóxia e bleomicina rato induzida modelos de lesão pulmonar 4. No entanto, os mecanismos de hiperoxia causado um prejuízo não são o mesmo que a maioria das lesões pulmonares comuns que ocorrem durante a pneumonia ou ARDS 5. Bleomicina lesão aguda induzida é raro em um contexto clínico 4. Aqui nós relatamos um modelo de lesão pulmonar mouse usando a injeção intra-traqueal de P. aeruginosa 6,7. Este modelo é clinicamente relevante, e imita a processes que acontecem após pneumonia 8. Como um patógeno oportunista, nosocomial de indivíduos imunocomprometidos, P. aeruginosa normalmente infecta o trato pulmonar, urinário, queimaduras, feridas, e também causa outras infecções sanguíneas 6. A bactéria liberta virulência fator exotoxina A, multiplicar e desencadear respostas imunes 6. Administração intra-trachael de P. aeruginosa reflecte a situação em exposição humana para as bactérias que causam a pneumonia e a patologia é provável que seja diferente do modelo de lesão pulmonar induzida por vírus da gripe H1N1 recentemente relatado 9. Desde P. aeruginosa é um agente patogénico oportunista, é relativamente seguro de manusear em comparação com alguns dos agentes patogénicos mais virulentas. Aqui utilizou-se a injecção intra-traqueal para administrar as bactérias porque observou-se que este método introduzido mais bactérias na região distal alvéolos do pulmão em comparação comalguns outros procedimentos, tais como a utilização de um cateter através da boca. Em comparação com outros modelos de lesão pulmonar aguda, o P. aeruginosa modelo descrito é apropriado para o estudo de lesão pulmonar induzida por bactérias e por inflamação excessiva. Ao contrário de outros modelos animais que utilizam P. aeruginosa a indução da sepse 10,11, aqui vamos usar a injeção intra-traqueal destas bactérias para induzir localizada lesão pulmonar aguda.

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			<td style="width:145px;">Comments</td>
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			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:215px;">Anesthetic: Ketamin, xylazine, lidocaine, buprenorphine</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:215px;">syringe</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:215px;">scissors</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:215px;">forceps</td>
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pseudomonas aeruginosa induced lung injury model

A fim de estudar a lesão pulmonar aguda humana e pneumonia, é importante para desenvolver modelos animais para imitar várias características patológicas da doença. Aqui nós desenvolvemos um modelo de lesão pulmonar rato pela injeção intra-traqueal de bactérias Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa ou PA). Utilizando este modelo, fomos capazes de mostrar a inflamação pulmonar na fase inicial da lesão. Além disso, alveolar leakiness barreira epitelial foi observada por análise de lavagem broncoalveolar (BAL); e morte celular alveolar foi observada por ensaio de Tunel usando tecido preparado a partir de pulmões lesionados. Numa fase posterior, após lesão, observou-se proliferação de células necessário para o processo de reparação. A lesão foi resolvida 7 dias a partir do início do P. injecção aeruginosa. Este modelo imita o curso seqüencial de inflamação pulmonar, lesão e reparação durante pneumonia. Este modelo animal clinicamente relevante é adequado para estudar patologia, mecanismo de reparação, fepois lesão pulmonar aguda, e também pode ser utilizado para testar potenciais agentes terapêuticos para esta doença.

A partir 24-72 h pós P. injecção aeruginosa, celularidade aumentada foi observada em secções de pulmão (Figura 1A-D). O pulmão começou a se recuperar a partir de 96 horas pós lesão (Figura 1E). Aos 7 dias pós-P. aeruginosa, alvéolos morfologia normal foi restaurado pela maior parte (Figura 1F). Seções usando pulmonares coloração Tunnel preparado em 24 horas pós P. aeruginosa mostrou a morte celular em células em alv?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Lung Injury Model at JoVE.com

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Lung Injury Model

We have developed a mouse lung injury model by intra-tracheal injection of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This model mimics lung injury during pneumonia and is clinically relevant.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lesão Pulmonar Induzida Modelo

In order to study human acute lung injury and pneumonia, it is important to develop animal models to mimic various pathological features of this disease. ...

pseudomonas-aeruginosa-induced-lung-injury-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Lung Injury Model

18.4K visualizações.  University of Illinois at Chicago. We have developed a mouse lung injury model by intra-tracheal injection of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This model mimics lung injury during pneumonia and is clinically relevant. 

Vídeo: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Lung Injury Model

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living surfaces. In this paper, we describe protocols for forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on human airway epithelial cells (CFBE cells) grown in culture. In the first method (termed the Static Co-culture Biofilm Model), P. aeruginosa is incubated with CFBE cells grown as confluent monolayers on standard tissue culture plates. Although the bacterium is quite toxic to epithelial cells, the addition of arginine delays the destruction of the monolayer long enough for biofilms to form on the CFBE cells. The second method (termed the Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm Model), involves adaptation of a biofilm flow cell apparatus, which is often used in biofilm research, to accommodate a glass coverslip supporting a confluent monolayer of CFBE cells. This monolayer is inoculated with P. aeruginosa and a peristaltic pump then flows fresh medium across the cells. In both systems, bacterial biofilms form within 6-8 hours after inoculation. Visualization of the biofilm is enhanced by the use of P. aeruginosa strains constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The Static and Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm assays are model systems for early P. aeruginosa infection of the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung, and these techniques allow different aspects of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence to be studied, including biofilm cytotoxicity, measurement of biofilm CFU, and staining and visualizing the biofilm.

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

This paper describes different methods of growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cultured human airway epithelial cells. These protocols can be adapted to study different aspects of biofilm formation, including visualization of the biofilm, staining of the biofilm, measuring the colony forming units (CFU) of the biofilm, and studying biofilm cytotoxicity.

Co-cultura de Modelos Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilmes Grown no Live Células Airway Humanos

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological properties compared to free living microorganisms. Biofilms in nature are often difficult to investigate and reside under poorly defined conditions1. Using a transparent substratum it is possible to device a system where simple biofilms can be examined in a non-destructive way in real-time: here we demonstrate the assembly and operation of a flow cell model system, for in vitro 3D studies of microbial biofilms generating high reproducibility under well-defined conditions2,3.
The system consists of a flow cell that serves as growth chamber for the biofilm. The flow cell is supplied with nutrients and oxygen from a medium flask via a peristaltic pump and spent medium is collected in a waste container. This construction of the flow system allows a continuous supply of nutrients and administration of e.g. antibiotics with minimal disturbance of the cells grown in the flow chamber. Moreover, the flow conditions within the flow cell allow studies of biofilm exposed to shear stress. A bubble trapping device confines air bubbles from the tubing which otherwise could disrupt the biofilm structure in the flow cell.
The flow cell system is compatible with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and can thereby provide highly detailed 3D information about developing microbial biofilms. Cells in the biofilm can be labeled with fluorescent probes or proteins compatible with CLSM analysis. This enables online visualization and allows investigation of niches in the developing biofilm. Microbial interrelationship, investigation of antimicrobial agents or the expression of specific genes, are of the many experimental setups that can be investigated in the flow cell system.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Protocol describing the application of a flow cell system for growing and analyzing microbial biofilms for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilme em Células de Fluxo

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological ...

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with leukemia, severe burn wounds, or organ transplants1. In patients at high-risk for developing PA bloodstream infections, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the main reservoir for colonization2, but the mechanisms by which PA transitions from an asymptomatic colonizing microbe to an invasive, and often deadly, pathogen are unclear. Previously, we performed in vivo transcription profiling experiments by recovering PA mRNA from bacterial cells residing in the cecums of colonized mice 3 in order to identify changes in bacterial gene expression during alterations to the host&#x2019;s immune status.
As with any transcription profiling experiment, the rate-limiting step is in the isolation of sufficient amounts of high quality mRNA. Given the abundance of enzymes, debris, food residues, and particulate matter in the GI tract, the challenge of RNA isolation is daunting. Here, we present a method for reliable and reproducible isolation of bacterial RNA recovered from the murine GI tract. This method utilizes a well-established murine model of PA GI colonization and neutropenia-induced dissemination4. Once GI colonization with PA is confirmed, mice are euthanized and cecal contents are recovered and flash frozen. RNA is then extracted using a combination of mechanical disruption, boiling, phenol/chloroform extractions, DNase treatment, and affinity chromatography. Quantity and purity are confirmed by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop Technologies) and bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) (Fig 1). This method of GI microbial RNA isolation can easily be adapted to other bacteria and fungi as well.

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

A reliable method for the RNA isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from murine cecums is described. The RNA recovered is of sufficient quantity and quality for subsequent qPCR, transcription profiling, and RNA Seq experiments. This technique can be adapted for RNA isolation of other intestinal microbes.

Isolamento de RNA Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizar o trato gastrointestinal Murino

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with ...

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

There is growing concern about the relevance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests when applied to isolates of P. aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Existing methods rely on single or a few isolates grown aerobically and planktonically. Predetermined cut-offs are used to define whether the bacteria are sensitive or resistant to any given antibiotic1. However, during chronic lung infections in CF, P. aeruginosa populations exist in biofilms and there is evidence that the environment is largely microaerophilic2. The stark difference in conditions between bacteria in the lung and those during diagnostic testing has called into question the reliability and even relevance of these tests3.
 Artificial sputum medium (ASM) is a culture medium containing the components of CF patient sputum, including amino acids, mucin and free DNA. P. aeruginosa growth in ASM mimics growth during CF infections, with the formation of self-aggregating biofilm structures and population divergence4,5,6. The aim of this study was to develop a microtitre-plate assay to study antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa based on growth in ASM, which is applicable to both microaerophilic and aerobic conditions.
 An ASM assay was developed in a microtitre plate format. P. aeruginosa biofilms were allowed to develop for 3 days prior to incubation with antimicrobial agents at different concentrations for 24 hours. After biofilm disruption, cell viability was measured by staining with resazurin. This assay was used to ascertain the sessile cell minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC) of tobramycin for 15 different P. aeruginosa isolates under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions and SMIC values were compared to those obtained with standard broth growth. Whilst there was some evidence for increased MIC values for isolates grown in ASM when compared to their planktonic counterparts, the biggest differences were found with bacteria tested in microaerophilic conditions, which showed a much increased resistance up to a &gt;128 fold, towards tobramycin in the ASM system when compared to assays carried out in aerobic conditions.
 The lack of association between current susceptibility testing methods and clinical outcome has questioned the validity of current methods3. Several in vitro models have been used previously to study P. aeruginosa biofilms7, 8. However, these methods rely on surface attached biofilms, whereas the ASM biofilms resemble those observed in the CF lung9 . In addition, reduced oxygen concentration in the mucus has been shown to alter the behavior of P. aeruginosa2 and affect antibiotic susceptibility10. Therefore using ASM under microaerophilic conditions may provide a more realistic environment in which to study antimicrobial susceptibility.

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Current diagnostic antimicrobial susceptibility testing relies on the planktonic growth of isolates in nutrient rich, aerobic conditions. Here, we employ an alternative artificial sputum medium to study antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms under both aerobic and microaerophilic conditions more representative of the cystic fibrosis lung.

Uso de meio de escarro Artificial para testar a eficácia antibiótica contra<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Em condições mais relevantes para o Pulmão Fibrose Cística

There  is growing concern about the relevance of in vitro antimicrobial  susceptibility tests when applied to isolates of P. aeruginosa from  cystic ...

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model itself. Early phases of inflammation and infection have been widely studied by using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar-beads mouse model, while only few reports have focused on the long-term chronic infection in vivo. The main challenge for long term chronic infection remains the low bacterial burden by P. aeruginosa and the low percentage of infected mice weeks after challenge, indicating that bacterial cells are progressively cleared by the host.
This paper presents a method for obtaining efficient long-term chronic infection in mice. This method is based on the embedding of the P. aeruginosa clinical strains in the agar-beads in vitro, followed by intratracheal instillation in C57Bl/6NCrl mice. Bilateral lung infection is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, mortality, chronic infection, and inflammatory response. The P. aeruginosa RP73 clinical strain was preferred over the PAO1 reference laboratory strain since it resulted in a comparatively lower mortality, more severe lesions, and higher chronic infection. P. aeruginosa colonization may persist in the lung for over three months. Murine lung pathology resembles that of CF patients with advanced chronic pulmonary disease.
This murine model most closely mimics the course of the human disease and can be used both for studies on the pathogenesis and for the evaluation of novel therapies.

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

We describe the agar-beads method to establish persistent long-term chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection in the mouse model.

Crônica de Longo Prazo<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Infecção das vias aéreas em ratos

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

Replication of the Ordered, Nonredundant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutants

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a phenotypically and genotypically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacterium ubiquitous in human environments. P. aeruginosa is able to form biofilms, develop antibiotic resistance, produce virulence factors, and rapidly evolve in the course of a chronic infection. Thus P. aeruginosa can cause both acute and chronic, difficult to treat infections, resulting in significant morbidity in certain patient populations. P. aeruginosa strain PA14 is a human clinical isolate with a conserved genome structure that infects a variety of mammalian and nonvertebrate hosts making PA14 an attractive strain for studying this pathogen. In 2006, a nonredundant transposon insertion mutant library containing 5,459 mutants corresponding to 4,596 predicted PA14 genes was generated. Since then, distribution of the PA14 library has allowed the research community to better understand the function of individual genes and complex pathways of P. aeruginosa. Maintenance of library integrity through the replication process requires proper handling and precise techniques. To that end, this manuscript presents protocols that describe in detail the steps involved in library replication, library quality control and proper storage of individual mutants.

Replication of the Ordered, Nonredundant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutants

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection causes significant morbidity in vulnerable hosts. The nonredundant transposon insertion mutant library of P. aeruginosa strain PA14, designated as PA14NR Set, facilitates analysis of gene functionality in numerous processes. Presented here is a protocol to generate high-quality copies of the PA14NR Set mutant library.

Replicação do requisitado, biblioteca não redundante de estirpe Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 Transposon mutantes de inserção

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a phenotypically and genotypically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacterium ubiquitous in human environments. P. aeruginosa ...

Methods for Detecting Cytotoxic Amyloids Following Infection of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Patients who survive pneumonia have elevated death rates in the months following hospital discharge. It has been hypothesized that infection of pulmonary tissue during pneumonia results in the production of long-lived cytotoxins that can lead to subsequent end organ failure. We have developed in vitro assays to test the hypothesis that cytotoxins are produced during pulmonary infection. Isolated rat pulmonary endothelial cells and the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa are used as model systems, and the production of cytoxins following infection of the endothelial cells by the bacteria is demonstrated using cell culture followed by direct quantitation using lactate dehydrogenase assays and a novel microscopic method utilizing ImageJ technology. The amyloid nature of these cytotoxins was demonstrated by thioflavin T binding assays and by immunoblotting and immunodepletion using A11 anti-amyloid antibody. Further analyses using immunoblotting demonstrated that oligomeric tau and A&#946; were produced and released by endothelial cells following infection by P. aeruginosa. These methods should be readily adaptable to analyses of human clinical samples.

Methods for Detecting Cytotoxic Amyloids Following Infection of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Simple methods are described for demonstrating the production of cytotoxic amyloids following infection of pulmonary endothelium by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Métodos para detecção de citotóxicos amiloides seguir infecção de pulmonar células endoteliais por Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Patients who survive pneumonia have elevated death rates in the months following hospital discharge. It has been hypothesized that infection of pulmonary ...

Culture of Small Colony Variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Quantitation of its Alginate

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, can overproduce an exopolysaccharide alginate resulting in a unique phenotype called mucoidy. Alginate is linked to chronic lung infections resulting in poor prognosis in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Understanding the pathways that regulate the production of alginate can aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting the alginate formation. Another disease-related phenotype is the small colony variant (SCV). SCV is due to the slow growth of bacteria and often associated with increased resistance to antimicrobials. In this paper, we first show a method of culturing a genetically defined form of P. aeruginosa SCV due to pyrimidine biosynthesis mutations. Supplementation of nitrogenous bases, uracil or cytosine, returns the normal growth to these mutants, demonstrating the presence of a salvage pathway that scavenges free bases from the environment. Next, we discuss two methods for the measurement of bacterial alginate. The first method relies on the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide to its uronic acid monomer followed by derivatization with a chromogenic reagent, carbazole, while the second method uses an ELISA based on a commercially available, alginate-specific mAb. Both methods require a standard curve for quantitation. We also show that the immunological method is specific for alginate quantification and may be used for the measurement of alginate in the clinical specimens.

Culture of Small Colony Variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Quantitation of its Alginate

Here, we describe a growth condition to culture the small colony variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We also describe two separate methods for the detection and quantitation of the exopolysaccharide alginate produced by P. aeruginosa using a traditional uronic acid carbazole assay and an alginate-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) based ELISA.

Cultura de Variante de Pequena Colônia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Quantitação de seu Alginate

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, can overproduce an exopolysaccharide alginate resulting in a unique phenotype ...

A Delayed Inoculation Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Infection

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a major nosocomial pathogen of increasing relevance to human health and disease, particularly in the setting of chronic wound infections in diabetic and hospitalized patients. There is an urgent need for chronic infection models to aid in the investigation of wound pathogenesis and the development of new therapies against this pathogen. Here, we describe a protocol that uses delayed inoculation 24 hours after full-thickness excisional wounding. The infection of the provisional wound matrix present at this time forestalls either rapid clearance or dissemination of infection and instead establishes chronic infection lasting 7&#8211;10 days without the need for implantation of foreign materials or immune suppression. This protocol mimics a typical temporal course of post-operative infection in humans. The use of a luminescent P. aeruginosa strain (PAO1:lux) allows for quantitative daily assessment of bacterial burden for P. aeruginosa wound infections. This novel model may be a useful tool in the investigation of bacterial pathogenesis and the development of new therapies for chronic P. aeruginosa wound infections.

A Delayed Inoculation Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Infection

We describe a delayed inoculation protocol for generating chronic wound infections in immunocompetent mice.

Um modelo de inoculação retardada da infecção crônica de pseudomonas aeruginosa ferida

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a major nosocomial pathogen of increasing relevance to human health and disease, particularly in the setting of ...

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells

Cigarette smoking is the major etiological cause for lung emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking also promotes susceptibility to bacterial infections in the respiratory system. However, the effects of cigarette smoking on bacterial infections in human lung epithelial cells have yet to be thoroughly studied. Described here is a detailed protocol for the preparation of cigarette smoking extracts (CSE), treatment of human lung epithelial cells with CSE, and bacterial infection and infection determination. CSE was prepared with a conventional method. Lung epithelial cells were treated with 4% CSE for 3 h. CSE-treated cells were, then, infected with Pseudomonas at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Bacterial loads of the cells were determined by three different methods. The results showed that CSE increased Pseudomonas load in lung epithelial cells. This protocol, therefore, provides a simple and reproducible approach to study the effect of cigarette smoke on bacterial infections in lung epithelial cells.

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells

Described here is a protocol to study how cigarette smoke extract affects bacterial colonization in lung epithelial cells.

Estudando efeitos da fumaça do cigarro na infecção por pseudomonas em células epiteliais pulmonares

Cigarette smoking is the major etiological cause for lung emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking also promotes ...