We would like to thank Richie Davidson, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his guidance and support.

<html> Todos os participantes foram informados sobre os procedimentos e assinaram um termo de consentimento antes do início do estudo. Os McMaster University Ciências da Saúde e Cuidados de Saúde Fórum de São José de Ética aprovou todos os procedimentos. Nota: Neste protocolo, 47 mulheres destras, com idades entre 16 e 24 anos são usados. Dos quais, 15 participantes sofrem de MDD (diagnóstico confirmado por médico) e estão experimentando um episódio depressivo no momento do estudo. Este grupo de indivíduos é denotado como o &quot;grupo de MDD&quot;. O grupo de risco neste protocolo é composto por 16 participantes que têm um parente de primeiro grau (pai ou irmão) com diagnóstico de transtorno depressivo maior, mas com diagnóstico de um transtorno psiquiátrico e não está deprimido. O grupo controle neste protocolo é composto por 16 participantes que não têm parentes de primeiro grau com depressão, não têm vida diagnóstico de um transtorno psiquiátrico e não está deprimido. _title &quot;&gt; 1 Participantes Seleção. <ol><li> Recrutar controle saudável e em situação de risco participantes do sexo feminino nos anúncios de internet e impressão na comunidade local, e por meio do Departamento de Psicologia, Neurociência e Comportamento na universidade local. Recrutar participantes deprimidos pela Mood Disorders Clinic no hospital local. NOTA: pacientes de qualificação são elegíveis para participar se eles são do sexo feminino e ter sido diagnosticado com um transtorno de humor primário de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV 27, e tem notas de corte padronizados clinicamente significativos na Beck Depression Inventory-Version II (BDI-II ) e Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) questionários, conforme determinado pela conclusão destas medidas na chegada. </li><li> Realizar telefone inicial ou em pessoa entrevistas com os participantes interessados ​​para determinar a elegibilidade. Excluir os participantes que não atendem aos requisitos de segurança do scanner, ou critérios de elegibilidade para o MDD, no-risco ou grupos de controle, e todos os participantes com história atual ou passado de psicose, mania ou distúrbio de ansiedade generalizada (TAG). Além disso, excluir os participantes que tenham sofrido uma lesão na cabeça levando à inconsciência, ou tiveram tratamento anterior com a eletroconvulsoterapia ou estimulação magnética transcraniana. </li><li> Convide o grupo selecionado de indivíduos para testes extensivos, e uma imagem de ressonância magnética funcional (fMRI) verificação funcional usando os seguintes parâmetros [3T, aquisição SPGR axial ponderada em T1 com: 132-160 fatias (1 mm de espessura). fMRI scan, bobina de cabeça de 8 canais, 31 cortes axiais (4 mm de espessura, sem folga), TR / TE = 2.500 / 35 ms, FOV = 24 cm matriz = 64 x 64, flip ângulo de 90 °]. NOTA: excluir os participantes com GAD como prevê-se que possam experimentar os níveis mais elevados de ansiedade durante a porção de ressonância magnética do estudo, interferindo com a concentração e o cumprimento da tarefa. </li><li> Digitalizar os participantes durante o primeiro 12dias de seus ciclos menstruais (fase folicular) para reduzir as potenciais influências das flutuações hormonais. </li></ol> 2. Construir Pensamento Suppression Task <ol><li> Criar uma versão modificada do paradigma supressão descrita por Mitchell e colegas 18, que será visto pelos participantes do scanner. O paradigma consiste em 4 blocos, cada um marcado por uma tela recém-apresentado. </li><li> Use psicologia software edifício paradigma para programar o paradigma. Usando o software, montar slides de texto e imagem a ser apresentada em série, com respostas coletadas com o tempo de milissegundos. O primeiro bloco apresenta uma declaração alvo na tela para 12,5 seg. Formatar o paradigma de modo que um sinal de tráfego de 3 cores está presente no lado da mão esquerda de todos os ecrãs subsequentes. </li><li> Configure o paradigma para apresentar um sinal de semáforo vermelho durante 30 segundos na tela seguinte. Programar o paradigma para apresentar um sinal de trânsito verde durante 30 segundos no next tela apresentada. <ol><li> Configure a tela final para apresentar uma luz amarela piscando. Piscar a luz quatro vezes em intervalos pseudo-aleatórios entre 1.500 - 2.500 ms separados. Repita esta série de telas de 12 vezes. </li><li> Insira as declarações alvo para o paradigma durante os participantes visitam, e, portanto, construir o paradigma de uma maneira que faz com que seja facilmente modificável. Durante os participantes visitar, instruir os participantes para suprimir o alvo pensou quando a luz vermelha é apresentada, para libertar acho que quando a luz verde é apresentado, e para pressionar o botão de resposta cada vez que a luz amarela pisca. Concluindo esta tarefa no scanner de ressonância magnética permitirá a avaliação da diferença atividade neural durante cada tarefa instruído. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Participante Visita <ol><li> Na chegada, avaliar a gravidade da depressão e estado psiquiátrico de todos os participantes com a BDI-II, HAM-D e Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI)questionários. Coletar informações sobre o status de medicação e formação educacional. NOTA: Estes questionários foram preenchidos como parte de uma investigação maior, incluindo outras medidas não listadas aqui. </li><li> Peça aos participantes para listar pensamentos perturbadores ou preocupações que foram revisitando várias vezes ao longo das últimas semanas e que eles têm sido incapazes de abalar. Grave estas declarações orais enquanto discuti-las com o participante. Trabalhando com o participante, parafraseando a declaração, encurtando-a para 7-10 palavras de comprimento e identificar uma palavra-chave que é emocionalmente significativo e explicitamente transmite o significado da frase alvo para o participante. </li><li> Antes da digitalização, instruir o participante para observar o sinal de trânsito na tela durante todo o paradigma. Instrua o participante para suprimir a instrução de destino apresentada quando a luz vermelha é apresentada. Peça ao participante para pensar livremente sobre qualquer coisa e deixe-suas mentes vagam quando a luz verde é apresentado. </li><li> Instrua os participantes a pressionar o botão na caixa de resposta do scanner cada vez que o alvo pensou re-emerge durante tanto a supressão de pensamento e períodos de livre pensamento. Finalmente, peça aos participantes para pressionar o botão da caixa de resposta cada vez que uma luz amarela piscando é apresentado. NOTA: A ordem dos blocos em cada execução funcional é a seguinte: a) Período de apresentação das demonstrações alvo b) pessoal ou distracter pensei período de supressão, c) período pensamento livre, e d) período de resposta motora para controlar a ativação de áreas motoras induzidas durante pressiona o botão na supressão pensamento e blocos de livre pensamento. Este padrão repete 12 vezes, quatro vezes, em cada uma das três corridas. </li><li> Insira declarações alvo pessoalmente relativos e distrator e palavras-chave para o paradigma. Dentro de cada prazo, garantir o primeiro bloco é composto por dois blocos de supressão de pensamentos pessoais e dois distracter supp pensamentoression blocos (veja a Figura 1). <ol><li> Apresentar as demonstrações encurtados e palavras-chave em uma ordem subsequente e para 1TR cada, seguidos pelo sinal de luz de tráfego para o resto do período alvo apresentação comunicado. Contrabalançar o fim dos períodos de pensamento pessoais e Distracter dentro de cada um dos 3 fMRI scans e entre os participantes. Nota: demonstrações alvo e palavras-chave consistirá em ambos os pensamentos negativos ruminativos pessoalmente relevantes fornecidos pelo participante (por exemplo: &quot;Pense em não entrar em universidade&quot;), e as demonstrações distrator neutros tirado de uma bateria preparada por Nolen-Hoeksema (por exemplo : &quot;Pense em uma fileira de frascos de xampu em exposição&quot; 2). </li></ol></li><li> Digitalizar cada participante com três exames de ressonância magnética funcional. </li></ol> 4. Imagem por Ressonância Magnética Funcional Aquisição de Dados e Análise <ol><li> Conduzir de imagens sobre toda uma bo 3Tscanner de furo curto dy com uma bobina de cabeça receptor paralelo de 8 canais. Executar um T1 ponderada tridimensional SPGR axial anatômica varredura com 132-160 fatias (1 mm de espessura). Adquirir três ressonância magnética funcional é executado utilizando uma sequência EPI gradiente-eco constituído por 31 cortes axiais (4 mm de espessura, sem folga) começando no vértice cerebral e abrangendo todo o cérebro (TR / TE = 2.500 / 35 ms, FOV = 24 cm matrix = 64 x 64, flip ângulo de 90 °). </li><li> Transfira as imagens adquiridas para uma estação de trabalho. <ol><li> Transformar conjuntos de dados para o espaço de ressonância magnética anatómicas Talairach 28 para realizar o co-registo de conjuntos de dados funcionais e média para gerar uma imagem composta. </li><li> Temporalmente corrigir os dados funcionais define 29. Motion 3D corrigir os dados funcional define 29. Realinhar os conjuntos de dados funcionais para o 5º quadro de cada execução 29. Alise usando um kernel Gaussian de 6 mm e normalizar ao espaço Talairach 29. </li></ol></li><li> Use um evento-relacionamd método de análise ao analisar os dados. Construir um protocolo de análise que extrai intervalos de tempo associada com a supressão pensamento, pensou re-emergência e re-supressão bem sucedida, tal como delineado abaixo. </li><li> Definir um evento de re-emergência como o intervalo de início 500 ms antes do botão de imprensa (re-emergência do pensamento antes de pressionar o botão) e continuando por 2.000 ms após o botão de imprensa, durante a supressão de pensamento ou bloco de livre pensamento. O tempo que mede o bloco de supressão de pensamento com eventos re-emergência excluídos é definir supressão de pensamento no protocolo de análise. NOTA: Definir bem sucedido re-supressão no protocolo de análise como a supressão mantida, sem um evento de intrusão, no prazo de um TR após o evento re-supressão. Definir controle motor no protocolo como os horários dos eventos quando a luz amarela brilhou durante o período de resposta motora. </li><li> Usando o software de neuroimagem, contraste mapas de ativação usando um li geralperto de modelo para identificar os grupos de atividade associados com contrastes entre e dentro dos grupos. Conduzir uma análise de efeitos aleatórios (3 x 2) com um teste de hipóteses priori. Conduzir entre o grupo contrasta para o pensamento supressão vs. controle motor e pensou re-emergência contra re-supressão para controle / em risco vs. deprimido, controlar vs. deprimido, controle vs. em situação de risco e em situação de risco vs. deprimido grupos. </li><li> Contrastes corretos para comparações múltiplas, utilizando a taxa de falsas descobertas (FDR, valor de p = 0,05) metodologia implementada no software de neuroimagem. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose

Elementos do circuito neural interrompido na depressão 15,16,25 também estão associados com a regulação do pensamento consciente 17,18. Ao examinar o processamento neural relacionadas com a supressão em situação de risco e participantes deprimidos, fomos capazes de examinar se existem alterações nos padrões de ativação cerebral que são comuns em ambos os indivíduos com uma predisposição genética para a depressão e um episódio depressivo atual. De aco...

Um traço comum em indivíduos com transtorno depressivo maior (MDD) é a tendência a se envolver em pensamento ruminative 1. Este mecanismo de enfrentamento é considerado mal-adaptativo, pois envolve fixação passiva em pensamentos negativos e eventos com nenhuma tentativa de resolução 2-5. Ruminação está associada ao aumento do risco de desenvolver depressão 1,6-9 e aumento da duração e gravidade dos episódios depressivos 10. Indivíduos que ruminam regularmente, muitas vezes, tentar reduzir a frequência desses pensamentos negativos por suprimir ativamente los 11. No entanto, a prática de supressão de pensamento pode fazer tais pensamentos mais acessíveis e susceptíveis de rápida re-emergir em pensamentos do indivíduo 12. Isso pode ser visto com mais freqüência em indivíduos deprimidos como a sua capacidade de suprimir ativamente pensamentos podem ser comprometidos. Além disso, a supressão pensei foi mostrado para aumentar a probabilidade de otseus pensamentos negativos em indivíduos disfóricas 13. Portanto, para os indivíduos deprimidos a supressão de pensamentos ruminativos pode levar a uma exacerbação dos sintomas; um produto de maior ciclagem de intrusões ruminativos e pensamento negativo intensificado. Modelos neuropatológicos de depressão postular uma desregulação do sistema límbico, estriado, tálamo, e circuitos cerebrais corticais 14. Descansando perturbações do metabolismo regional e fluxo de sangue são constantemente relatados em MDD, com níveis basais elevados observados na amígdala, córtex órbito-frontal, córtex pré-frontal medial ventral e tálamo medial. Além disso, os níveis reduzidos são encontrados no córtex dorsolateral pré-frontal e dorsal e subgenual córtex cingulado anterior em comparação com controlos saudáveis ​​15,16. Estas observações conduziram à noção de que MDD envolve uma redução da actividade das regiões dorsal e actividade límbico emocional mais elevada em brai ventraln regiões. Teorias cognitivas relativas à regulamentação do pensamento ter identificado um papel para dois mecanismos distintos na supressão pensamento. Sugere-se que o primeiro mecanismo de controle está sempre ocupado, a fim de manter um nível de linha de base de supressão de pensamento e o segundo mecanismo é activado transitoriamente para re-suprimir quaisquer pensamentos indesejados que conseguem invadir acima desta linha de base 17. Dados de ressonância magnética funcional implicam uma série de regiões cerebrais nestes processos, incluindo o pré-frontal dorsolateral e ventrolateral córtices 18,19, ínsula 19,20, córtex cingulado anterior 20, e córtex pré-frontal dorsomedial 19,21 durante a manutenção da supressão de pensamento. Além disso, o re-surgimento de um pensamento reprimido foi especificamente associada ao engajamento do córtex cingulado anterior 18. Assim, parece haver uma sobreposição considerável entre as regiões do cérebromostrado para ser desregulada na depressão, incluindo o córtex dorsolateral pré-frontal, ínsula, cíngulo anterior, pré-frontal dorsomedial córtex 22 e os envolvidos na supressão pensamento. Isto sugere que um apenas um link comportamental neurofisiológica, e não, entre a supressão do pensamento e depressão existe. As mulheres jovens que se envolvem em pensamento ruminative estão em maior risco de desenvolver depressão 23. Risco para a depressão também é conferido geneticamente; indivíduos com um pai ou irmão com a depressão são muito mais propensos a desenvolver depressão do que indivíduos sem história familiar da doença 24. Este estudo foi realizado para explorar os sistemas neurais envolvidos na supressão de pensamento em um grupo de mulheres jovens com risco familiar para a depressão, um grupo de mulheres jovens experimentando atualmente a depressão, e um grupo de controles saudáveis. Nós desenvolvemos um novo paradigma de supressão de pensamento ruminative para examinar amudanças na atividade neural associados sustentado e transitória supressão pensamento de ambos os pensamentos neutros e pessoalmente relevantes. Este projeto permitiu-nos verificar se existiam diferenças na atividade neural para a supressão de pensamentos pessoalmente relevantes relativos aos pensamentos neutros. Além disso, ensaios de grupo de risco fornecido uma oportunidade para explorar marcadores de vulnerabilidade potencial de depressão através da determinação se o risco para a depressão está associada com a magnitude do nível de oxigénio no sangue sinal dependente (negrito) nas regiões envolvidas na depressão. Com base na literatura circundante atividade neural na depressão 15,16, e os estudos sobre a ruminação e supressão 25,26 pensei que estava previsto que a supressão de pensamentos seria associada ao engajamento reduzida do córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral em participantes com MDD em comparação aos controles . Espera-se que a maior vulnerabilidade à depression no grupo de risco se refletiria em níveis de atividade cortical dorsolateral que se situam entre a do grupo controle e deprimidos. Além disso, era esperado que o re-aparecimento de pensamentos suprimidos estaria associada com a activação do córtex cingulado anterior, e que esta activação seria maior no controlo do que no grupo de risco. Adicionalmente, esperava-se observar significativamente menos activação córtex cingulado anterior em participantes deprimidos em comparação com o controlo, tanto em situação de risco e os participantes durante a re-aparecimento de pensamentos suprimidos.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner</td>
			<td >General Electric</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >3T, whole body, short bore scanner, Milwaukee, WI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Brain Voyageur, QX, V2.1</td>
			<td >Brain Innovation (B.V.)</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Maastricht, The Netherlands</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >E-prime&#160;</td>
			<td >Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Pennsylvania, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Hamilton M (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. The British journal of social and clinical psychology 6: 278&#8211;296&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSE)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Rosenberg M (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press : Princeton, NJ.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb M, et al. (2003) Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse &#38; Neglect 27: 169&#8211;190.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >NEO-FFI Neuroticism questionnaire</td>
			<td colspan="3">Costa, P. T., &#38; McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO&#8208;PI&#8208;R) and NEO Five&#8208;Factor Inventory (NEO&#8208;FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &#38; McHugh, P. R. (1975). &#8220;Mini-mental state.&#8221; Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189&#8211;198.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Beck Depression Inventory-Version II (BDI-II)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression Archives of General Psychiatry 4:561 - 571</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and implementation of an fmri study examining thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

Bloco análises Estado: Supressão Pensamento versus controle Motor ANOVA análises foram utilizados para determinar a activação cerebral associada com períodos de blocos de supressão de pensamento (com intrusões removidos) relativamente a um controlo do motor. Contraste resultados para controle e em situação de risco versus MDD, controle versus MDD, controlar contra em situação de risco e em situação de risco contra MDD estão detalhadas na Tabela 1. Não houve dife...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression at JoVE.com

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Nosso objetivo é identificar o correlatos neurais supressão pensamento sustentado e transitória subjacente, e pensei re-emergência nos controles, em situação de risco e indivíduos deprimidos. Ativação foi maior para os controles em comparação com a situação de risco em eo grupo deprimido no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral durante supressão de pensamento e córtex cingulado anterior durante pensamento re-emergência.

Design e Implementação de um Estudo de fMRI Examinar Pensei Suppression em mulheres jovens com, e em situação de risco, para a depressão

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

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10.4K visualizações.  McMaster University.  Nosso objetivo é identificar o correlatos neurais supressão pensamento sustentado e transitória subjacente, e pensei re-emergência nos controles, em situação de risco e indivíduos deprimidos. Ativação foi maior para os controles em comparação com a situação de risco em eo grupo deprimido no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral durante supressão de pensamento e córtex cingulado anterior durante pensamento re-emergência. 

Vídeo: Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

Análise e Avaliação do Risco Neonatal Alta: A Escala de UTIN Rede Neurobehavioral

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

Comportamento

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

Transferência de tarefas cognitivas entre o cérebro métodos de imagem: Implicações para o Projeto Tarefa e interpretação dos resultados em estudos de fMRI

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

Um novo método para induzir um comportamento parecido com depressão em ratos

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

Design e uso de um aparelho para apresentação de objetos Graspable no espaço de trabalho 3D

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

Assessing the Coherence of Parents&#039; Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

Avaliando a coerência das narrativas curtas dos pais em relação ao seu filho usando o procedimento de amostra de fala de cinco minutos

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

Examinando mudanças na HRV e emoção após a arte com três materiais de arte diferentes

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

Flypub estuda desinibição comportamental induzida pelo etanol e sensibilização

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

Kit de ferramentas vibradores táteis e plataforma de simulação de condução para pesquisa relacionada à condução

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS): A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying "implementation strategies" that support putting the clinical intervention into day-to-day practice. A novel clinical intervention, for example, might consist of a new medication, a new protocol, a new device, or a new program. As clinical interventions are not self-implementing, however, they nearly always require effective implementation strategies in order to succeed. Implementation strategies set out to engage healthcare providers, staff and patients in ways that increase the likelihood of the new initiative being successfully adopted, a process that often involves behavior change and new ways of thinking by participants. One of the challenges in studying implementation is that it can be difficult to collect data about the status and progress of implementation, including participants' own perspectives and experiences concerning implementation to date. This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score, or PRIUS. The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of qualitative and quantitative data that can provide a detailed and nuanced account of implementation over time and from multiple viewpoints. This longitudinal method can enable researchers, as well as implementation leaders and organizational stakeholders, to monitor implementation progress more closely, conduct formative evaluation, identify improvement opportunities, and gauge the effect of any implementation changes on a rolling basis.

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS). The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of data over time and from multiple viewpoints in healthcare settings.

A Atualização e Pontuação da Implementação Relatada pelo Participante (PRIUS): Um Novo Método para Capturar Dados Relacionados à Implementação ao Longo do Tempo

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying ...

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Object place recognition is a prominent method used to investigate spatial memory in rodents. This object place recognition memory forms the basis of the object location task. This paper provides an extensive protocol to guide the establishment of an object location task with the option of up to four repetitions using the same cohort of rats. Both weak and strong encoding protocols can be used to study short- and long-term spatial memories of varying strength and to enable the implementation of relevant memory-inhibiting or -enhancing manipulations. In addition, repetition of the test with the counterbalancing presented here allows the combination of results from two or more tests for within-subject comparison to reduce variability between rats. This method helps to increase statistical power and is strongly recommended, particularly when running experiments that produce high variation in individual behavior. This directly refines the study by increasing the data obtained from each animal and reducing the overall number of animals needed.&#160;Finally, implementation of the repeated object location task increases the efficiency of studies that involve surgical procedures by saving time and labor.

This protocol provides detailed steps for an object location task with four repetitions using the same cohort of rats. Weak and strong encoding can produce short- and long-term memories. The flexibility of the protocol with repetition can be beneficial for studies involving surgical operations by saving time and labor.

Um design experimental de sujeito interno usando uma tarefa de localização de objetos em ratos

Object place recognition is a prominent method used to investigate spatial memory in rodents. This object place recognition memory forms the basis of the ...