Os autores gostariam de agradecer às seguintes pessoas e instituições para a sua ajuda e apoio: William Portas e James Heathman (Indústria Advisors, Shell E &amp; P), Richard Littlefield e Rodney Pennington (Shell Westhollow Technology Center), Daniele di Crescenzo (Shell Research Bem Engenheiro ), Bill Carruthers (LaFarge), Tim Quirk (agora com a Chevron), Gerry Masterman e Wayne Manuel (LSU PERTT Lab), Rick Young (Laboratório de Mecânica LSU Rock), e os membros do Lab SEER (Arome Oyibo, Tao Tao, e Iordan Bossev).

1. Amostra composta (Figura 1) NOTA: A maioria dos trabalhos de cimento do Golfo do México (EUA) são feitas usando cimento classe H 18, portanto, o mesmo tipo de cimento foi utilizado para realizar os experimentos de laboratório para simular as condições de campo-like, a aplicabilidade potencial desta tecnologia para SCP remediação no Golfo do México. <ol><li> A preparação das amostras NOTA: A amostra longo de 61 cm é composto por dois grau B eletricamente resistiu soldados tubos (ERW) de aço carbono (Figura 1). O tubo interno é de 61 cm de comprimento e tem de 6 cm de diâmetro externo (OD) com 2.8 mm de espessura de parede. O tubo externo é 59,7 centímetros de comprimento, tem 10 centímetros OD e uma espessura de parede de 5,7 mm. Resistência à deformação e resistência à ruptura dos tubos são de 241 MPa e 414 MPa, respectivamente. <ol><li> Broca 12 furos de 2,4 mm no tubo exterior, para proporcionar o alívio da pressão durante a expansão e porosidade mímico de rochas em condições de campo. Broca oito furos 8,6 milímetros próximos em the tubo exterior, além de 90 ° com quatro furos 13 centímetros a partir do topo e quatro furos para 53 centímetros a partir do topo. </li><li> Passe estes buracos com 3,2 milímetros NPT (National Pipe Thread) ponta de segmentação para permitir a conexão com acessórios para tubos e tubos de nylon conjunto de distribuidor na parte inferior (entrada) e superior (saída) do lado da amostra. Certifique-se de que as portas de entrada e saída são 40,64 centímetros de distância e são utilizados para a execução de experimentos de escoamento de gás multi-taxa pré e pós-expansão. </li><li> Revestimento tubo externo com spray anti-corrosão para evitar a corrosão durante o período de cura que pudesse interferir com as experiências, devido à formação de corrosão e de hidróxido de ferro produtos poderiam causar microfraturamento de cimento. NOTA: Este cenário será testada em futuros experimentos de corrosão do metal está freqüentemente presente em sistemas de poço. </li><li> Máquina para fora o cordão de soldadura na parede interior do tubo interior. </li><li> Corte de acoplamento de aço feitos sob medida a um comprimento de 4,5 centímetros, 6,35 centímetros de tubulação OD. Thread a peça sobre a parede interior e soldá-la à 0,63 centímetros de espessura de aço anel de chapa (Figura 2). Passe a parte inferior do tubo interno na parede exterior no comprimento de 4,5 cm, para permitir a ligação com o acoplamento soldada, como mostrado na Figura 2. </li><li> Soldar o tubo exterior ao anel de chapa de aço. </li><li> Lubrifique parede externa do tubo interno com vaselina e spray de cozimento em toda sua extensão. Parafuso do tubo interno para o acoplamento para terminar a montagem amostra composta. </li><li> Cimento o volume entre os tubos interior e exterior com 1,57 g / cm 3 lama de cimento, 0,87 w / c rácio. </li><li> Amostras a cura em um banho de água em condições ambientais durante um período mínimo de 28 dias. Manter o pH do banho de água entre 12 e 13 por adição de Ca (OH) 2 para a água para manter o ambiente de pH elevado. </li></ol></li><li> Preparação de 13,1 lb / gal pasta de cimento (para o volume de 2,2 L) <ol><li> Pour 1.350 g de água para dentro do4 L, 3,75 potência misturador de laboratório e pré-hidrato de 30 g (2% em peso de cimento) de bentonita durante 5 minutos a baixa velocidade (30.000 xg). </li><li> Após 5 min, verter 5 ml de agente anti-espuma e 1.500 g de cimento em pó para dentro da misturadora e cisalhamento durante 40 seg em alta velocidade de 51.755 x g. Despeje a calda de cimento até o anel do conjunto de tubos e cubra com um pano e plástico envoltório molhado para evitar a exposição ao ar e evitar a carbonatação de cimento. </li><li> Seis horas depois da pasta de cimento é derramado entre os tubos, gire o tubo interno um quarto de volta e para trás a cada 15 minutos para a próxima 20 horas de hidratação do cimento para evitar que o cimento de ligação com o tubo interno e criar um microcanal (necessário para microannular fluxo de gás). </li><li> Coloque a amostra composta cimentadas horizontalmente na água do banho por um período mínimo de 28 dias. Assegure-se que o banho de água tem um valor de pH de cerca de 13 o que é conseguido através da adição de 100 g de Ca (OH) 2 em 20 L de água. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Pré-expansão Experimentos flow-through <ol><li> Parafuso 3,2 milímetros encaixes em quatro portas de entrada e de saída no tubo exterior da amostra. Conecte entrada e saída manifolds com transdutores de pressão para os acessórios (Figura 5). </li><li> Pressurizar cilindro de gás a pressão de entrada inicial de 50 kPa. Ligue software de computador para pressões recordes. </li><li> Abra o medidor de fluxo e de começar o teste de fluxo. Monitorar as pressões de entrada e saída no ecrã durante 1 min, como mostrado na Figura 6. </li><li> Pressurizar cilindro de gás à entrada de pressão de 172 kPa e monitorar a pressão por mais 2 min. </li><li> Flow-through End experiência e registro de pressão. Fechar o cilindro de gás e purgar o restante gás para a atmosfera. Desmontar os manifolds e tampa superior da amostra com pano molhado enquanto liga a unidade de expansão, para evitar carbonatação e secagem do cimento. </li><li> Revestir a parede interior do tubo interior com lubricant para o bom funcionamento do cone de expansão ea amostra está pronta para a expansão. </li></ol> Setup 3. Expansão e procedimento de expansão <ol><li> Totalmente reter o mandril de expansão a partir do alojamento por baixo do cilindro hidráulico, tal como mostrado na Figura 4a. Colocar a amostra de compósito com cimento hidratado no alojamento de amostra inferior do dispositivo de fixação através da abertura na parte superior (Figura 4b). </li><li> Totalmente alongar o mandril de expansão através da amostra, após o que o cone de expansão com a razão de expansão desejado (Figura 3) é deslizado sobre ele, como mostrado na Figura 4c. Parafuso de retenção sobre o mandril mandril de expansão, em seguida, o parafuso de guia do mandril de retenção para o conector inferior do alojamento inferior. A amostra está pronta para a expansão. </li><li> Alimentar a unidade hidráulica a uma pressão máxima de 10,3 MPa, e ligar o software de computador para gravação de força axial. </li><li> Ative o control mudar para retrair o mandril de expansão e puxar a expansão através do tubo interior da amostra, expandindo assim o tubo e comprimir a bainha de cimento. Expandir amostras com o comprimento de 40,64 centímetros (Figura 4d) e, em seguida alongar o mandril de expansão para a posição inicial. Parar a gravação das forças axiais. </li><li> Desparafuse o guia mandril de fixação e retirar o mandril de retenção. Tirar o cone de expansão do mandril de expansão e retrair completamente o mandril, a fim de remover a amostra de formar o invólucro inferior. </li><li> Depois a amostra é removida, prepará-lo para o pós-expansão com velocidades múltiplas experiências por escoamento de gás. </li></ol> 4. Pós-expansão Multi-taxa Experimentos flow-through <ol><li> Entrada e saída de portos limpas de qualquer excesso de espremido pasta de cimento. </li><li> Parafuso para tubos em quatro portas de entrada e de saída no tubo exterior da amostra. Ligue colectores de entrada e de saída para as ferragens, como mostrado na <strong&gt; Figura 5. </li><li> Pressionar o cilindro de gás para rubricar pressão de entrada de 172 kPa. Ligue software de computador para pressões recordes. </li><li> Abra o medidor de fluxo e de começar o teste de fluxo. Monitorar entrada e saída pressões na tela (Figura 6). </li><li> Após 5 min, pressurizar o cilindro de gás à entrada de pressão de 345 kPa e monitorar as pressões por mais 5 min. </li><li> Após 5 min aumentar a pressão de entrada de 517 kPa. </li><li> Após 5 min aumentar a pressão de entrada para a pressão de entrada final do 690 kPa durante mais 5 min. </li><li> Acabar com a experiência de fluxo e registro de pressão. Fechar o cilindro de gás e purgar o restante gás para a atmosfera. Desmonte manifolds da amostra. </li></ol> 5. Cálculos da permeabilidade efetiva dos Microannulus NOTA: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi o de fornecer informações qualitativas sobre a existência de fluxo de gás antes e depois eXpansion. O delineamento experimental não possui componentes sofisticados para ser capaz de medir a largura do canal e fluxo precisão taxa. Durante esses experimentos preliminares de vedação do fluxo de gás foi o foco principal. Portanto, qualquer um dos cálculos de permeabilidade aqui mostrados são mais semi-quantitativo e não meta principal do estudo. <ol><li> Para o cálculo da permeabilidade eficaz, utilizar a taxa de fluxo constante de azoto de cerca de q = 1.42 cm3 / seg sobre a estabilização da pressão. O fator de desvio de gás para o nitrogênio em condições ambiente é Z = 1 e viscosidade μ = 0,018 cP. Realizar todos os ensaios por escoamento em condições ambientais de T = 535 ºR. </li><li> Calcula-se a área do espaço anelar cimentado tomando raio interno do tubo externo, Oinn r = 4,6 cm, e de raio exterior do tubo interior, de r = 3,05 centímetros Iout. A distância entre as aberturas de entrada e de saída (AL) é 40,64 centímetros. Diferencial de pressão (P tomada de entrada -P), recorded por transdutores de pressão de entrada e de saída, a única variável é utilizada nos cálculos de permeabilidade efectiva da microannulus pré-fabricado (ef K) 19: <img alt="Equação 1" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq1.jpg" /> Eq. 1 caudal de azoto [cm3 / seg] K ef - - q perm eficaz. de microannulus [mD] r Iout - ID do tubo externo [cm] r Oinn - OD do tubo interno [cm] μ - viscosidade do gás [cP] Z - fator de desvio de gás T - temperature [ºR] AL - distância entre transdutores de pressão [cm] P entrada - pressão de entrada [atm] tomada P - pressão de saída [atm] </li><li> Substituo todos os valores acima para a Equação 1 e calcular a permeabilidade efectiva, como mostrado abaixo no Exemplo 1. A pressão de entrada gravada durante o pré-expansão experimento de fluxo de entrada foi de P = 12 kPa (0,12 atm), enquanto o transdutor de pressão de saída era de tomada P = 0,4 kPa (0,004 atm). Exemplo 1: <img alt="Equação 2" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq2.jpg" /></li></ol>

<ol>
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B., Guillot, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Well Cementing. , (2006).</li><li>Carter, L., Evans, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Study+of+Cement-Pipe+Bonding.">A Study of Cement-Pipe Bonding.</a> Paper SPE 164 presented at the California Regional Meeting. , 24-25 (1964).</li><li>Goodwin, K., Crook, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cement+Sheath+Stress+Failure.">Cement Sheath Stress Failure.</a> SPE Drill Eng. 7 (4), 291-296 (1992).</li><li>Heathman, J., Beck, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finite+Element+Analysis+Couples+Casing+and+Cement+Designs+for+HP/HT+Wells+in+East+Texas.">Finite Element Analysis Couples Casing and Cement Designs for HP/HT Wells in East Texas.</a> Paper SPE 98869 presented at the IADC/SPE Conference. , (2006).</li><li>Boukhelifa, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Cement+Systems+for+Oil+and+Gas+Well+Zonal+Isolation+in+a+Full-Scale+Annular+Geometry.">Evaluation of Cement Systems for Oil and Gas Well Zonal Isolation in a Full-Scale Annular Geometry.</a> Paper SPE 87195 presented at the IADC/SPE Drilling Conference. , (2004).</li><li>Duan, S., Wojtanowicz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+Evaluation+of+Risk+of+Continuous+Air+Emissions+from+Sustained+Casinghead+Pressure.">A Method for Evaluation of Risk of Continuous Air Emissions from Sustained Casinghead Pressure.</a> Paper SPE 94455 presented at SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference. , (2005).</li><li>Watson, T. L., Bachu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+potential+for+gas+and+CO2+leakage+along+wellbores.">Evaluation of the potential for gas and CO2 leakage along wellbores.</a> SPE Drill &amp; Compl. 24 (1), 115-126 (2009).</li><li>Wojtanowicz, A. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Well cementing. , (1990).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The reported experimental procedure has two main components that are critical: composite cylinders that simulate wellbores and the expansion fixture that is used to carry out mechanical manipulation of cement. When designing wellbore models (cement/pipe composite cylinders), it is critical to choose adequate cement density, store samples under total humidity conditions (100% RH) and establish pipe-cement debonding before cement slurry completely sets. Failing to achieve this would make the entire gas flow experiment impo...

O procedimento experimental relatado tem dois componentes principais que são críticas: cilindros compósitos que simulam de poços e a fixação de expansão que é utilizada para efectuar a manipulação mecânica do cimento. De poços são a principal porta de entrada para a produção de fluidos de subsuperfície (água, óleo, gás ou vapor), bem como injeção de vários fluidos. Independentemente da sua função, o furo do poço é necessário para proporcionar um fluxo controlado de líquidos produzidos / injectados. Construção do poço tem duas operações distintas: perfuração e completação. Cimento do poço, que faz parte do processo de completação, fornece principalmente isolamento zonal, suporte mecânico do tubo de metal (revestimento) e proteção de componentes de metal a partir de fluidos corrosivos. Estes são elementos essenciais da descomprometido, de poços em pleno funcionamento. A integridade da bainha de cimento poço é uma função das propriedades químicas e físicas do cimento hidratado, a geometria do cased bem, e as propriedades de formação / formação circundante fluidos 2,3. Remoção incompleta do fluido de perfuração irá resultar em mau isolamento zonal, uma vez que evita a formação de laços fortes em interfaces com rock e / ou metal. Bainhas de cimento pode ser submetido a diversos tipos de falha durante a vida de um poço. Oscilações de pressão e de temperatura causadas por operações de conclusão e de produção contribuir para o desenvolvimento de fracturas no interior da matriz de cimento; desligante é causada pela pressão e / ou as mudanças de temperatura e hidratação do cimento encolhimento 4,5,6. O resultado é quase sempre a presença de fluxo de fluido microannular, embora sua ocorrência pode ser detectado cedo ou depois de anos de vida útil. Heathman e Beck (2006) criou um modelo de caixa cimentado submetido a mais de 100 cargas cíclicas de pressão e temperatura, que mostrou descolamento visível, de iniciação de trincas de cimento que podem representar caminhos preferenciais para a migração de fluidos &lt;sup&gt; 7. No campo, a expansão e contracção dos componentes de metal de um furo de poço não coincidem com os do cimento e rocha, causando descolamento interfacial e formação de um microannulus, levando a um aumento na permeabilidade da bainha de cimento. Uma carga adicional invólucro pode causar a propagação de fendas radiais na matriz de cimento uma vez que as tensões de tracção exceder a resistência à tracção do material 8. Todas as falhas de cimento acima mencionados pode resultar em micro-canalização, o que leva a migração de gás, a ocorrência de SCP, os riscos ambientais e de longo prazo. Um número considerável de produtores e abandonadas poços com SCP constituem uma potencial nova fonte de gás natural de emissão contínua 9. A análise realizada pela Watson e Bachu (2009) de 315.000 petróleo, gás e poços de injeção em Alberta, no Canadá também mostrou que o desvio do poço, bem tipo, método de abandono, ea qualidade do cimento são fatores-chave de contributing ao potencial bem vazamento na parte mais rasa do poço 10. As operações de reparação existentes são caros e mal sucedidas; a cimentação do aperto, uma das técnicas de reparação mais usados, tem uma taxa de sucesso de apenas 50% 11. Neste trabalho, um relatório sobre a avaliação da Caixa Tecnologia Expansível (ECT) como uma nova técnica de remediação de vazamentos de poços 12,13. ECT pode ser aplicada em poços novos ou já existentes 14. A primeira instalação comercial desta tecnologia foi realizada pela Chevron em um poço em águas rasas do Golfo do México em Novembro de 1999 15. O envelope operacional atual para tubulares expansíveis encapsula uma inclinação de 100 ° na vertical, de temperatura de até 205 ° C, peso da lama de 2,37 g / cm 3, uma profundidade de 8763 m, a pressão hidrostática de 160,6 GPa e um comprimento de 2,092 m tubular 16. A taxa de expansão típico para tubulares expansíveis sólidos é umaproximadamente 2,4 m / min 17. Este estudo oferece uma abordagem única para a adaptação da tecnologia ECT como uma nova operação de remediação para SCP. A expansão do tubo de aço comprime o cimento, o que poderia resultar no fechamento do fluxo de gás na interface e selar a fuga de gás. É importante mencionar que o foco deste estudo é a vedação de um fluxo de gás microannular existente, por isso só focado nisso como uma possível causa de vazamentos de poços. A fim de testar a eficácia da tecnologia recentemente adaptados para este fim, foi elaborado um modelo do poço com um fluxo microannular existente. Isto é obtido através da rotação do tubo interno durante a hidratação do cimento. Isto não é para simular todas as operações de campo, mas simplesmente para avançar rapidamente o que aconteceria depois de décadas de carga térmica e de pressão em um poço.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="742">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 40 Steel pipe - OD=10.16 cm, ID=10.04 cm, L=59.7 cm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Baker Sales</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BPE-4.00BB40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:341px;">ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 10 Steel pipe - OD=6 cm, ID=5.94 cm, L=61 cm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Service Steel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">Expansion Cones - AISI D2 grade alloy steel (60 RC hardness)</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Shell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:341px;">Pipe coupling - OD=6.35 cm, ID=6 cm, L=4.4 cm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">Steel plate ring - OD=10.16 cm, ID=5.76 cm, thickness=6.35 mm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Louisiana Cutting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:341px;">Class H Cement</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LaFarge</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-16-12 / 14-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:341px;">Defoaming agent - D-Air 3000L</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Halliburton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Bentonite clay</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Calcium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:341px;">Expansion Fixture</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Shell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:341px;">Pressure transducers</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Omega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PX480A-200GV&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Teflon tubing</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PB0754100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Union tee</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:341px;">Elbow union</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:341px;">Female elbow</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-8-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:341px;">Port connector</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-401-PC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Forged body valve</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-1RS4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:341px;">Tube adapter</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-4-TA-1-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:341px;">Pipe lubricant</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">E.F. Houghoton &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>71323998</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Instant Galvanize Zinc Coating</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">CRC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">78254184128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mechanical expansion of steel tubing as a solution to leaky wellbores

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe (casing), and protects metal components from corrosive fluids. These are essential for uncompromised wellbore integrity. Cements can undergo multiple forms of failure, such as debonding at the cement/rock and cement/metal interfaces, fracturing, and defects within the cement matrix. Failures and defects within the cement will ultimately lead to fluid migration, resulting in inter-zonal fluid migration and premature well abandonment. Currently, there are over 1.8 million operating wells worldwide and over one third of these wells have leak related problems defined as Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP)1. 
The focus of this research was to develop an experimental setup at bench-scale to explore the effect of mechanical manipulation of wellbore casing-cement composite samples as a potential technology for the remediation of gas leaks. 
The experimental methodology utilized in this study enabled formation of an impermeable seal at the pipe/cement interface in a simulated wellbore system. Successful nitrogen gas flow-through measurements demonstrated that an existing microannulus was sealed at laboratory experimental conditions and fluid flow prevented by mechanical manipulation of the metal/cement composite sample. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied not only for the remediation of leaky wellbores, but also in plugging and abandonment procedures as well as wellbore completions technology, and potentially preventing negative impacts of wellbores on subsurface and surface environments.

Testes de gás de escoamento de pré-expansão na amostra composta mostrou gravação pressão sobre o transdutor de pressão de saída, confirmando o fluxo de gás através do microannulus pré-fabricados (Figuras 7 e 8). As condições iniciais foram mantidos os mesmos onde a pressão de entrada inicial foi de 103 kPa e a taxa de fluxo de gás foi mantida a 85 ml / min para o referido período. O intervalo de tempo em gravação de pressão entre os transdutores de pressão de entrada...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores at JoVE.com

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

Expansão mecânica da tubulação de aço como uma solução para Leaky de poços

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe ...

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12.1K visualizações.  Louisiana State University. This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

Vídeo: Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors, lipid-coated perfluorocarbon droplets have been developed which can be vaporized by HIFU. The vasculature in many tumors is abnormally leaky due to their rapid growth, and nanoparticles are able to penetrate the fenestrations and passively accumulate within tumors. Thus, controlling the size of the droplets can result in better accumulation within tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable droplets in a phase-shift nanoemulsion (PSNE) with a narrow size distribution is described. PSNE were synthesized by sonicating a lipid solution in the presence of liquid perfluorocarbon. A narrow size distribution was obtained by extruding the PSNE multiple times using filters with pore sizes of 100 or 200 nm. The size distribution was measured over a 7-day period using dynamic light scattering. Polyacrylamide hydrogels containing PSNE were prepared for in vitro experiments. PSNE droplets in the hydrogels were vaporized with ultrasound and the resulting bubbles enhanced localized heating. Vaporized PSNE enables more rapid heating and also reduces the ultrasound intensity needed for thermal ablation. Thus, PSNE is expected to enhance thermal ablation in tumors, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes of HIFU-mediated thermal ablation treatments.

Phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE) can be vaporized using high intensity focused ultrasound to enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable PSNE with a narrow size distribution is described. Furthermore, the impact of vaporized PSNE on ultrasound-mediated ablation is demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms.

Síntese de mudança de fase Nanoemulsões com distribuição de tamanho estreita para vaporização Droplet Acústico e Bubble avançada ablação por ultrassom mediada

High-intensity  focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To  enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in ...

Engenharia

A Cost-effective and Reliable Method to Predict Mechanical Stress in Single-use and Standard Pumps

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping process shear forces occur which can lead to qualitative and/or quantitative product loss. To calculate the mechanical stress with limited experimental expense, an oil-water emulsion system was used, whose suitability was demonstrated for drop size detections in bioreactors1. As drop breakup of the oil-water emulsion system is a function of mechanical stress, drop sizes need to be counted over the experimental time of shear stress investigations. In previous studies, the inline endoscopy has been shown to be an accurate and reliable measurement technique for drop size detections in liquid/liquid dispersions. The aim of this protocol is to show the suitability of the inline endoscopy technique for drop size measurements in pumping processes. In order to express the drop size, the Sauter mean diameter d32 was used as the representative diameter of drops in the oil-water emulsion. The results showed low variation in the Sauter mean diameters, which were quantified by standard deviations of below 15%, indicating the reliability of the measurement technique.

Shear stress investigations on an oil-water emulsion system result in drop breakup over the experimental time. To count drop sizes in pumping processes, the suitability of inline endoscopy was successfully demonstrated in this protocol.

Um método custo-efetivo e confiável para prever a tensão mecânica em uso único e bombas standard

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping ...

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators. One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator. This modulator is particularly well suited for holographic video experimentation as it is relatively simple and inexpensive to fabricate1-3. Some additional advantages of leaky mode devices include: large aggregate bandwidth, polarization separation of signal light from noise, large angular deflection and frequency control of color1. In order to realize these advantages, it is necessary to be able to adequately characterize these devices as their operation is strongly dependent on waveguide and transducer parameters4. To characterize the modulators, the authors use a commercial prism coupler as well as a custom characterization apparatus to identify guided modes, calculate waveguide thickness and finally to map the device's frequency input and angular output of leaky mode modulators. This work gives a detailed description of the measurement and characterization of leaky mode modulators suitable for full-color holographic video.

This work describes fabrication and characterization of anisotropic leaky mode modulators for holographic video.

Caracterização de anisotrópicos Leaky Modo moduladores para Holovideo

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators.  One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator.  This ...

The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, building and food industries, amongst others. Polyester and coatings containing both polyester and silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) have been widely used to protect steel substrata from corrosion. In this study, we utilized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements, optical profiling and atomic force microscopy to provide an insight into how exposure to sunlight can cause changes in the micro- and nanoscale integrity of the coatings. No significant change in surface micro-topography was detected using optical profilometry, however, statistically significant nanoscale changes to the surface were detected using atomic force microscopy. Analysis of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy data revealed that degradation of the ester groups had occurred through exposure to ultraviolet light to form COO&#903;, -H2C&#903;, -O&#903;, -CO&#903; radicals. During the degradation process, CO and CO2 were also produced.

Two types of surfaces, polyester-coated steel and polyester coated with a layer of silica nanoparticles, were studied. Both surfaces were exposed to sunlight, which was found to cause substantial changes in the chemistry and nanoscale topography of the surface.

A evolução de sílica Coatings nanopartículas-poliéster em superfícies expostas à luz solar

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

A plataforma robótica para estudar a Foreflipper do Leão de mar de Califórnia

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed that, under the proper conditions, ice can be produced when water is introduced to a bath of cold brine. To make ice form, in addition to having the brine and water mix, the rate of heat transfer must bypass that of mass transfer. When water is introduced in the form of tiny droplets to the brine surface, the mode of heat and mass transfer is by diffusion. The buoyancy stops water from mixing with the brine underneath, but as the ice grows thicker, it slows down the rate of heat transfer, making ice more difficult to grow as a result. When water is introduced inside the brine in the form of a flow, a number of factors are found to influence how much ice can form. Brine temperature and concentration, which are the driving forces of heat and mass transfer, respectively, can affect the water-to-ice conversion ratio; lower bath temperatures and brine concentrations encourage more ice to form. The flow rheology, which can directly affect both the heat and mass transfer coefficients, is also a key factor. In addition, the flow rheology changes the area of contact of the flow with the bulk fluid.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate the generation of ice when water is introduced to a cold bath of brine, as a secondary refrigerant, at a range of temperatures well below the freezing point of water. It can be used as an alternative way of producing ice for industry.

Geração de gelo e de Transferência de Calor e Massa Fenômenos de introdução de água para um banho frio de salmoura

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed ...

Preparation and High-temperature Anti-adhesion Behavior of a Slippery Surface on Stainless Steel

Anti-adhesion surfaces with high-temperature resistance have a wide application potential in electrosurgical instruments, engines, and pipelines. A typical anti-wetting superhydrophobic surface easily fails when exposed to a high-temperature liquid. Recently, Nepenthes-inspired slippery surfaces demonstrated a new way to solve the adhesion problem. A lubricant layer on the slippery surface can act as a barrier between the repelled materials and the surface structure. However, the slippery surfaces in previous studies rarely showed high-temperature resistance. Here, we describe a protocol for the preparation of slippery surfaces with high-temperature resistance. A photolithography-assisted method was used to fabricate pillar structures on stainless steel. By functionalizing the surface with saline, a slippery surface was prepared by adding silicone oil. The prepared slippery surface maintained the anti-wetting property for water, even when the surface was heated to 300 &#176;C. Also, the slippery surface exhibited great anti-adhesion effects on soft tissues at high temperatures. This type of slippery surface on stainless steel has applications in medical devices, mechanical equipment, etc.

Slippery surfaces provide a new way to solve the adhesion problem. This protocol describes how to fabricate slippery surfaces at high temperatures. The results demonstrate that the slippery surfaces showed anti-wetting for liquids and a remarkable anti-adhesion effect on soft tissues at high temperatures.

Comportamento de antipreparação adesão e alta temperatura de uma superfície escorregadia em aço inoxidável

Anti-adhesion surfaces with high-temperature resistance have a wide application potential in electrosurgical instruments, engines, and pipelines. A ...

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

Estratégia de fabricação processada e escalável para eletrodos flexíveis e transparentes de alto desempenho com malha metálica embutida

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

Preparation of Aligned Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite and Its Flexural Behavior

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the Earth&#39;s magnetic field, for manufacturing a cementitious composite reinforced with aligned steel fibers. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites (ASFRC) were prepared by applying a uniform electromagnetic field to fresh mortar containing short steel fibers, whereby the short steel fibers were driven to rotate in alignment with the magnetic field. The degree of alignment of steel fibers in hardened ASFRC was assessed both by counting steel fibers in fractured cross-sections and by X-ray computed tomography analysis. The results from the two methods show that the steel fibers in ASFRC were highly aligned while the steel fibers in non-magnetically treated composites were randomly distributed. The aligned steel fibers had a much higher reinforcing efficiency, and the composites, therefore, exhibited significantly enhanced flexural strength and toughness. The ASFRC is thus superior to SFRC in that it can withstand greater tensile stress and more effectively resist cracking.

This protocol describes an approach for manufacturing aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite by applying a uniform electromagnetic field. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite exhibits superior mechanical properties to ordinary fiber reinforced concrete.

Preparação de fibras de aço alinhada reforçado cimento compósito e seu comportamento à flexão

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the ...

Scalable Stamp Printing and Fabrication of Hemiwicking Surfaces

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. This wetting phenomenon is important in many technical fields ranging from physiology to aerospace engineering. Currently, several different techniques exist for fabricating hemiwicking structures. These conventional methods, however, are often time consuming and are difficult to scale-up for large areas or are difficult to customize for specific, nonhomogeneous patterning geometries. The presented protocol provides researchers with a simple, scalable, and cost-effective method for fabricating micro-patterned hemiwicking surfaces. The method fabricates wicking structures through the use of stamp printing, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding, and thin-film surface coatings. The protocol is demonstrated for hemiwicking with ethanol on PDMS micropillar arrays coated with a 70 nm thick aluminum thin-film.

A simple protocol is provided for the fabrication of hemiwicking structures of varying sizes, shapes, and materials. The protocol uses a combination of physical stamping, PDMS molding, and thin-film surface modifications via common materials deposition techniques.

Impressão do selo escalável e fabricação de superfícies de Hemiwicking

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. ...