作者要感谢以下人员和机构的帮助和支持：威廉·波塔斯和詹姆斯希思曼（行业顾问，壳牌E＆P），理查德·利特尔和罗德尼·潘宁顿（壳牌Westhollow技术中心），丹尼尔·迪克雷申佐（壳牌研究嘛工程师），比尔·卡拉瑟斯（拉法基），蒂姆·夸克（现已与雪佛龙），格里·马斯特曼和曼努埃尔·韦恩（LSU PERTT实验室），里克·扬（路易斯安那州立大学岩石力学实验室），和SEER实验室的成员（东海堂Oyibo，淘淘和约尔丹Bossev）。

1.复合材料样品（图1） 注：在墨西哥湾（美国）采用H级水泥18完成大部分水泥作业，因此，相同类型的水泥用于进行实验室试验以模拟油田样的条件下，这种技术对SCP的潜在适用性整治墨西哥湾。 <ol><li>样品制备 注：61厘米长的样品由两个B级电动抵制焊接（ERW）碳钢管（ 图1）。内管为61厘米长并且具有6厘米外径（OD）为2.8壁厚。外管59.7厘米长，具有10厘米外径和5.7毫米的壁厚。屈服强度和管的抗拉强度为241兆帕和414兆帕，分别。 <ol><li>钻上的外管12的孔为2.4mm的膨胀和岩石的模拟物的孔隙率在野外条件中提供的压力的缓解。接下来的日钻88.6毫米孔ê外管，90°与4孔13厘米的顶部和四个孔53厘米的顶部。 </li><li>这些螺纹孔3.2毫米NPT（美国国家管螺纹）螺纹端部，以便与管件，尼龙管歧管组件样品的底部（入口）和顶部（出口）端连接。确保该入口和出口端口是40.64厘米开并且被用于预处理和后处理的扩展的多速率气体流通过实验的运行。 </li><li>涂层外管具有防腐蚀喷涂，以防止腐蚀期间可能干扰由于形成氢氧化铁和腐蚀产物可能造成水泥的微破裂实验的固化周期。 注：该方案将在未来的实验作为测定金属的腐蚀是经常存在于井筒的系统。 </li><li>机出来的焊珠上的内管的内壁上。 </li><li>切定做钢制联轴器，以4.5厘米的长度，从6.35厘米外径管。牛逼hread片上的内壁和其焊接到0.63厘米厚的钢板环（ 图2）。螺纹上的外壁中为4.5厘米长的内管的底部，以允许与焊接耦合连接， 如图2所示。 </li><li>焊接外管到钢板环。 </li><li>润滑所述内管的外壁上用凡士林和喷烤沿其整个长度。内管拧入连接来完成复合材料样品装配。 </li><li>水泥内管与外管之间的容积与1.57克/ cm 3的水泥浆，0.87 W / C比。 </li><li>固化的样品在水浴中进行28天的最小周期的环境条件。保持12和13之间的水浴的pH值通过添加Ca（OH）2的水，以保持高pH环境。 </li></ol></li><li> 13.1磅/加仑的泥浆制备（对于2.2升容积） <ol><li>倾1350克的水进入4升，3.75马力实验室搅拌器和预先水合的膨润土为30g（水泥重量的2％）5分钟，在低速（30,000 xg离心）。 </li><li> 5分钟后，倾5毫升消泡剂和1500克水泥粉末放入搅拌机中，并剪切40秒上的51755×g的速度快。倒入水泥浆进入管组件的环，并用湿布和保鲜膜覆盖，避免与空气接触，防止水泥碳化。 </li><li>六小时后的水泥浆液的管道之间倾，旋转内管四分之一圈来回，每15分钟在接下来的20小时水泥水化的，以防止水泥粘接与内管，并​​创建一个微通道（用于microannular气流）。 </li><li>水平放置的胶结复合材料样品在水浴中放置28天的最小时段。确保水浴具有大约13，其通过添加百克的Ca（OH）2成20升水中获得的pH值。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.预扩流，通过实验<ol><li>拧上样品的外管3.2毫米件成四个入口和出口。连接入口和出口歧管压力传感器的接头（ 图5）。 </li><li>加压气瓶到初始的50千帕的入口压力。打开计算机软件来记录的压力。 </li><li>打开流量计，并开始流过试验。监测入口和出口的压力在屏幕上，持续1分钟，如示于图6。 </li><li>加压气瓶到入口的172千帕的压力，并监视另一2分钟的压力。 </li><li>尾流过试验和压力记录。关闭气筒和泄剩余气体排入大气。拆除的歧管和覆盖所述样品的顶部用湿布，同时供电的扩展单元，以防止碳化和水泥的干燥。 </li><li>与升内管的外套的内壁ubricant的膨胀圆锥顺利进行，样品准备用于扩展。 </li></ol> 3.扩展设置和扩展程序<ol><li>完全保留从下壳体中的膨胀心轴由液压缸， 如图4a所示 。通过开口的顶部（ 图4b）放置在固定装置的下侧试料壳体水合的水泥复合材料的样品。 </li><li>通过之后将扩张锥体具有所需发泡倍率（ 图3）被滑到它，如在图4c中的样品充分伸长膨胀心轴。螺丝固定芯棒上膨胀心轴，然后用螺钉将止动芯棒引导到下壳体的下部连接。样品准备扩张。 </li><li>液压单元的功率为10.3兆帕的最佳压力，并打开计算机软件轴向力记录。 </li><li>启动合作ntrol切换到缩回的膨胀心轴和通过样品的内管拉出的扩大，从而扩大管和压缩水泥环。扩大样本以40.64厘米（ 图4d）的长度，然后伸长膨胀心轴成原来的位置。停止录制轴向力。 </li><li>拧下固定芯棒引导并取下护心轴。起飞膨胀锥从膨胀心轴和完全缩回芯棒以除去样品形成下部壳体。 </li><li>取出样品后，准备将其扩展后的多速率气体流过的实验。 </li></ol> 4.扩展后的多速率流量，通过实验<ol><li>干净的入口和出口，从任何多余的挤水泥膏。 </li><li>螺丝管件成四个入口和出口上的样品的外管。连接的入口和出口歧管的管接头，如图<strong&gt;图5。 </li><li>压力气瓶初始的172千帕的进口压力。打开计算机软件来记录的压力。 </li><li>打开流量计，并开始流过试验。监测入口和出口的画面（ 图6）上的压力。 </li><li> 5分钟后，加压气瓶到入口的345千帕的压力，并监视另一个5分钟的压力。 </li><li> 5分钟后，增加进气压力至517千帕。 </li><li> 5分钟后，增加入口压力为690千帕的最终进气压力进行5分钟。 </li><li>最终流过试验和压力记录。关闭气筒和泄剩余气体排入大气。拆下从样品歧管。 </li></ol> 5.计算的微环的有效渗透率备注：本研究的主要目的是提供前和电子商务之后就存在气流的定性信息xpansion。实验设计不具有复杂的部件，以便能够测量信道的宽度和流量精度。在这些初步的实验密封气体流是主要的焦点。因此，任何在这里示出的渗透性的计算是更半定量和研究的不主要目标。 <ol><li>为了有效渗透率计算，使用约Q恒定的氮气流速=1.42厘米后压力稳定3 /秒。为氮气在环境条件下的气体偏差因子为Z = 1和粘度μ= 0.018厘泊。进行所有的在T = 535ºR环境条件下的流过试验。 </li><li>通过取所述外管的内半径计算胶合环形空间的面积，R Oinn = 4.6Hz厘米，和所述内管的外半径，R IOUT =3.05厘米。入口和出口之间的（ΔL）的距离为40.64厘米。压力差（P 进 -P 出口 ），REC通过入口和出口的压力传感器orded，是在预制造的微环（K EF）19的有效磁导率的计算中使用的唯一的变量： <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq1.jpg" />式。 1 Q -氮气流速[3厘米/秒] K EF -有效烫发。微环[MD] ř 电流输出 -外管[厘米] R Oinn的ID -内管[厘米]的OD μ -气体粘度[CP】Z -气体偏差系数 牛逼 - temperatu重[ºR]ΔL -压力传感器之间的距离[厘米] P 进 -进气压力[ATM] P 的出口 -出口压力[ATM] </li><li>取代所有上述值的入公式1，计算与实施例1中的预膨胀的流通试验记录，入口压力在图所示的有效磁导率是P 入口 = 12千帕（0.12大气压），而出口压力换能器是P 口 = 0.4千帕（0.004大气压）。 实施例1： <img alt="式（2）" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq2.jpg" /></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The reported experimental procedure has two main components that are critical: composite cylinders that simulate wellbores and the expansion fixture that is used to carry out mechanical manipulation of cement. When designing wellbore models (cement/pipe composite cylinders), it is critical to choose adequate cement density, store samples under total humidity conditions (100% RH) and establish pipe-cement debonding before cement slurry completely sets. Failing to achieve this would make the entire gas flow experiment impo...

所报告的实验步骤，有两个主要的组件是关键的：其模拟井孔和一个用于进行机械操作的水泥的膨胀夹具复合气瓶。 井孔可用于生产地下流体（水，油，气体或蒸汽），以及注射各种流体的主网关。不管其功能的，井眼需要提供生产/注入的流体的受控流动。井筒施工有两种不同的操作：钻井和完井。井水泥，完井过程的一部分，主要提供层位封隔，机械支撑的金属管（套管），并且从腐蚀性液体保护金属部件。这些是不打折扣的，全功能的井筒的基本要素。井筒水泥护套的完整性是水合的水泥的化学和物理性质的函数，所述C的几何ASED很好，周围地层/岩层的性质体液2,3。不完全去除钻井液会导致较差的区域隔离，因为它可以防止在岩石和/或金属界面形成牢固关系。水泥笔杆能井的寿命期间可以经受许多类型的故障。引起的完井和生产操作压力和温度振幅向水泥基体中裂缝的发展;剥离是由压力和/或温度的变化和水泥水化收缩4,5,6引起的。其结果是几乎总是microannular流体流动的存在，但它的发生，可提前或经过多年的使用寿命检测。 希思曼和Beck（2006年）创建的水泥外壳经过了100的压力和温度循环载荷，这表明可见剥离，水泥裂缝能带来优惠的途径迁移流的起始模型&lt;SUP&gt; 7。在该领域中，膨胀和井孔的金属部件的收缩，也不会与这些水泥和岩石的重合，引起界面剥离和形成微环，从而导致增加了水泥环的渗透性。一个附加的壳装载可导致在水泥基体径向裂纹的传播，一旦拉伸应力超过材料8的拉伸强度。所有前述水泥的故障可能会导致微沟道，从而导致气体迁移时，SCP的发生，和长期的环境风险。 有相当多的生产和废弃井与SCP构成连续的天然气排放9的潜在新来源。沃森和315,000石油，天然气和注水井在艾伯塔省巴楚（2009年）进行了分析，加拿大还显示，井偏差，井型，抛弃法和水泥质量的关键因素合ntributing到势阱中的泄漏以及10的浅部。现有的补救行动是昂贵的和不成功的;挤注水泥，其中最常用的补救技术之一，具有仅50％11成功率。 在本文中，我们报告了膨胀套管技术（ECT）的为漏井筒12,13新的修复技术评估。 ECT可以在新的或现有的14口井应用。由雪佛龙公司于1999年11月15日进行的良好这项技术的首次商业安装在墨西哥海湾的浅水水域，目前运行范围为膨胀管封装的垂直距离，温度为100°的倾角可达205°C，泥浆比重2.37克/厘米3，8763米，水压的160.6京帕压力和管状长度2092米16的深度。一个典型的扩张速度为实体膨胀管件是pproximately2.4米/ 17分钟。 这项研究提供了一个独特的方法，ECT技术的适应，作为SCP新的修复操作。钢管的膨胀压缩水泥，这将导致在界面处的气流的闭合和密封的气体泄漏。它提到，本研究的焦点是现有microannular气流的密封是很重要的，所以我们只集中在作为漏井筒的一个可能的原因。为了测试新适配的技术的有效性用于此目的，我们设计了一个现有microannular流井眼模型。这是通过水泥水化过程中旋转的内管得到的。这并不是模拟任何野外作业，只是快进几十年的热和压力负荷在井眼后会发生什么。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 40 Steel pipe - OD=10.16 cm, ID=10.04 cm, L=59.7 cm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Baker Sales</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BPE-4.00BB40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:341px;">ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 10 Steel pipe - OD=6 cm, ID=5.94 cm, L=61 cm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Service Steel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">Expansion Cones - AISI D2 grade alloy steel (60 RC hardness)</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Shell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:341px;">Pipe coupling - OD=6.35 cm, ID=6 cm, L=4.4 cm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:341px;">Steel plate ring - OD=10.16 cm, ID=5.76 cm, thickness=6.35 mm</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Louisiana Cutting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:341px;">Class H Cement</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LaFarge</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-16-12 / 14-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:341px;">Defoaming agent - D-Air 3000L</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Halliburton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Bentonite clay</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Calcium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">LSU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:341px;">Expansion Fixture</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Shell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:341px;">Pressure transducers</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Omega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PX480A-200GV&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Teflon tubing</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PB0754100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Union tee</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:341px;">Elbow union</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:341px;">Female elbow</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-400-8-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:341px;">Port connector</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-401-PC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:341px;">Forged body valve</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-1RS4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:341px;">Tube adapter</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Swagelok</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS-4-TA-1-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:341px;">Pipe lubricant</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">E.F. Houghoton &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>71323998</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:341px;">Instant Galvanize Zinc Coating</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">CRC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">78254184128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mechanical expansion of steel tubing as a solution to leaky wellbores

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe (casing), and protects metal components from corrosive fluids. These are essential for uncompromised wellbore integrity. Cements can undergo multiple forms of failure, such as debonding at the cement/rock and cement/metal interfaces, fracturing, and defects within the cement matrix. Failures and defects within the cement will ultimately lead to fluid migration, resulting in inter-zonal fluid migration and premature well abandonment. Currently, there are over 1.8 million operating wells worldwide and over one third of these wells have leak related problems defined as Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP)1. 
The focus of this research was to develop an experimental setup at bench-scale to explore the effect of mechanical manipulation of wellbore casing-cement composite samples as a potential technology for the remediation of gas leaks. 
The experimental methodology utilized in this study enabled formation of an impermeable seal at the pipe/cement interface in a simulated wellbore system. Successful nitrogen gas flow-through measurements demonstrated that an existing microannulus was sealed at laboratory experimental conditions and fluid flow prevented by mechanical manipulation of the metal/cement composite sample. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied not only for the remediation of leaky wellbores, but also in plugging and abandonment procedures as well as wellbore completions technology, and potentially preventing negative impacts of wellbores on subsurface and surface environments.

在复合材料样品预膨胀气体流动通过试验表明在出口压力传感器的压力的记录，通过预先制造的微环确认气流（ 图7和图8）。初始条件保持相同，其中初始的入口压力为103千帕，气体流量保持在85毫升/分钟，在该期间。的时间滞后，在入口和出口的压力传感器之间的压力记录为7.5秒，而增大进气压力至172千帕后的最高压力，记录了117千帕（入口）和20.7千帕（出口）。由?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores at JoVE.com

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

钢管机械性扩张为解决井眼漏

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe ...

mechanical-expansion-of-steel-tubing-as-a-solution-to-leaky-wellbores

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SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.1K 次观看.  Louisiana State University. This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

视频: Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors, lipid-coated perfluorocarbon droplets have been developed which can be vaporized by HIFU. The vasculature in many tumors is abnormally leaky due to their rapid growth, and nanoparticles are able to penetrate the fenestrations and passively accumulate within tumors. Thus, controlling the size of the droplets can result in better accumulation within tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable droplets in a phase-shift nanoemulsion (PSNE) with a narrow size distribution is described. PSNE were synthesized by sonicating a lipid solution in the presence of liquid perfluorocarbon. A narrow size distribution was obtained by extruding the PSNE multiple times using filters with pore sizes of 100 or 200 nm. The size distribution was measured over a 7-day period using dynamic light scattering. Polyacrylamide hydrogels containing PSNE were prepared for in vitro experiments. PSNE droplets in the hydrogels were vaporized with ultrasound and the resulting bubbles enhanced localized heating. Vaporized PSNE enables more rapid heating and also reduces the ultrasound intensity needed for thermal ablation. Thus, PSNE is expected to enhance thermal ablation in tumors, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes of HIFU-mediated thermal ablation treatments.

Phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE) can be vaporized using high intensity focused ultrasound to enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable PSNE with a narrow size distribution is described. Furthermore, the impact of vaporized PSNE on ultrasound-mediated ablation is demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms.

相移窄粒度分布的纳米乳液的合成声波液滴蒸发和泡增强的超声介导消融

High-intensity  focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To  enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in ...

科研

工程学

A Cost-effective and Reliable Method to Predict Mechanical Stress in Single-use and Standard Pumps

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping process shear forces occur which can lead to qualitative and/or quantitative product loss. To calculate the mechanical stress with limited experimental expense, an oil-water emulsion system was used, whose suitability was demonstrated for drop size detections in bioreactors1. As drop breakup of the oil-water emulsion system is a function of mechanical stress, drop sizes need to be counted over the experimental time of shear stress investigations. In previous studies, the inline endoscopy has been shown to be an accurate and reliable measurement technique for drop size detections in liquid/liquid dispersions. The aim of this protocol is to show the suitability of the inline endoscopy technique for drop size measurements in pumping processes. In order to express the drop size, the Sauter mean diameter d32 was used as the representative diameter of drops in the oil-water emulsion. The results showed low variation in the Sauter mean diameters, which were quantified by standard deviations of below 15%, indicating the reliability of the measurement technique.

Shear stress investigations on an oil-water emulsion system result in drop breakup over the experimental time. To count drop sizes in pumping processes, the suitability of inline endoscopy was successfully demonstrated in this protocol.

高性价比和可靠的方法来预测机械应力一次性使用和标准泵

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping ...

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators. One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator. This modulator is particularly well suited for holographic video experimentation as it is relatively simple and inexpensive to fabricate1-3. Some additional advantages of leaky mode devices include: large aggregate bandwidth, polarization separation of signal light from noise, large angular deflection and frequency control of color1. In order to realize these advantages, it is necessary to be able to adequately characterize these devices as their operation is strongly dependent on waveguide and transducer parameters4. To characterize the modulators, the authors use a commercial prism coupler as well as a custom characterization apparatus to identify guided modes, calculate waveguide thickness and finally to map the device's frequency input and angular output of leaky mode modulators. This work gives a detailed description of the measurement and characterization of leaky mode modulators suitable for full-color holographic video.

This work describes fabrication and characterization of anisotropic leaky mode modulators for holographic video.

各向异性泄漏模式调制器用于Holovideo的表征

Holovideo displays are based on light-bending spatial light modulators.  One such spatial light modulator is the anisotropic leaky mode modulator.  This ...

The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, building and food industries, amongst others. Polyester and coatings containing both polyester and silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) have been widely used to protect steel substrata from corrosion. In this study, we utilized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements, optical profiling and atomic force microscopy to provide an insight into how exposure to sunlight can cause changes in the micro- and nanoscale integrity of the coatings. No significant change in surface micro-topography was detected using optical profilometry, however, statistically significant nanoscale changes to the surface were detected using atomic force microscopy. Analysis of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy data revealed that degradation of the ester groups had occurred through exposure to ultraviolet light to form COO&#903;, -H2C&#903;, -O&#903;, -CO&#903; radicals. During the degradation process, CO and CO2 were also produced.

Two types of surfaces, polyester-coated steel and polyester coated with a layer of silica nanoparticles, were studied. Both surfaces were exposed to sunlight, which was found to cause substantial changes in the chemistry and nanoscale topography of the surface.

表面上的纳米硅聚酯涂料暴露在阳光下的演变

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

机器人平台研究加州海狮的Foreflipper

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed that, under the proper conditions, ice can be produced when water is introduced to a bath of cold brine. To make ice form, in addition to having the brine and water mix, the rate of heat transfer must bypass that of mass transfer. When water is introduced in the form of tiny droplets to the brine surface, the mode of heat and mass transfer is by diffusion. The buoyancy stops water from mixing with the brine underneath, but as the ice grows thicker, it slows down the rate of heat transfer, making ice more difficult to grow as a result. When water is introduced inside the brine in the form of a flow, a number of factors are found to influence how much ice can form. Brine temperature and concentration, which are the driving forces of heat and mass transfer, respectively, can affect the water-to-ice conversion ratio; lower bath temperatures and brine concentrations encourage more ice to form. The flow rheology, which can directly affect both the heat and mass transfer coefficients, is also a key factor. In addition, the flow rheology changes the area of contact of the flow with the bulk fluid.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate the generation of ice when water is introduced to a cold bath of brine, as a secondary refrigerant, at a range of temperatures well below the freezing point of water. It can be used as an alternative way of producing ice for industry.

冰生成和传热传质现象将水引入到盐水冷水浴

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed ...

Preparation and High-temperature Anti-adhesion Behavior of a Slippery Surface on Stainless Steel

Anti-adhesion surfaces with high-temperature resistance have a wide application potential in electrosurgical instruments, engines, and pipelines. A typical anti-wetting superhydrophobic surface easily fails when exposed to a high-temperature liquid. Recently, Nepenthes-inspired slippery surfaces demonstrated a new way to solve the adhesion problem. A lubricant layer on the slippery surface can act as a barrier between the repelled materials and the surface structure. However, the slippery surfaces in previous studies rarely showed high-temperature resistance. Here, we describe a protocol for the preparation of slippery surfaces with high-temperature resistance. A photolithography-assisted method was used to fabricate pillar structures on stainless steel. By functionalizing the surface with saline, a slippery surface was prepared by adding silicone oil. The prepared slippery surface maintained the anti-wetting property for water, even when the surface was heated to 300 &#176;C. Also, the slippery surface exhibited great anti-adhesion effects on soft tissues at high temperatures. This type of slippery surface on stainless steel has applications in medical devices, mechanical equipment, etc.

Slippery surfaces provide a new way to solve the adhesion problem. This protocol describes how to fabricate slippery surfaces at high temperatures. The results demonstrate that the slippery surfaces showed anti-wetting for liquids and a remarkable anti-adhesion effect on soft tissues at high temperatures.

不锈钢滑面的制备及高温抗粘接性能研究

Anti-adhesion surfaces with high-temperature resistance have a wide application potential in electrosurgical instruments, engines, and pipelines. A ...

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

具有嵌入式金属网的高性能，灵活，透明电极的可扩展解决方案处理制造策略

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

Preparation of Aligned Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite and Its Flexural Behavior

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the Earth&#39;s magnetic field, for manufacturing a cementitious composite reinforced with aligned steel fibers. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites (ASFRC) were prepared by applying a uniform electromagnetic field to fresh mortar containing short steel fibers, whereby the short steel fibers were driven to rotate in alignment with the magnetic field. The degree of alignment of steel fibers in hardened ASFRC was assessed both by counting steel fibers in fractured cross-sections and by X-ray computed tomography analysis. The results from the two methods show that the steel fibers in ASFRC were highly aligned while the steel fibers in non-magnetically treated composites were randomly distributed. The aligned steel fibers had a much higher reinforcing efficiency, and the composites, therefore, exhibited significantly enhanced flexural strength and toughness. The ASFRC is thus superior to SFRC in that it can withstand greater tensile stress and more effectively resist cracking.

This protocol describes an approach for manufacturing aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite by applying a uniform electromagnetic field. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite exhibits superior mechanical properties to ordinary fiber reinforced concrete.

定向钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料的制备及其弯曲性能研究

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the ...

Scalable Stamp Printing and Fabrication of Hemiwicking Surfaces

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. This wetting phenomenon is important in many technical fields ranging from physiology to aerospace engineering. Currently, several different techniques exist for fabricating hemiwicking structures. These conventional methods, however, are often time consuming and are difficult to scale-up for large areas or are difficult to customize for specific, nonhomogeneous patterning geometries. The presented protocol provides researchers with a simple, scalable, and cost-effective method for fabricating micro-patterned hemiwicking surfaces. The method fabricates wicking structures through the use of stamp printing, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding, and thin-film surface coatings. The protocol is demonstrated for hemiwicking with ethanol on PDMS micropillar arrays coated with a 70 nm thick aluminum thin-film.

A simple protocol is provided for the fabrication of hemiwicking structures of varying sizes, shapes, and materials. The protocol uses a combination of physical stamping, PDMS molding, and thin-film surface modifications via common materials deposition techniques.

可缩放邮票印刷及不堪砌面的制作

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. ...