Este trabalho foi financiado pelo NIH (DK093625 ao LH, e DK069909 e DK047757 para JHL) eo VA (Prémio de Mérito I01BX000820 para JHL). Gostaríamos de agradecer ao Dr. Michael Pack e Dr. Jie Ele, na Universidade da Pensilvânia Zebrafish Núcleo de prestação de apoio essencial.

Declaração de Ética: NOTA: Todas as experiências de peixe-zebra foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Cuidados e Uso do animal Institucional da Eastern Virginia Medical School. 1. Preparação Morpholino <ol><li> Concepção e síntese de tradução-bloqueio (AUG-) e de inibição de splicing (Splice-) morfolino anti-sentido (MO) oligonucleótidos para o gene de interesse, conforme as instruções do fabricante (Figura 1A). Por favor, consulte as informações do fabricante na Tabela 1. NOTA: MOs são enviados como ações liofilizada em garrafas de vidro. </li><li> Adicionar alto grau de água estéril para os frascos de vidro para re-suspender OMs para uma concentração final de 25 ug / uL. Certifique-se de que o oligonucleótido esteja completamente dissolvido. Se alguns restos sólidas, aquecer o frasco contendo a solução de estoque de oligonucleótido a 65 ° C durante 5 a 10 min e agitar com vortex brevemente. </li><li> Guardar a solução estoque MO na RT. Não armazená-los a 4 ° C ou -20 ° C; C, porque temperaturas mais baixas, pode causar o oligonucleótido MO para se ligarem à parede do recipiente. Medir a concentração da solução-mãe usando um espectrofotómetro (consulte a tabela 1) cada vez que uma nova solução de estoque MO é feita. </li><li> Preparar a solução de trabalho de MO no dia da injecção por diluição da solução de reserva com alto grau de água esterilizada para a dose desejada. Adicionar 0,5% de vermelho de fenol para atingir uma concentração de 0,05%. Por exemplo, para fazer a solução de trabalho 5 ul com uma concentração de 15 ng / nL, adicionar solução de estoque 3 ul MO e 0,5 ul de 0,5% de vermelho de fenol para 1,5 ul de água. NOTA: Com esta concentração de trabalho, cada gota (500 pl) de injeção contém 7,5 ng de MO e duas gotas conter 15 ng de MO. </li></ol> 2. Preparação do aparelho de injecção <ol><li> Vidro Compra agulhas pré-puxou (por favor, consulte a Tabela 1 para obter informações detalhadas). Como alternativa, puxe a agulha wi injeção de vidroth um puxador de agulha. </li><li> Ligue o compressor de ar e ajuste a configuração para 50 psi de pressão. Ligue a fonte de luz microscópio de dissecação e Pico bomba de micro-injecção e ajustar as configurações da seguinte forma: segurar a pressão de 20 psi, ejetar 10 psi de pressão, valor do período de 2,5 e 100 ms gama de gating. </li><li> Carregar o vidro pré-agulha puxada com 5 ul de solução de injecção e colocar a agulha na posição vertical, com a ponta para baixo. Espere até que toda a solução atingir a ponta da agulha sem bolhas de ar visíveis. Inserir o suporte de agulha numa posição adequada ao lado do microscópio e inserir a agulha no suporte de vidro. Ajustar o ângulo de injecção de 45 graus. </li><li> Traga a ponta da agulha em vista ao microscópio, de alta para fora do palco, e concentrar-se na região mais fina da ponta. Quebre a ponta da agulha com uma pinça de ponta fina. </li><li> Coloque uma régua e um tubo capilar com diâmetro interno de 0,15 mm de lado a lado, sob o microscópio;injectar a solução em uma extremidade do tubo capilar para fazer uma coluna de líquido. Ajustar o tempo de ejecção para chegar a cada 17 gotas por 1 milímetro de comprimento da coluna de líquido, então o volume de cada gota nl é 1 (volume da gota π = raio x 2 x comprimento (coluna de líquido) / contagem (de gotas). NOTA: Uma gota com um diâmetro de 0,1 mm dá um volume de injecção de cerca de 500 pl (volume da gota = 4/3 x π raio x 3). </li></ol> 3. Preparação de Fertilized embriões Zebrafish e injeção com Morpholinos <ol><li> Configure Tg (wt1b: GFP) casais reprodutores de peixes-zebra transgénicos acordo com protocolos publicados para criação de peixe-zebra padrão e manutenção. Coletar embriões após desova natural, e mantê-los em uma placa de Petri 10 centímetros cheia de água E3 (5 mM NaCl, 0.17mm KCl, 0,33 mM CaCl2, 0,33 mM MgSO4). Comece injeção MO imediatamente 13. Monitorar morfologia do embrião sob o microscópio e certifique-se de injeção MO está no um-estágio de célula, ou o mais tardar no estágio de quatro células. <ol><li> Transferir os embriões para a placa de Petri 10 centímetros com cunha em forma de agar calhas. Aspirar a água E3 extra e pressione suavemente os embriões nas calhas. </li><li> Manipular os embriões com a micropipeta para visualizar embriões em estágio 1 de células ao microscópio de dissecação. Penetrar no cório e, em seguida, a gema para injectar uma ou duas gotas de MO na gema (1 gota = 500 pl). Transferir os embriões injectados com 10 cm de placa de Petri com água E3 e incubar a 28,5 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Após as injeções, remover os embriões mortos e registrar o número de embriões injetados. Substitua a água E3 no prato a cada 24-48 horas. </li></ol> 4. Experimentos Fenótipo de resgate <ol><li> Selecione uma orthologue de outra espécie que tem uma estrutura de pares de bases principal diferente (geralmente 3-7 descasamentos de pares de bases) e é, portanto, resistentes à MO, para o salvamento. Por exemplo, neste experimento, escolhemosrato, porque a sequência de ratinho Wnt5a ARNm é diferente da sequência de peixe-zebra. </li><li> Conceber um conjunto de iniciadores com o iniciador directo de partida no local da translação e o iniciador reverso de perto para o fim da região de codificação do ARNm. Adicionar uma sequência do promotor de T7 na extremidade 5 &#39;da sequência iniciadora para a frente. Neste experimento, foram utilizadas as seguintes as seqüências de primers; para a frente: 5&#39;- taa tac GAC TCA tag cta gga cta tga tgc tgc tga AGC tga a- 3 &#39;e inverter: 5&#39;- TCA ctt gca GAC gta ctg gtc- 3&#39;. </li><li> Executar um 50 ul de Reacção em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) com o conjunto de iniciadores (0,5 uM de cada iniciador) concebido de cima e de 0,1 ug de ADN molde contendo a sequência de rato Wnt5a ADNc com o seguinte programa de PCR: 1 ciclo a 95 ° C durante 5 min; 35 ciclos de 95 ° C (30 s), 58,5 ° C (30 segundos), 72 ° C (1 min); e passo de extensão final a 72 ° C durante 7 min. </li><li> Depois de terminar tele de bicicleta, correr 2 l do produto da PCR em gel de agarose 1% para garantir que a banda é o tamanho certo. Purifica-se o produto de PCR com um kit de purificação de PCR de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Verifique concentração de DNA com um espectrofotômetro. Armazenar o produto de PCR purificado a -20 ° C ou se utilizar directamente na tampado transcrição de ARN no passo seguinte. </li><li> Sintetizar in vitro de mRNA tampado com um kit de síntese de ARN tampado acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Dilui-se o ARNm em 20 ul de ARNase isenta de água e determinar a concentração. Alíquota da RNA e armazenar a -80 ° C. </li><li> No dia da injecção, preparar uma solução de trabalho do mRNA com água estéril livre de RNase. Note-se que 40 pg é geralmente a dose mais elevada de ARN em que os efeitos não específicos ou tóxicos do ARN não ocorrem. Manter a solução de trabalho em gelo. Injectar o embrião com MO e, em seguida, o mRNA de resgate, ou co-injectar os dois juntos. Por exemplo, se a concentração da prepar ARNmed no passo 4.5 é de 0,6 mg / mL, adicionar 0,67 mL de ARNm (0,4 ug) de 4,33 ul de ARNase isenta de água para fazer uma concentração final de 0,08 mg / mL, seguida de uma gota (500 pl) de cada injecção contém 40 pg do ARNm. Prepare MO como descrito na etapa 3. </li></ol> 5. Preparação de embriões injetados para imagens fluorescentes <ol><li> Após incubação a 28,5 ° CO / N, adicionar 0,003% de N-feniltioureia (PTU) para a água para impedir a melanização E3, que afecta a observação da estrutura pronephros utilizando microscopia de fluorescência. No entanto, não adicione PTU antes gastrulação, porque afeta o desenvolvimento embrionário precoce. </li><li> Às 48 hpf, dechorionate manualmente os embriões com uma pinça fina. Tire fotos de 48 e 72 embriões HPF sob uma dissecção microscópio de luz. NOTA: Estas imagens podem ser tomadas sem anestesia. </li><li> Aproximadamente 10 minutos antes da imagiologia sob o microscópio de fluorescência, anestesiar os embriões, colocando-os emuma placa de Petri contendo 10 centímetros de 160 ug / ml tamponado tricaina. Aguarde 5-10 min, e em seguida, toque levemente o peixe-zebra para confirmar que eles não se movem e, portanto, a anestesia está funcionando. </li><li> Depois os embriões são anestesiados, montá-los em 3% metil celulose e orientá-los em uma posição propensa sob um microscópio de dissecação (consulte a Tabela 1). </li><li> Observe a estrutura pronephros sob um microscópio de fluorescência (consulte a Tabela 1) e tirar fotos em diferentes ampliações (10x e 20x). </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Doença policística dos rins (PKD) é uma das principais causas da doença renal da fase final em seres humanos e é caracterizada pela formação progressiva cisto, o alargamento renal e desenvolvimento anormal túbulo 14. Autossómica dominante de PKD (ADPKD) é uma doença genética em que a mutação de qualquer um de PKD1, que codifica policistina-1 (CP1), ou PKD2, que codifica policistina-2 (PC2), resulta em doença renal policística. Muitos outros genes, especialmente aqueles que codificam proteínas...

Peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) embriões têm sido amplamente utilizados como um modelo para estudar o desenvolvimento renal e doença renal policística. Há muitas vantagens na utilização do peixe-zebra como um modelo animal: a viabilidade de estudar interacções genéticas, a capacidade de usar morpholinos anti-sentido (MO) para knockdown proteína, a oportunidade para ensaiar rapidamente um grande número de embriões, e a facilidade de visualização de órgãos em fenótipos 1 larvas vivas. Os pronephros é o primeiro rim para desenvolver nos vertebrados e é funcional em peixes-zebra larval 2. A estrutura dos pronephros peixe-zebra é relativamente simples quando comparado com os metanefros de mamífero, o terceiro e último rim para desenvolver em mamíferos. O néfron é a unidade de trabalho do rim, com cada rim humano que contenham entre 500,000-1,000,000 néfrons 3,4 e cada rim do rato tendo aproximadamente 13.000 néfrons 5, o que torna difícil observar a estrutura de néfrons único in rins humanos ou do mouse. O peixe-zebra tem apenas dois nefrónios, cada nefrónio peixe-zebra e contém todos os componentes principais encontrados nos glomérulos e túbulos de ratos e seres humanos 6 e tipos de células renais especializadas semelhantes. Comparado a outros modelos de vertebrados, como Xenopus, o néfron zebrafish mais se assemelha a de néfrons mamíferos porque tem um sistema fechado 7. Nos últimos anos, o genoma do peixe-zebra foi sequenciado, permitindo a ampla introdução de ferramentas genéticas, amplos recursos mutantes, e coleções de linhas repórter transgênicos em modelos de peixe-zebra. Os peixes-zebra pronephros formas entre 12-72 h pós fertilização (hpf) e podem ser facilmente visualizados em embriões transparentes. Proteína tumor do Wilm WT1 é um fator essencial para o desenvolvimento do rim. Linhas de peixes-zebra transgénicos que expressam a proteína fluorescente verde (GFP) sob o controlo do promotor wt1b Tg (wt1b: GFP) mostram GFP expression especificamente localizados em regiões pronephric em embriões de peixe-zebra, a partir de 17 hpf 8. Nephronophthisis (NPHP), uma doença do rim autossómica recessiva cística, é causada por mutações de genes NPHP 9. NPHP4 knockdown por morfolino causou a formação de cistos na Tg (wt1b: GFP). Fish 10 Portanto, este peixe transgênico é um modelo adequado para a observação de estruturas renais e formação de cistos durante o desenvolvimento do rim. Importante, a influência de moduladores de desenvolvimento do rim pode ser estudada usando esta estirpe em um tempo de trabalho e modo eficiente. Nosso trabalho descreve o uso de Tg (wt1b: GFP) de peixe como um modelo para visualizar a formação de cistos nos rins depois de modulação gene. Usamos partida e emenda local anti-sense MOs derrubar o gene Wnt5a no peixe-zebra. Wnt5a é uma glicoproteína segregada não canónicas da família Wnt, que desempenha um papel importante no desenvolvimento de vários órgãos e pós-natal celularfunção 11. Wnt5a funciona através de vias de Wnt não canónicas, incluindo a via de polaridade celular planar (PCP), que tem sido encontrado para desempenhar um papel na divisão celular orientada durante o alongamento tubular renal. Wnt5a regula a via Wnt / PCP, formando um complexo com o receptor de tirosina cinase semelhante (Ryk), que transduz mais Wnt5a sinalização através da formação de um complexo com a proteína da polaridade celular planar VANGL 2 (Vangl2), promovendo assim a estabilidade Vangl2 12. Os defeitos na via de PCP pode resultar na divisão celular aleatória e causar a formação de quistos renais. Utilizou-se o Tg (wt1b: GFP) linha peixe-zebra para observar a formação de cistos nos rins seguinte Wnt5a knockdown. A Tg (wt1b: GFP) modelo de peixe-zebra permite imagens ao vivo e observação oportuna da estrutura renal. Após Wnt5a knockdown, formação de cistos nos rins foi encontrado com início às 24 hpf; a 72 hpf, os cistos podem ser encontrados nos glomérulos e dos túbulos proximais. Este método também poderia ser usado para screen outros genes que podem causar a formação de cistos nos rins.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">0.5% Phenol-Red</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">P0290</td>
			<td style="width:491px;">Color indicator for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Morpholino</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Genn Tools, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">(customized)</td>
			<td>Customized designed to the gene of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Pre-pulled needle</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Tritech Research</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MINJ-PP</td>
			<td style="width:491px;">If large amount of needle is required, you can also purchase a needle puller and prepare the needle in the lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">T7 mMessage Kit</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">1344</td>
			<td>For in vitro transcription to make capped mRNA for rescue experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">N-Phenylthiourea</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">P7629</td>
			<td>For prevention of melanization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Tricaine</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">A5040</td>
			<td>Also called ethyl 3-aminobenzoate, for zebrafish anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Methyl Cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">M-0387</td>
			<td>For position of zebrafish&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">QIAquick PCR Purification Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">28104</td>
			<td>For purification of PCR product for cap RNA synthesis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">dNTP mix</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">U1511</td>
			<td>For PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Tag DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">10342-053</td>
			<td>For PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;"></td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;"></td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">NanoDrop sepctrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">ND-1000</td>
			<td>For measure morpholino and RNA concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Air Compressor</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Werther International, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Panther Compact 106</td>
			<td>Air source for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Pico micro-injection pump</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">World Precision Instruments Inc</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">PV830 Pnematic PicoPump</td>
			<td>Other types of microinjection system can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Micro-manuplator</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">World Precision Instruments Inc</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">MMJR</td>
			<td>Right-handed (MMJL for left handed)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">World Precision Instruments Inc</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">5430-ALL</td>
			<td>To hold needle for micromanipulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Dumont Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Fine Surgical Tools</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">11253-20</td>
			<td>For breaking off the needle tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica M205C&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td>For observing and imaging zebrafish embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Fluorscence microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss Axio Obserer D1m &#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td>For imaging zebrafish pronephros</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Capillary tube (I.D 0.15 mm)</td>
			<td>VitroCom</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">CV1525Q-100</td>
			<td>For measure the volume of each injected drop</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease: knockdown of wnt5a causes cysts in zebrafish kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The molecular mechanisms leading to cyst formation in PKD remain somewhat unclear, but many genes are thought to be involved. Wnt5a is a non-canonical glycoprotein that regulates a wide range of developmental processes. Wnt5a works through the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates oriented cell division during renal tubular cell elongation. Defects of the PCP pathway have been found to cause kidney cyst formation. Our paper describes a method for developing a zebrafish cystic kidney disease model by knockdown of the wnt5a gene with wnt5a antisense morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides. Tg(wt1b:GFP) transgenic zebrafish were used to visualize kidney structure and kidney cysts following wnt5a knockdown. Two distinct antisense MOs (AUG - and splice-site) were used and both resulted in curly tail down phenotype and cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown. Injection of mouse Wnt5a mRNA, resistant to the MOs due to a difference in primary base pair structure, rescued the abnormal phenotype, demonstrating that the phenotype was not due to &#8220;off-target&#8221; effects of the morpholino. This work supports the validity of using a zebrafish model to study wnt5a function in the kidney.

Wnt5a derrubar foi conseguido através da introdução de tradução bloqueando MO (AUG-MO) ou exon / intron fronteira emenda MO (tala-MO) para embriões de peixes-zebra no estádio de uma célula. O AUG-MO tem como alvo o codão de iniciação e, portanto, inibe tanto a mensagem Wnt5a materna e zigótica. A tala MO-alvo o terceiro local de splice dador e inibe apenas a transcrição zigótica de Wnt5a (Figura 1A). O AUG- e morphants splice- phenocopied uns aos outros com defeitos múl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys at JoVE.com

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish.

Um Modelo Possível Zebrafish da doença renal policística: Knockdown de<em&gt; Wnt5a</em&gt; Faz com cistos no peixe-zebra Rins

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

11.0K visualizações.  Eastern Virginia Medical School. We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish. 

Vídeo: A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Adult Zebrafish Using Cryoinjury

The mammalian heart is incapable of significant regeneration following an acute injury such as myocardial infarction1. By contrast, urodele amphibians and teleost fish retain a remarkable capacity for cardiac regeneration with little or no scarring throughout life2,3. It is not known why only some non-mammalian vertebrates can recreate a complete organ from remnant tissues4,5. To understand the molecular and cellular differences between regenerative responses in different species, we need to use similar approaches for inducing acute injuries.
In mammals, the most frequently used model to study cardiac repair has been acute ischemia after a ligation of the coronary artery or tissue destruction after cryoinjury6,7. The cardiac regeneration in newts and zebrafish has been predominantly studied after a partial resection of the ventricular apex2,3. Recently, several groups have established the cryoinjury technique in adult zebrafish8-10. This method has a great potential because it allows a comparative discussion of the results obtained from the mammalian and non-mammalian species.
Here, we present a method to induce a reproducible disc-shaped infarct of the zebrafish ventricle by cryoinjury. This injury model is based on rapid freezing-thawing tissue, which results in massive cell death of about 20% of cardiomyocytes of the ventricular wall. First, a small incision was made through the chest with iridectomy scissors to access the heart. The ventricular wall was directly frozen by applying for 23-25 seconds a stainless steel cryoprobe precooled in liquid nitrogen. To stop the freezing of the heart, fish water at room temperature was dropped on the tip of the cryoprobe. The procedure is well tolerated by animals, with a survival rate of 95%.
To characterize the regenerative process, the hearts were collected and fixed at different days after cryoinjury. Subsequently, the specimen were embedded for cryosectioning. The slides with sections were processed for histological analysis, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. This undertaking enhances our understanding of the factors that are required for the regenerative plasticity in the zebrafish, and provide new insights into the machinery of cardiac regeneration. A conceptual and molecular understanding of heart regeneration in zebrafish will impact both developmental biology and regenerative medicine.

Zebrafish represents a valuable model to study the mechanisms of heart regeneration in vertebrates. Here, we present a protocol for induction of a heart infarct in adult zebrafish using cryoinjury. This method results in massive cell death within 20% of the ventricular wall, similar to that observed in mammalian infarcts.

Indução de Infarto do Miocárdio em Zebrafish adultos usando Cryoinjury

The mammalian heart is incapable of significant regeneration following an acute injury such as myocardial infarction1. By contrast, urodele amphibians and ...

Medicina

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

Avaliar as alterações teratogênicos em um modelo de Zebrafish de exposição fetal ao álcool

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being analyzed 1, 2. This classical banding technique, however, is not reliable in identifying complex chromosomal aberrations such as those associated with cancer. To overcome the limitations of the banding technique, Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is introduced to provide much reliable information on chromosome abnormalities.
SKY is a multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect metaphase chromosomes with spectral microscope 3, 4. SKY has been proven to be a valuable tool for the cytogenetic analysis of a broad range of chromosome abnormalities associated with a large number of genetic diseases and malignancies 5, 6. SKY involves the use of multicolor fluorescently-labelled DNA probes prepared from the degenerate oligonucleotide primers by PCR. Thus, every chromosome has a unique spectral color after in-situ hybridization with probes, which are differentially labelled with a mixture of fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine, Texas Red, Cy5, FITC and Cy5.5). The probes used for SKY consist of up to 55 chromosome specific probes 7-10.
The procedure for SKY involves several steps (Figure 1). SKY requires the availability of cells with high mitotic index from normal or diseased tissue or blood. The chromosomes of a single cell from either a freshly isolated primary cell or a cell line are spread on a glass slide. This chromosome spread is labeled with a different combination of fluorescent dyes specific for each chromosome. For probe detection and image acquisition,the spectral imaging system consists of sagnac interferometer and a CCD camera. This allows measurement of the visible light spectrum emitted from the sample and to acquire a spectral image from individual chromosomes. HiSKY, the software used to analyze the results of the captured images, provides an easy identification of chromosome anomalies. The end result is a metaphase and a karyotype classification image, in which each pair of chromosomes has a distinct color (Figure 2). This allows easy identification of chromosome identities and translocations. For more details, please visit Applied Spectral Imaging website (<a href="http://www.spectral-imaging.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spectral-imaging.com/</a>).
SKY was recently used for an identification of chromosome segregation defects and chromosome abnormalities in humans and mice with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a genetic disease characterized by dysfunction in primary cilia 11-13. Using this technique, we demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosome segregation and chromosomal defects in ADPKD patients and mouse models 14. Further analyses using SKY not only allowed us to identify chromosomal number and identity, but also to accurately detect very complex chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome deletions and translocations (Figure 2).

Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is an advanced cytogenetics technique to identify genomic and chromosomal aberrations. This technique takes advantage of chromosome painting probes, which allow classification of all chromosomes. SKY can also identify complex chromosome aberrations and segregation defects in mice and humans with various diseases, including polycystic kidney disease.

Cariotipagem espectral para o Estudo de Anomalias cromossômicas em humanos e camundongos com doença renal policística

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being ...

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model

Genomic studies of human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these studies is that many genes are altered, and it can be difficult to distinguish genetic alterations that drove tumorigenesis from that those arose incidentally during transformation. To draw this distinction it is beneficial to have an assay that can quantitatively measure the effect of an altered gene on tumor initiation and other processes that enable tumors to persist and disseminate. Here we present a rapid means to screen large numbers of candidate melanoma modifiers in zebrafish using an autochthonous tumor model4 that encompasses steps required for melanoma initiation and maintenance. A key reagent in this assay is the miniCoopR vector, which couples a wild-type copy of the mitfa melanocyte specification factor to a Gateway recombination cassette into which candidate melanoma genes can be recombined5. The miniCoopR vector has a mitfa rescuing minigene which contains the promoter, open reading frame and 3'-untranslated region of the wild-type mitfa gene. It allows us to make constructs using full-length open reading frames of candidate melanoma modifiers. These individual clones can then be injected into single cell Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E);p53(lf);mitfa(lf)zebrafish embryos. The miniCoopR vector gets integrated by Tol2-mediated transgenesis6 and rescues melanocytes. Because they are physically coupled to the mitfa rescuing minigene, candidate genes are expressed in rescued melanocytes, some of which will transform and develop into tumors. The effect of a candidate gene on melanoma initiation and melanoma cell properties can be measured using melanoma-free survival curves, invasion assays, antibody staining and transplantation assays.

A rapid way to screen for melanoma modifiers using a zebrafish autochthonous tumor model is presented. It takes advantage of the miniCoopR vector which allows for expression of candidate melanoma genes in melanocytes. A method to obtain melanoma-free survival curves, an invasion assay, a protocol for antibody staining of scale melanocytes and a melanoma transplantation assay are described.

Triagem para Modificadores Melanoma usando um modelo de tumor Zebrafish autóctone

Genomic studies of  human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered  in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these ...

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory and large scale clinical trials has revealed that diabetic complications progress unimpeded via the phenomenon of metabolic memory even when glycemic control is pharmaceutically achieved. Gene expression can be stably altered through epigenetic changes which not only allow cells and organisms to quickly respond to changing environmental stimuli but also confer the ability of the cell to "memorize" these encounters once the stimulus is removed. As such, the roles that these mechanisms play in the metabolic memory phenomenon are currently being examined.
We have recently reported the development of a zebrafish model of type I diabetes mellitus and characterized this model to show that diabetic zebrafish not only display the known secondary complications including the changes associated with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and impaired wound healing but also exhibit impaired caudal fin regeneration. This model is unique in that the zebrafish is capable to regenerate its damaged pancreas and restore a euglycemic state similar to what would be expected in post-transplant human patients. Moreover, multiple rounds of caudal fin amputation allow for the separation and study of pure epigenetic effects in an in vivo system without potential complicating factors from the previous diabetic state. Although euglycemia is achieved following pancreatic regeneration, the diabetic secondary complication of fin regeneration and skin wound healing persists indefinitely. In the case of impaired fin regeneration, this pathology is retained even after multiple rounds of fin regeneration in the daughter fin tissues. These observations point to an underlying epigenetic process existing in the metabolic memory state. Here we present the methods needed to successfully generate the diabetic and metabolic memory groups of fish and discuss the advantages of this model.

Metabolic memory is the phenomenon by which diabetic complications persist and progress unimpeded even after euglycemia is achieved pharmaceutically. Here we describe a diabetes mellitus zebrafish model which is unique in that it allows for the examination of the mitotically transmissible epigenetic components of metabolic memory in vivo.

Um modelo Zebrafish de Diabetes Mellitus e Memória Metabólica

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

Avaliação da função vascular em pacientes com doença renal crônica

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease, and are very convenient for rapid drug screening and testing of promising therapies. A limiting factor in these studies is often the lack of efficient non-invasive methods for sequentially analyzing the anatomical and functional changes in the kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current gold standard imaging technique to follow autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients, providing excellent soft tissue contrast and anatomic detail and allowing Total Kidney Volume (TKV) measurements.A major advantage of MRI in rodent models of PKD is the possibility for in vivo imaging allowing for longitudinal studies that use the same animal and therefore reducing the total number of animals required. In this manuscript, we will focus on using Ultra-high field (UHF) MRI to non-invasively acquire in vivo images of rodent models for PKD. The main goal of this work is to introduce the use of MRI as a tool for in vivo phenotypical characterization and drug monitoring in rodent models for PKD.

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

The use of ultra-high field MRI as a non-invasive way to obtain phenotypic information of rodent models for polycystic kidney disease and to monitor interventions is described. Compared with the traditional histological approach, MRI images can be acquired in vivo, allowing for longitudinal follow-up.

Uso de ultra-alta MRI campo em pequeno roedor modelos de doença renal policística para<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Fenotipagem and Drug Monitoring

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular ...

A Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy Model in Adult Zebrafish

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Because of its convenience and amenability to high throughput genetic manipulations, the generation of acquired cardiomyopathy models, such as the doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC) model in adult zebrafish, is opening the doors to new research avenues, including discovering cardiomyopathy modifiers via forward genetic screening. Different from the embryonic zebrafish DIC model, both initial acute and later chronic phases of cardiomyopathy can be determined in the adult zebrafish DIC model, enabling the study of stage-dependent signaling mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. However, variable results can be obtained with the current model, even in the hands of experienced investigators. To facilitate future implementation of the DIC model, we present a detailed protocol on how to generate this DIC model in adult zebrafish and describe two alternative ways of intraperitoneal (IP) injection. We further discuss options on how to reduce variations to obtain reliable results and provide suggestions on how to appropriately interpret the results.

A method to generate a doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy model in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) is described here. Two alternative ways of intraperitoneal injection are presented and conditions to reduce variations among different experimental groups are discussed.

Um modelo de cardiomiopatia induzida por doxorrubicina no Zebrafish adulto

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as ...

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

This protocol describes a full kidney work-up that should be carried out in mouse models of glomerular disease. The methods allow for detailed functional, structural, and mechanistic analysis of glomerular function, which can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

Avaliação da função renal em modelos do rato da doença Glomerular

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medição de contratilidade isométrica da artéria mesentérica Mouse usando fio miografia

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...